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Toshio OKU
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
365-369
Published: November 25, 1979
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Hajimu TAKADA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
370-375
Published: November 25, 1979
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Clones of Myzus persicae were identified by the body colour and esterase differences, and its field populations on various host plants were analyzed into forms. One hundred and fifty-three clones were sampled from the field populations on peach, cabbage, radish, spinach, potato, tobacco, etc. at 3 localities in Japan and electrophoretically examined for their esterase activity at 5 polymorphic esterase loci. A total of 28 forms with different combinations in the body colour and esterase pattern were actually detected. From the overwintering populations at 3 sites in Kyoto 10 different colour-esterase forms were detected.The red forms detected on potato and tobacco within the same area were completely different from each other in their esterase patterns. One particular form was found with high frequency on a wide range of hosts, excluding at least tobacco, at all localities surveyed (form-16). This form appears to be able to reproduce during the midsummer and persist through the severe winter even under the snow.
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Hisashi NEMOTO, Masahiko KOBAYASHI, Yukio TAKIZAWA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
376-382
Published: November 25, 1979
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The surface structure and the function of conidium and anadhesive spore of Entomophthora(Triplosporium) floridana attacking Sugi spider mite were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anadhesive spore showed corrugated surface and attaching sac which adhered to body surface of the mite. The conidium had textured surface which differed from smooth surface of CARNER's E. sp. near floridana. Flattened conidium supported vertically anadhesive spore on slender capillary tube. Anadhesive spore was considered as an aerial organ for attachment. Resting spores which filled mites had smooth surface.
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Mitsuaki SHIMAZU
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
383-388
Published: November 25, 1979
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Effects of temperature and host stages on spore form of Entomophthora sphaerosperma in Nilaparvata lugens were investigated. In each host stage, at the range from 15 to 25°C, the fungus formed more resting spores rather than conidia in proportion to the decrease of temperature. At each temperature, it formed more resting spores rather than conidia in the old nymph than the young one, in the adult than the nymph, in the macropterous than in the brachypterous adult, and in the young macropterous female than the aged macropterous female. The mortality due to this fungus was higher at lower temperature in each stage, and at each temperature it was higher in the old nymph than the young one, in the adult than the nymph, and in the macropterous than the brachypterous adult. This tendency coincided with the tendency of resting spore formation.
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Yoshiomi KATO, Mariko YAMAUCHI, Yasuo KATSU, Sakae SAKATE
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
389-396
Published: November 25, 1979
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In Antheraea yamamai, the duration from pupation to moth emergence was examined under various environmental conditions. The pupae, when they were placed under natural photoperiod of about 14.5L to 12L at a room temperature of about 31°C to 22°C, required about 52 days (min. 27 days; max. 66 days) to emergence. In contrst to this, the pupal duration was about 32 day (min. 30 days; max. 36 days) when kept in a condition of 12L-12D photoperiod and temperature of 20°C, and about 29 days (min. 24 days; max. 34 days)when kept in a condition of 12L-12D photoperiod and temperature of 25°C. On the other hand, when kept in 24L photoperiod and 26°C the pupal duration was about 62 days (min.25 days; max. 107 days). This shortening of the duration till emergence must be due to a quick termination of summer diapause, but not to a accelerated development in post-diapause period. Evidence supporting this idea was obtained by observing the signal of adult development occurring inside the pupal cuticle from the outside.
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Haruhira WAGO, Yoichi ICHIKAWA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
397-403
Published: November 25, 1979
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This paper descributes the changes in Bombyx phagocytic rate during the larval development by measuring the uptake of goose erythrocytes (GRBCs) and the manner whereby hemocytic reactions to foreign colles are initiated. When GRBCs were injected into the hemocoel, they were easily phagocytosed by host hemocytes. On the basis of counting the number of unphagocytoses GRBCs, phagocytic rate was quantitatively measured. By employing such approach, it was shown that the velocity of phagonist of GRBCs by hemocytes increased with the larval age and that the rate of uptake of GRBCs at the 5th instar was highest throughtout the larval age. Wheres, in using GRBCs as foreign cells so as to know the manner of hemocytic reactions, phagocytosis either by a single granular cell or by several was observed. This suggested that the foreignness of the same size as the insect hemocytes was eighter phagocytosed or encapsulated. However, granular cells mostly were involved in this encapsulation. In addition, it was shown that granular cels adhered to GRBCs following random contact, suggestigng that the initial reaction to foreign cells, unlike the second phase by chemotaxis in encapsulation, would occur via random contact.
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Masachika HIRANO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
404-409
Published: November 25, 1979
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Posttreantment temperature effects on the toxicity of fenvalerate (α-cyano-3-ohenoxy-benzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate) and othe insecticides were assessed. Fenvalerate, pyrethrins and DDT were from 2.5 to 7.3 time more toxic to Spodoptera litura larvae at 15°C than at 25°C by topical application method and foliar dipping method. As for salithion and methomyl LD
50 values by topical application method were not affected by the posttreatment temperature, but the insecticidal activities by foliar dipping method showed a positive temperature coefficient. Fenvalerate, pyrethrins and DDT also showed a negative temperature coefficient of paralysing effect against S. litura, knockdown activity against Laodelphax striatellus and lethal activity against Plutella xylostella.
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Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Masaki ISHII
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
410-418
Published: November 25, 1979
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The female parasite, Chrosocharis pentheus, kills larvae of the Ranunculus leaf mining fly, Phytomyza ranunculi, by host-feeding and parasitization. Daily host mortality from parasitization and host-feeding by C. pentheus tended to fluctuate periodically during its life. The former mortality changed in parallel with the change of the latter mortality occurring a few days earlier. Besides more frequent host-feeding activity appeared for a while after emergence, such an expression of host mortality would have arisen from the precedence of parasitizing activity over host-feeding activity in the sequence of host attack during a day and the effect with the time lag of a few days (corresponding with the period required for the complete development of eggs), of host-feeding activity upon parasitization. Total host mortality from host-feeding was closely related to the life span of C. pentheus but that from parasitization was not. The ratio of the latter mortality to the former, though varying widely among parasites, was about 0.5 on an average.
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Hiroo KANNO, Akio SATO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
419-427
Published: November 25, 1979
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The effects of temperature and relative humidity on mating behaviour of the rice stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, were investigated. Mating occurred in a wide temperature range from 8°C to 37°C, and the optimum temperatures appeared to be in the range of 15°-25°C. The high and low threshold-temperatures, 37°C and 8°C, for mating were similar to the threhold-temperatures for male response to the female sex pheromone extracts. It seems that the threshold-temperatures for mating are determined by male response. The times of mating shifted earlier with decreasing temperature. The highest incidence of female calling occurred at temperatures near 20°C. The male response was sensitive in the temperature range of 15°-20°C. The times of female calling and male response to the female sex pheromone extracts were also advanced at cool temperatures compared with warm ones. The duration of mating became shorter with increasing temperature. The relative humidity had little effect on mating percentage at 20°C and 25°C.
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Masaji NISHIMURA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
428-431
Published: November 25, 1979
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This paper deals with the ultrastructural changes of the neurosecretory cells in pars intercerebralis of Bombyx mori after severance of both nervi corporis cardiaci and circumesophageal connectives. The neurosecretory granules of type I cells decreased their electron densities, showing that their granulations were disturbed. However, the cisternae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) or type I cells showed swollen forms, like those of normal brains, while in the previous study rER had shown non-shollen forms under the condition of the severance of nervi corporis cardiaci alone. These observations suggest that type I cells also have another function to act on the nerve cells terminating in subesophageal ganglion through circumesophageal connectives.
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Tomohiro ONO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
432-437
Published: November 25, 1979
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Male potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea opeculella, possesses a pair of brush organs which are located at the frontal edge of the upper surface of hind wings, and which are often expanded to fan-shape during copulation attempts with female moth. The morphological and histological characteristics of the organs are similar to those reported with other Lepidoptera. The excision of the organs, however, did not affect copulation success seriously. Therefore, the process of displaying the brushes does not seem to be an essential one leading to copulation, though it is suggested that the brush organs may play a role leading to copulation smoothly.
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Sadaya KATSUNO, Suzumu TAMAZAWA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
438-444
Published: November 25, 1979
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The behaviour and shape of apyrene sperm bundles or spermatozoa in the male reproductive organ of the tetraploid male ware the same as were observed in those of the diploid male.In the eupyrene sperm bundles, A and B type abnormal bundles were seen mixed with normal bundles in appearance in the testicular follicle of the tetraploid male. The former, in which numerous nucleus-like substances of irregular form were abnormally arranged in a whole part of the elongated bundle, were observed in the entire space of the follicle from the 2nd day of the 5th instar. The latter, a roundish, elliptical and irregular form, were observed above the basement mamberane from the 8th day after pupation as the normal bundles in appearance decrease. Only a few of A type abnormal bundles appeared from the follicle into the vas efferens and migrated in the seminal vesicle.The behaviour and shape of apyrene sperm bundles or spermatozoa and of eupyrene sperm bundles, either normal or abnormal in appearance, in the reproductive organ could not be distinguished between the tetraploid male in the present paper and the triploid male in the report of TAKIZAWA et al. (1976).
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Yutaka SAITO, Junji UENO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
445-452
Published: November 25, 1979
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Studies on the life history of Schizotetranychus celarius (BANKS) and Aponychus corpuzae RIMANDO, infesting dwarf bamboo leaves, were carried out under laboratory conditions of 25±1°C, 25-60% RH and 15L-9D.The periods from the egg stage to reproductive maturity in these species were longer than those of three species investigated previously (SAITO, 1979a), the prolonged oviposition and extended longevity being especially remarkable. S. celarius had a characteristic reproducctive pattern, i.e. a long ovipositional period with a rather constant, low reproductive rate. The reproductive pattern of A. corpuzae was intermediate between those of T. urticae and S. celarius. High proportions of females, 83.7%-88.4% in S. celarius and 58.9%-76.7% in A. corpuzae were usually observed.S. celarius had a net reproductive rate (R
0) to 67.60, whereas that of A. corpuzae was 53.84. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m) was 0.162 per day for the former species and 0.181 per day for the latter. Consequently S. celarius had a mean generation time (T)of 26.01 days, that of A. corpuzae being 22.02 days.The life history pattern of S. celarius is considered to be correlated with its specialized defence mechanism in its stable habitat. That of A. corpuzae might also possibly be correlated with its life habits and the habitat stability.
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Hiroaki NODA, Tetsuo SAITO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
453-458
Published: November 25, 1979
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The intracellular yeastlike symbiotes in Laodelphax striatellus are destroyed by heat treatment (at 35°C for the first 3 days of the nymph). The heat treatment shows a deleterious effect on the adult moult; a number of the insects fail to emerge. The administration of cholesterol to the heat-treated insects largely promoted the adult moult. β-Sitosterol also had an effect on the recovery of the deleterious effect. The heat-treated 5th-instar nymphs fairly moulted by application of ecdysterone. The deterious effect seems to come from the collapse of the yeastlike symbiotes through steroid metabolism of the insect. The yeastlike symbiotes appear to play an important role in supplying sufficient sterol for the development of L. striatellus.
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Taka'aki KUSUMI, Yoshihide SUWA, Hiroshi KITA, Socho NASU
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
459-463
Published: November 25, 1979
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Two yeast-like microorganisms were isolated from the eggs of the smaller brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus FALLEN. They grew both on solid and liquid media. By using immunological techniques with the antisera against those strains, they could be identified with the intracellular symbictes present in the eggs, the ovaries of adult female, and the fat bodies of abdomen of the insects.
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Hiroshi HONDA, Jun-ichi KANEKO, Yasuhiko KONNO, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
464-468
Published: November 25, 1979
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A simple mass-rearing method for the fruit-feeder type yellow peach moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis GUENEE, was established with an oviposition device and an artificial diet.The oviposition device was a ball-type tea strainer (diam. 8 cm) which contained a small green fruit as an odor source and was wrapped with cheese cloth. The artificial diet consisted of meal powder for mouse, soybean meal powder, dry wood powder, ascorbic acid, agar powder, and water. The average cocoon-yield was 39.4% of eggs inoculated.
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Nozomu MINAGAWA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
469-477
Published: November 25, 1979
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The extraction efficiencies of the double-layer centrifugal-flotation method (DCF)and the modified Baermann funnel technique (BF) were estimated, based on the number of nematodes detected by direct examination (DE) of soil samples obtained from a sweet-porato field. Although the dead nematodes were extracted by DCF, no successful extraction of dorylamid nematodes and nematode eggs was attained. The maximum likelihood values of mean extracction efficiencies of DCF with Meloidogyne incognita larvae, Helicotylenchus spp., tylenchid-, aphelenchoid-, monhysterid-, dorylaimid nematodes, "others"(mainly rhabditid nematodes) and a total summation of all nematodes were 68.1-86.6%, 51.5-62.3%, 73.7-81.0%, 56.5-85.7%, 18.0-46.9%, 1.9-5.4%, 71.1-84.5%, and 66.5-72.9%, respectively. Those of BF with above nematode groups recovered within 24 hr from the bottoms of funnel stems were 0.1-3.1%, 0.2-4.9%, 6.1-20.8%, 21.5-42.2%, 0-74.3%, 02.-1.8%, 15.6-22.5%, and 6.1-7.8%, respectively. The efficiencies of BF were strikingly affected by several factors; nematode species and their stages, extraction time and temperature, and sampling seasons.
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Tsutomu NEGISHI, Taketoshi ISHIWATARI, Minoru UCHIDA, Shoji ASANO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
478-483
Published: November 25, 1979
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A by-product with high phermonal activity to the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes sp., was isolated from synthesized cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate and determined to be 11-methyl, cis-9, 12-tridecadienyl acetate. The pheromonal activity of 11-methyl, cis-9, 12-tridecadienyl acetate was exhibited when the compound was released simultaneously with cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate in the combination of cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate.
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Mamoru WATANABE
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
484-487
Published: November 25, 1979
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Susumu TAKEDA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
487-489
Published: November 25, 1979
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Katsuhiro TABATA, Tadashi MIYATA, Tetsuo SAITO
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
490-493
Published: November 25, 1979
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Naoshi WATANABE
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
494-495
Published: November 25, 1979
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Yoshio MIYAHARA, Akira KAWAI
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
496-497
Published: November 25, 1979
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Hisaaki TSUMUKI, Katsuo KANEHISA
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
497-499
Published: November 25, 1979
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Vishwa DEEPAK, H. S. CHAUDHRY
1979 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
499-500
Published: November 25, 1979
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