Applied Entomology and Zoology

An Eradication Program of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus dorsalis HENDEL (Diptera : Tephritidae), in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands : I. Eradication Field Test Using a Sterile Fly Release Method on Small Islets

Nobutake HABU, Mikio IGA, Ken'ichi NUMAZAWA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 1-7
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.1

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To confirm the effectiveness of the sterile fly release method for eradication of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis HENDEL, experimental control was attempted utilizin this method on a group of small islets known as the Muko Jima Group of the Ogasawara Islands. Estimating the wild population density of this fly, we released about 3 million sterilized pupae per month against 98, 000 wild files from May 22 to September, 1978, a total of 11.3 million pupae were released during about four months. The ratio of marked to unmarked files caught in monitor traps was 26.27 in June, 1978 and increased rapidly, reaching 299 four months after the first release. Concurrent field surveys demonstrated that only one female emerged from 2, 088 host fruits collected in Muko Jima in August, 1978 and no fly was recovered from 15, 000 host fruits subsequently examined.

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Esterase A₄ Elevation Mechanism in Relation to Bombyx(Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) Egg Diapause Development

Hidenori KAI, Takashi KAWAI, Akihiro KANETO

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 8-14
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.8

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The esterase A₄ (Ease A₄) has been obtained from Shi 108 Bombyx diapause eggs using isoelectric focusing. In the chilling of eggs to terminate diapause, this Ease A₄ activity increased characteristically with steep rise at the completion of the diapause development. But no increase of amino acid incorporation into this Ease A₄ was observed in the experiment of ¹⁴C-leucine injection into eggs and pupae. The low temperature causes a latent enzyme to be set in motion as a signal for the completion of the diapause development.

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Biological Activities of the Analogs of the Aggregation Pheromone of Tribolium castaneum(Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

Takahisa SUZUKI, Jotaro KOZAKI, Ryozo SUGAWARA, Kenji MORI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 15-20
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.15

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The biological activities of seven optically active analogs of the aggregation pheromone of Tribolium castaneum stereoselectively synthesized from (R)-(+)-citronellic acid (100% e.e.) and/or (S)-(-)-2-methyl-1-butanol (93% e.e.) were tested and compared with those of their corresponding racemates and the four optical isomers of the pheromone. The 4S-analogs showed no activity at doses of not less than 1, 000 ng, whereas all 4R-analogs were active at 1.0-1, 000 ng, especially (4R, 8RS)-4, 8-dimethyldecanal (VII) had strong activity showing an 40.3% of attractiveness at a dose of 1.0 ng. The 8S-analog was rather repulsive. The presence of the 4R methyl group was indispensable for the activity. The aggregation activities of the two optical isomers of the pheromone, (4R, 8R)- and (4R, 8S)-4, 8-dimethyldecanals were tested in various mixtures of them. A (8 : 2) mixture was most active and significant difference even at a dose of 0.1 ng, which was about ten times more attractive than (4R, 8R)-isomer alone. The (4R, 8S)-isomer had no activity at doses of not less than 10 ng when used alone. The (4R, 8S)-isomer acted as a synergist. This suggested the possibility that the natural pheromone of T. castaneum might be a mixture of (4R, 8R)- and (4R, 8S)-isomers.

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Description of Radopholoides triversus n. sp. from Japan with a Reference to the Classification of the Family Pratylenchidae (Nematoda : Tylenchida)

Nozomu MINAGAWA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 21-26
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.21

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Radopholoides triversus n. sp. was detected from the rhizosphere of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. This species is distinguished from others by having three, rather than four, incisures in the lateral field and by the absence of a spine on the tail terminus. Radopholoides is placed in the subfamily Radopholinae of the family Pratylenchidae. Subfamilies Hoplotylinae and Acontylinae are synonymous with Radopholinae, and subfamily Hirschmanniellinae is treated as a junior synonym of Pratylenchinae. The key to subfamilies and genera of Pratylenchidae is given.

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Effects of Food Plants on Voltinism in Neptis sappho PALLAS (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae)

Hideo BANNO

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 27-32
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.27

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The durations of egg, larval and pupal stages of N. sappho were studied at 16, 19, 22 and 25°C. Larvae were reared on three kinds of food, Wistaria floribunda, Pueraria labata and Robinia pseudo-acacia at each temperature. The thermal constants and thresholds of development for the three stages, the critical day-length for larval diapause, the longevity of adults and the time required for ovarian eggs to mature were determined. The seasonal life cycle of N. sappho was estimated from the results of these experiments and climatic data in Tokyo. It was inferred that food plants may influence the voltinism of N. sappho.

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Identification and Functions of Ventral Glands Secretion of Some Heteroptera

Chikayoshi KITAMURA, Sadao WAKAMURA, Shozo TAKAHASHI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 33-41
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.33

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Chemical analyses of the ventral secretions of some Heteroptera were caried out according to two different sampling methods, solvent extraction of the secretion and adsorption of the airborne components onto the porous polymer beads. Relative amounts of each components differed according to the sampling methods, and suggested that major components in the solvent extract of the secretion did not always constitute volatile portion.Observation of the adult Halyomorpha mista with scanning electron microscope revealed that the cuticles surrounding the orifice of the metathoracic glands was elaborated into mushroom-like structures. And the setae born at the posterior margin of mesosternum possessed the so-called tree-like structure. These structures were supposed to help the active aldehyde in hydrocarbons to evaporate into the air.

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Mating Behavior of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus dorsalis HENDEL (Diptera : Tephritidae)

Norio ARAKAKI, Hiroyuki KUBA, Hiroshi SOEMORI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 42-51
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.42

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Mating behavior of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis HENDEL, was studied under laboratory conditions. The precopulation period was quite variable and 29 days were needed for 50% accumulated mating. Ovaries developed with time, and mated females consisted of those with ovaries in an advanced stage of development. Courtship behavior and general pattern of the daily activity rhythm of the oriental fruit fly proved very similar to those of the melon fly, described in earlier studies. Interspecific copulation between two species was not observed.

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Electrophoretic Esterase Patterns in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens STÅL (Hemiptera : Delphacidae) Which Developed Resistance to Insecticides

Hideaki HASUI, Kozaburo OZAKI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 52-58
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.52

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Zymograms of protein, AliE and AChE of the susceptible (LE) and the resistant (Rm, Rf, M and Sh) straubs of Nilaparvata lugens STÅL were detected by disk electrophoresis method. Zymograms of protein were separated into eighteen bands (Pro-1, -2, …, and -18). The number of bands and migration rates were the same in each strain, but the resistant strains showed remarkably higher activities of Pro-4, -8, -11, -12 and -13 bands than those of the LE strain. The AliE were separated into two bands of E-1 and E-2. The resistant strains showed remarkably higher activities of E-1 and E-2 bands than those of the LE stain. The AChE were separated into eight bands (C-1, -2, …, and -8). C-4 and C-8 bands were not detected in the LE strain. However, the activity of C-3 band in the Rf strain was lower than that of the LE strain. The relative migration rates of Pro-11, -12 and -13 bands were the same as E-1 and C-8 bands. Therefore the suggestion was made that the activities of these proteins might have some importance in the resistance mechanism of N. lugens.

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Survivorship and Fertility Schedules of Two Epilachnine "Species" Feeding on Cucurbitaceous Plants under Laboratory Conditions (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

Koji NAKAMURA, Idrus ABBAS, Ahsol HASYIM

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 59-66
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.59

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Two "species" of Sumatran epilachnine beetles, which are similar to Henosepilachna sparsa DIEKE, were reared under laboratory condition to study their survivorship and fertility schedules. The "species C" fed on bitter cucumber and "species D" on squash. The mean longevity of the males (70.5 days in sp. C and 88.6 in sp. D) was longer than that of females (63.8 days in sp. C and 63.9 in sp. D). The mean length of the pre-reproductive period (18.9 days in sp. C and 15.5 in sp. D) was longer than that of post-reproductive period (4.0 days in sp. C and 5.2 in sp. D). The females of the two species laid eggs at a nearly constant rate throughout their reproductive period. The reproductive value V_χ/V₀ of the two species remained at high level for most of adult life, resulting from the prolonged survivorship and fertility schedules. The total number of eggs produced per female was 651.9 (sp. C) and 763.8 (sp. D). The intrinsic rate of natural increase γwas 0.10 (sp. C) and 0.12 (sp. D) per capita per day. The demographic taits of these Sumatran species are discussed in comparison with temperate species.

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Predation of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(WESTWOOD) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae), by Campylomma sp. (Hemiptera : Miridae)

Hiroshi KAJITA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 67-74
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.67

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Laboratory observations indicated that efficiencies of Campylomma sp. in attacking the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (WESTWOOD), were 70-100% in all cases of different predator and prey developmental stages except for five in which young mirids attached old whiteflies. The handling time and feedling time and feeding time increased with an increase in whitefly instar and decreased with an increase in mirid instar; for young mirids these periods were shorter when old whiteflies were attached. When the whiteflies aged, the region where stylet insertion took place changed from the dorsal part of the prey to the side. An important factor determining successful insertion of the stylets may be the thickness of the prey cuticle.

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Experimental Field Trapping of the Onion and Seed-Corn Flies Hylemya antiqua and H. platura (Diptera : Anthomyiidae), Using 2-Phenylethanol for Population Estimation

Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Masaaki TSUTSUMI, Yasushi MITSUI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 75-81
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.75

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A single-release and repeated-recapture experiment was carried out to (1) evaluate the attractancy of a newly found chemical attractant, 2-phenylethanol, to the onion and seed-corn files, Hylemya antiqua and H. platura and (2) obtain some population parameters and data on the distribution and behavior of these flies in the field. Both onion and seed-corn flies responded to 2-phenylethanol similarly regardless of sex, though males seemed more responsive than females. The distribution of both species was concentrated in the onion field and density in other crops seemed low. Released flies dispersed slowly and the distance of dispersion until capture averaged 19.3 m. Population parameters estimated for the onion fly males, females and both combined were as follows : total populations, 1, 160, 1, 720, 3, 260; daily recapture rates, 10.4%, 7.0%, 7.4% and daily survival rates, 0.48, 0.42, 0.52.

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Visual Orientation of a Ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), toward Its Prey

Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 82-86
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.82

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Prey searching movement of a ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., was analyzed using a videorecorder to evaluate the insect's visual orientation toward its prey. The ladybeetle oriented toward the aphid prey at a distance of 7 mm under light conditions; it also orientated toward a dummy prey at a 8 mm distance. However, under dark conditions, the ladybeetle did not orientate toward the prey at even a 2 mm distance and, upon coming in contact with it, turned around, rushed toward the aphid and "captured" it. These results suggest that the ladybeetle visually perceives the prey only at close proximity.

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The Selective Toxicity of Some Synthetic Pyrethroids in the Armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (WALKER) : III. Cuticle Permeabilities of Some Pyrethroids

Charles Yaw BREMPONG-YEBOAH, Tetsuo SAITO, Tadashi MIYATA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 87-94
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.87

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The ¹⁴C-labelled pyrethroids were synthesized and the wash-off technioque was employed to investigate their rates of penetration through the cuticle of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata WALKER, at two dose levels, 0.23 μg/insect and the LD₉₅ doses of the insecticides. No distinct relationships between toxicities and penetration rates nor between toxicities and excretion rates were obtained. All the synthetic pyrethroids tested showed a biphasic or a multi-phasic penetration behaviour.

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Host Range Studies of the Black Vine Weevil, Othiorhynchus sulcatus (FABRICIUS) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

Makoto MASAKI, Katsumi OHMURA, Fumihiko ICHINOHE

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 95-106
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.95

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The host range of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) was investigated in cultivated and wild plants in the laboratory. Out of 108 species of candidate plants, representing 49 families, the adults fed on the leaves of 101 species in 46 families. The larvae fed on the roots of 55 species in 24 families, out of 68 candidates, in 29 families. These "positive" plants were classified as severe, moderate and light, according to the extent of injury caused by adult and larval feeding. Ninety species in 45 families were newly recorded hosts for adults and 46 species in 21 families for larvae. O. sulcatus is highly polyphagous but it appears that the favorite hosts of both adults and larvae are those in the rose family, Rosaceae.

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The Antifeedant Effects of Chlordime-form on the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L.(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Jun-ichi FUKAMI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 107-109
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.107

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Sterilization of the Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT (Diptera : Tephritidae), with Gamma-Radiation : Sterility of Flies Irradiated under a Low Temperatrue Condition

Tadashi TERUYA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 109-111
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.109

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Colonization of Torymus sinensis KAMIJO(Hymenoptera : Torymidae), a Parasitoid of the Chestnut Gall Wasp, Drycosmus kuriphilus YASUMATSU(Hymenoptera : Cynipidae), Introduced from China

Akio OTAKE, Seiichi MORIYA, Masakazu SHIGA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 111-114
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.111

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Rearing of the Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricidus (KIRKALDY), (Homoptera : Aphididae), on a Synthetic Diet with Reference to pH and Sucrose Concentration of Diet and Rearing Density

Shinkichi KOMAZAKI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 114-117
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.114

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Host Selection Behavior of Anicetus beneficus ISHII et YASUMATSU(Hymenoptera : Encytidae) : II. Bioassay of Oviposition Stimulants in Ceroplastes rubens MASKELL(Hemiptera : Coccidae)

Shozo TAKAHASHI, Junji KATABAYASHI

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 117-119
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.117

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Short Day Photoperiod Accelerates the Ovipoition in the Oriental Green Stink Bug, Nezara antennata SCOTT(Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)

Takashi NODA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 119-120
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.119

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Neothoracaphis yanonis (MATSUMURA)(Homoptera : Aphididae) : A spring Host of a Kleptoparasitic Moth, Nola innocua BUTLER(Lepidoptera : Nolidae)

Yosiaki ITO

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 121-123
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.121

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Aphid Body Fluid Stimulates Feeding of a Predatory Ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata L.(Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 123-125
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.123

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Early Development of Bursaphlenchus eylophilus (Nematoda : Aphelenchoididae) Population in the Inoculated Branches of Pine Seedlings

Hirotada TAMURA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 125-129
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.125

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Population Biology of the Broad-Horned Flour Beetle, Gnathocerus cornutus (F.)(Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) : I. Life Table and Population Parameters

Yoshio TSUDA, Toshiharu YOSHIDA

1984 年 19 巻 1 号 p. 129-131
発行日: 1984/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.19.129

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