Applied Entomology and Zoology

Morphological and Functional Characterization of the Larval Hemocytes of the Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora

Haruhisa WAGO, Hideo KITANO

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 1-7
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.1

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Structural and functional characteristics of larval hemocytes of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, are described. Larval hemolymph contains three types of hemocytes : prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granular cells with typical morphology. Prohemocytes were smooth surface, while both plasmatocytes and granular cells were characterized by cytoplasmic processes. Plasmatocytes with a combination of lamellipodia and filopodia were capable of random locomotive activity in vitro after attachment in a flattened form. Of these hemocytes, only the granular cells possessing many filopodia were able to phagocytose sheep erythrocytes artificially injected into the larval hemocoel as a foreign material. These observations of hemocytes will aid the understanding of the cellular defense reactions against foreign materials in this species.

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Total Fatty Acids of Some Insect Cell Lines

Jun MITSUHASHI, Shoichi NAKASONE, Yasuhiro HORIE

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 8-12
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.8

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The fatty acid composition of insect cells was examined in cell lines from Mamestra brassicae pupal ovaries, Aedes albopictus larval tissues and Sarcophaga peregrina embryos cultured continuously either in a fetal bovine serum containing medium or in a serum-free (also fatty acid-free) medium. C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1, C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 fatty acids were detected in cells cultured in both of these media. However, C18 : 2 fatty acid was detected only in cells cultured in the vertebrate serum containing medium, and C18 : 3 fatty acid could not be detected in cells cultured in either medium. The relationship between the percentages of individual fatty acids and the total fatty acid in cells cultured in fatty acid-free medium were similar to these relationships observed in cells from a serum-containing medium except for C18 : 2 fatty acid. The fatty acids synthesized by the cultured cells were liberated into the culture medium.

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Feeding Behaviour of the Timothy Plant Bug, Stenotus binotatus F. (Hemiptera : Miridae) and the Effect of Its Feeding on Orchard Grass

Koji HORI, Yasuhiro HASHIMOTO, Katsuhisa KURAMOCHI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 13-19
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.13

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In orchard grass fields the first instar nymphs of the timothy plant bugs appeared in mid-June when ears of orchard grass sprouted, and adults developing from the nymphs disappeared by mid-August when the ears withered. The bugs settled on the ears throughout their life. In a laboratory experiment, bugs from the first instar to the adult stage (both normal and antenectomized) gathered on the ears of orchard grass plant laid in a box in the dark. The nymphs grew to the adult stage when fed ears. The feeding of male and female adults on seeds of orchard grass had a harmful effect.

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Color Preference of the Onion Fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) with Reference to Ultraviolet Reflection

Yukio ISHIKAWA, Seiya TANAKA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Kazuhiro YAMASHITA, ...

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 20-26
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.20

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Color preference of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua, was investigated with 18 sticky colored pieces of cardboard (15×10 cm) in a field cage (3×5×2 m). Colors tested were red, pink, orange brown, pale yellow, vivid yellow, yellowish green, pale yellowish green, green, pale green, blue, light blue, pale purple, black, white-1 (low reflectance), white-2 (high reflectance in 400-800 nm), white-3 (high reflectance in 320-800 nm), and clear. The numbers of flies captured by colored cardboard were compared with the spectral reflectance (200-800 nm) of the colors. White-2 was the most attractive to the onion flies among the colors tested. White-3, which differs from white-2 by having high reflectance in 320-400 nm, showed significantly lower attractancy. Light blue (maximum at 450 nm) and vivid yellow (572 nm) followed white-2 in attractiveness. Black and red had little attractancy for the flies. From these results, it was concluded that high reflectance in 400-600 nm is a requisite to manifest a high attractancy, and reflectance in 320-400 nm inhibits attractancy for the onion flies.

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A New Gall Midge of the Genus Resseliella (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) Inhabiting Resin of the Japanese Cedar, Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae)

Takayoshi SANUI, Junichi YUKAWA

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 27-33
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.27

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A new gall midge inhabiting resin of the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. DON is described under the name, Resseliella resinicola, and brief notes are given on its bionomics. This species is distinguishable from its relatives by characteristics of the male genitalia, stigmata of the eighth abdominal segment of the larva, spines on the antennal horns, and spinules on the cercal lobes of the pupa. The resin midge is multivoltine. Larvae develop in resin and crawl away from the resin to pupate. Pupation takes place between the bark layers. At least one hymenopterous endoparasitoid is associated with the resin midge, but it has not yet been identified.

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Male Approach to the Female and the Role of Two Pheromone Components in the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae)

Tomohiro ONO

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 34-42
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.34

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Approaching behavior of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, to pheromone source was analyzed. The process of searching by walking was essential for effective finding of female. Searching by walking was characterized by rapid walking while wing fanning and frequent turning near pheromone source. This strategy seemed to be an efficient mechanism for locating females in their habitat. The male's flight or rapid walking while wing fanning, induced by (E, Z, Z)-4, 7, 10-tridecatrienyl acetate (trien), changed to continual walking while wing fanning by the presence of (E, Z)-4, 7-tridecadienyl acetate (dien). In addition, males spent more time on the lure of dien in combination with trien.

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Behavioural Sequences of Oviposition and Host-Feeding of Torymus (Syntomaspis) beneficus YASUMATSU et KAMIJO (Hymenoptera : Torymidae), a Native Parasitoid of Dryocosmus kuriphilus YASUMATSU (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae)

Yozo MURAKAMI, Eiji TOKUHISA

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 43-49
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.43

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Two laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the length of time required and the frequency of one oviposition and one host-feeding by the female of Torymus (Syntomaspis) beneficus, a native parasitoid of the chestnut gall wasp. One oviposition took an average of 820 sec. Host-feeding behavior was observed twice in the second experiment, and took 3, 870 and 1, 300 sec, respectively. Construction of a feeding-tube for the host-feeding took 895 and 1, 025 sec, respectively. Time-allocation for each component of a behavioural series differed between experiments depending on the age of the parasitoid females and/or other factors. The females selected galls for oviposition at substage B and those at substage C, but were less interested in those at substage A. The rate of oviposition was 1.67 and 1.24 eggs per hour in the first and second experiments, respectively.

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Survivorship and Fertility Schedules of a Sumatran Epilachnine "Species" Feeding on Solanum torvum under Laboratory Conditions (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

Idrus ABBAS, Koji NAKAMURA, Ahsol HASYIM

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 50-55
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.50

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A "species" of Sumatran epilachnine beetle, which is similar to Epilachna (=Henosepilachna) sparsa DIEKE feeding on Solanum torvum, was reared under laboratory condition to study the survivorship and fertility schedules. The "species A" required 23.4 days for the development of the immature stages. The mean longevity of the males (87.6 days) was longer than that of females (57.7 days). The mean length of the pre-reproductive period (11.0 days) was longer than that of post-reproductive period (2.3 days). The females laid eggs at a nearly constant rate throughout their reproductive period. The reproductive value V_x/V₀ remained at a high level for most or adult life, as a result of the prolonged survivorship and fertility schedules. The total number of eggs produced per female was 770.7. The intrinsic rate of natural increase r was 0.125 per capita per day. The demographic traits of this species are similar to those of the two cucurbitaceae feeding Sumatran epilachnine beetles studied earlier, and are different from those of temperate species.

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In vitro Analyses of Spermiogenesis and Testicular Ecdysteroids in the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Atsuko MORIBAYASHI, Noriaki AGUI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 56-61
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.56

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Spermiogenesis of the spermatocysts in the diapausing pupal testis of Mamestra brassicae was investigated in vitro reference to ecdysteroids released from the testis. The quantity of ecdysteroids and the activity of spermiogenesis induction were measured in a medium conditioned with the culture of testis for 1 to 6 days. The cultured testis released approximately 3 fold (-700 pg) of RIA responsive ecdysteroids than intact testis into the medium during 24 hr of cultivation. Further, these ecdysteroids were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and RIA system and were identical with 2-deoxyecdysone, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone with respect to retention time. The role of ecdysteroids in the development of spermatocysts was discussed.

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Daily Utilization and Consumption of Energy in Food by the Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)

Yasuhiro HORIE, Kijiro WATANABE

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 62-72
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.62

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Daily utilization and consumption of energy in food by the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were determined, and the quantitative distribution of the energy absorbed into the body of the larva, pupa, adult, and in the eggs and cocoon-shell was estimated. The amounts of energy ingested and absorbed during the 4th and 5th instars were 24.7 and 11.7 kcal for the male larva, and 28.5 and 13.6 kcal for the female, respectively. The rate of energy utilization was 47 to 48%. The average daily ingestion of energy was approximately 1.0 kcal/g of fresh body weight in both sexes during the larval stage and average daily absorption of energy was 0.49 kcal in both sexes. Energy gain in a larva was 6.7 and 7.9 kcal for the male and female during the same period. Energy consumption in relation to catabolism was 5.0 and 5.4 kcal/larva in the male and female, and the average daily consumption of energy was 0.18 and 0.17 kcal/g of fresh body weight for the male and female. The efficiency of storage of the energy ingested and absorbed in the larva, pupa and adult was also calculated. Approximately 25% of the energy absorbed was utilized for the formation of cocoon-shell and 10% was accumulated in the eggs.

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Linkage Group Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase and Acetylcholinesterase in an Organophosphorus Resistant Strain of Musca domestica L. (Diptera : Muscidae)

Masashi UGAKI, Toshio SHONO, Masuhisa TSUKAMOTO, Jun-ichi FUKAMI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 73-81
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.73

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An increase in glutathione S-transferase activity and a decrease in acetylcholinesterase sensitivity are major mechanisms of organophosphorus resistance in Akita-f strain of the housefly. Reciprocal crosses between the Akita-f strain and a susceptible SRS strain showed that each of these two major resistance mechanisms is controlled by a dominant factor. Linkage group analysis by F₁-male backcross method using multi-chromosomal marker strains revealed that both the factor responsible for glutathione S-transferase activity and the factor controlling acetylcholinesterase sensitivity were located only on the 2nd chromosome.

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Electroantennogram Responses of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Male Moth to Two Female Sex Pheromone Components

Kenjiro KAWASAKI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 82-87
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.82

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Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of the Spodoptera litura male to female sex pheromone components, (Z, E)-9, 11-tetradecadienyl acetate (compound A) and (Z, E)-9, 12-tetradecadienyl acetate (compound B) were recorded. The order of amplitude of the EAG responses were compounds A+B (9 : 1)≥compound A>compound B. No increase in response was observed when the mixture ratio of the compounds was changed. In adaptation experiments, continuous exposure of an antenna to air containing compound A strongly suppressed the subsequent EAG response to both compounds A and B. Air containing compound B similarly suppressed the EAG response to compound B, though the responsiveness to compound A was only partially suppressed.

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Bioassay of the Sex Pheromone of the Udo Longicorn Beetle, Acalolepta luxuriosa BATES (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae)

Mikio KUBOKI, Kisaku AKUTSU, Anri SAKAI, Tatsuji CHUMAN

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 88-89
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.88

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Presence of Another Aggregation Substance(s) in the Frass of the Red Flour Beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

Takahisa SUZUKI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 90-91
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.90

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Coil Form Wax on the Egg Surface of Drosicha corpulenta KUWANA (Homoptera : Margarodidae)

Akira HASHIMOTO, Mitsuo UEDA

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 92-93
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.92

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An Evidence for Behavioral Change in Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER (Hemiptera : Deltocephalidae) Parasitized by Pipunculid Flies (Diptera : Pipunculidae)

Koji YANO, Rut MORAKOTE, Michio SATOH, Ikuzo ASAI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 94-96
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.94

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Hemolymph Ecdysteroid Titers and Pupal Cuticle Synthesis in Mamestra brassicae

Kiyoshi HIRUMA, Noriaki AGUI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 97-98
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.97

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Timing of the Sexual Behavior of Wild and Domestic Silk Moths

Masami SASAKI, Fumio JIBIKI

1985 年 20 巻 1 号 p. 99-101
発行日: 1985/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.99

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