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M. G. HILL, Kazuo HIRAI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
191-202
Published: May 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Larval rearing density had no effect upon adult female flight activity in Mythimna separata. M. separata females subjected to the dual stresses of crowded larval rearing conditions and flight over a 24 hour period, laid fewer eggs than females from solitary rearing conditions. M. pallens females showed no such fecundity changes.There was a positive linear relationship between pupal weight and fecundity which differed according to larval rearing density and flight treatments in both species. The differences are interpreted as allowing females to maintain relatively normal levels of fecundity following stresses (particularly weight reduction) associated with crowded larval rearing and prolonged flight. It is concluded that crowded larval rearing densities do not stimulate flight activity, and that both species may be equally capable of sustained flight.
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Juro KOYAMA, Hiroaki NAKAMORI, Hiroyuki KUBA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
203-209
Published: May 25, 1986
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The mating behavior of melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, released on a field-caged non-host tree was compared between wild (W-) and mass-reared (L-) strain. Mating initiation occurred earlier (at higher light intensity) in L-strain than W-strain flies, but courtship and copultion occurred mainly on the tree leaves in both strains. Presumably as a result of common rendezvous site, L- and W-strains mated at random when confined in the field cage, and no evidence of sexual isolation existed between strains though copulations occurred relatively earlier in L-strain than in W-strain flies.
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Yoshio AKIBA, Kunihiko KATOH
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
210-215
Published: May 25, 1986
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Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative cells were capable of growing on a defined media containing acetate or citrate. In contrast, no growth of this bacterium was detected on these media when spores were used as the inocula. Based on the assimilation tests of organic compounds, a selective medium for vegetative cells (BTV medium) was devised for B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis and subsp. morrisoni. Composition of the medium was as follows : NaNO
3, 1.0g; KH
2PO
4, 1.0 g; MgSO
4·7H
2O, 0.5 g; KCl, 0.2 g; sodium acetate, 1.0 g; sodium citrate, 3.0 g; Difco purified agar, 15.0 g; polymyxin B, 5 mg; deionized water, 1, 000 ml; pH 7.0.
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Toru NAGATA, Yoshio OHIRA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
216-219
Published: May 25, 1986
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Topical LD
50 values for eight insecticides were determined in five populations of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus FALLEN, (SBH), collected in fields in districts of Kyushu and on the East China Sea in 1980. No significant local variabilities in LD
50 values were observed with the ABPH collected from the four localities in Kyushu but they showed the most remarkable increase of resistance ratios to malathion. The tested population had developed 90- to 270-fold resistance as compared with the Chikugo population tested in 1967, and also showed 20- to 70-fold resistance to fenitrothion, diazinon, MTMC, carbaryl and MIPC. The SBPH population collected on the East China Sea gave LD
50 values coincident with these four populations.
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Toshiharu TANAKA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
220-227
Published: May 25, 1986
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Apanteles kariyai WATANABE (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is successfully able to parasitize Pseudaletia separata (WALKER) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) until 4 days before pupation. The function of the substances (calyx fluid and venom fluid) injected at the time of oviposition seems to be important. The fat body functions as an importnat energy source for the host larvae to pupate as well as for the parasitoid. The fat body in Pseudaletia separata parasitized by Apanteles kariyai sequestered no protein granules, while the control larvae in the same day stored many protein granules in trophocytes. The protein concentration in hemolymph of the parasitized host showed low level compared with that of the control larvae. These phenomena were reproduced on the host in case of simultaneous injection of calyx and venom fluids. Both calyx and venom fluids seem to regulate the physiologiacl phase of host in early stage of the parasitization.
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Kwang Youl SEOL, Hiroshi HONDA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
228-235
Published: May 25, 1986
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The calling and mating behavior of the lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis WALKER were observed. The mean mating time preceded the mean calling time by 3.5 to 5 hr on day 2 to day 4 after emergence. The males did not show any stereotyped mating dance when the females began calling. The attraction of males to the females was therefore used as a criterion for the sex pheromone bioassay. In the laboratory bioassay, the males strongly responded and were attracted to virgin females or the abdominal tip extract of virgin females. In the field-cage bioassay also, ca. 88% of the released males were attracted and trapped in the virgin female trap, and ca. 40% in the crude extract trap.
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Masatoshi NAKAMURA, Yasuhiro HORIE
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
236-243
Published: May 25, 1986
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Alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2.) and aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) extracted from the midgut of the silkworm were partially purified approximately 120-fold. The molecular weights of alanine AT-ase and aspartate AT-ase were 69, 000 and 68, 000, and the optimum pH values were 7.6 and 7.0, respectively. The K
m values of alanine At-ase for alanine and α-ketoglutarate were 6.2×10
-3M and 2.3×10
-4M, and the K
m values of aspartate AT-ase for aspartate and α-ketoglutarate were 3.6×10
-4M and 2.0×10
-4M. Hydroxylamine inhibited alanine AT-ase activity and enzyme activity was recovered by pyridoxal-P. Alanine AT-ase inhibited by p-CMB was reactivated by the addtion of DTT.
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Katsumi TOGASHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
244-251
Published: May 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, females were allowed to lay eggs at weekly intervals into fresh Pinus densiflora logs during the oviposition seasons of 1979 to 1981. Fine and coarse-meshed cages were used to isolate some logs from the beetles' natural enemies. Others were uncaged. Many univoltine and a few semivoltine adults emerged from the logs. Variations in the survival rate from egg to adult were significantly explained by the presence of the natural enemies and the initial density of the sawyer, but not by the oviposition time. The density-dependent mortality was found during the period from egg to adult stage and was caused by intraspecific competitions. The natural enemies, possibly small insects able to pass through the coarse-meshed cages, were density-independent mortality factors, lowering the level of the survival rate. These experiments were conducted in the Ishikawa Forest Experiment Station Arboretum which consisted of deciduous and evergreen trees.
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Kenji KOYAMA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
252-257
Published: May 25, 1986
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Essential vitamins for nymphal development of the brown rice planthopper were studied. Newly hatched nymphs were reared on artificial diets deleting a single vitamin. Nymphs could not grow to the adult stage when thiamine, pyridoxine or pantothenic acid was deleted. Therefore, these three vitamins are essential. The minimum concentrations required were 0.005 to 0.01 mg/100 ml of thiamine hydrochloride, 0.039 to 0.078 mg/100 ml of Ca pantothenate and less than 0.005 mg/100 ml of pyridoxine hydrochloride.
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Ken YOSHIKAWA, Hiroshi TAKEDA, Koichi SONE, Ei'ichi SHIBATA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
258-268
Published: May 25, 1986
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In a Japanese red pine stand which was heavily damaged by the pine wilt disease, the biology of subcortical insects in pine bait logs was examined by restricting their attacks to certain periods using artificial treatments. Three species of Curculionidae, Shirahoshizo spp. (including S. poni, S. insidiosus and S. rufescens), Pissodes nitidus and P. obscurus, two species of Cerambycidae, Monochamus alternatus and Acanthosinus griseus and a number of Scolytidae, Taenioglyptes fulvus and Tomicus piniperda etc. emerged from the logs. The seasonal changes in emergence were observed, and the differences in emergence density among the treatments were discussed for each species in relation to the oviposition periods.
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J. K. O. AMPOFO, E. O. NAYANGIRI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
269-276
Published: May 25, 1986
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The efect of resistant and susceptible maize lines on behaviour and establishment of the neonate Chilo partellus larva was studied. Larval behaviour was categorized according to plant acceptibility. More larvae showed a higher acceptance for the susceptible Inbred A than the resistant Inbred G and ICZ2-CM lines. Larval behaviour suggested that certain conditioning stimuli were central to larval acceptance or rejection of the plant on which eggs were laid. Other stimuli guide larvae to the whorls where feeding usually commences. Analyses of plant surface extracts suggested that different chemical characteristics played a certain role in larval acceptance of these plants. Implications of the possible use of such characteristics as indices in the selection of maize material resistant to Chilo partellus are discussed.
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Nozomu MINAGAWA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
277-282
Published: May 25, 1986
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Verutus mesoangustus n. sp. was described from root of Miscanthus sinensis in Ibaraki and Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The new species differs from the type and only known species of the genus, V. volvingentis, in the distinctively constricted midbody in female, and shorter body in female, male and second-stage juvenile.
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Tadaaki UNAI, Chojiro TOMIZAWA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
283-288
Published: May 25, 1986
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The metabolism of
14C-fenothiocarb [S-4-(phenoxy-U-
14C)butyl N, N-dimethylthiocarbamate] in cirtus red mite Panonychus citri MCGREGOR was studied by the contact method. Fenothiocarb penetrated rapidly into mites and was metabolized. Approximately thirteen metabolites except unchanged fenothiocarb were found by two dimensional thin layer chromatography. The matebolites identified were S-4-phenoxybutyl N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylthiocarbamate, S-4-phenoxybutyl N-formyl-N-methylthiocarbamate, S-4-phenoxybutyl N-methylthiocarbamate, S-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)bytyl N, N-dimethylthiocarbamate, fenothiocarb sulfoxide and 4-phenoxybutylsulfonic acid in free or conjugate form. Primary site of fenothiocarb metabolism in citrus red mites seemed to be the oxidation of N-methyl moiety of fenothiocarb.
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Yasuhiro HORIE, Kijiro WATANABE
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
289-298
Published: May 25, 1986
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Daily utilization and digestibility of nitrogen in food by the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were determined, and quantitative distribution of digested nitrogen into the cocoon-shell, pupa and eggs was estimated. The amount of nitrogen ingested and digested by a single larva in the 4th and 5th instars was 16.5 and 10.8 mmoles for the male, and 18.7 and 12.7 mmoles for the female, respectively. The digestibility of nitrogen was 65.1% (male) and 67.6% (female). The increase of nitrogen in the whole body and silkglands in the 5th instar was 8.9 and 6.1 mmoles in the male, and 11.0 and 6.4 mmoles in the female, respectively. Approximately 46 and 70% of nitrogen ingested and digested were stored in the coccon-shell in the male, and 43 and 63% of nitrogen ingested and digested were stored in the cocoon-shell in the female, respectively. Approximately 10 and 15% of nitrogen ingested and digested were used for egg formation. These results clearly show that the efficiency of conversion of nitrogen in the coccon-shell is conspicuously high in the silkworm.
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Sadao WAKAMURA, Dean L. STRUBLE, Hiroichi MATSUURA, Masataro SATO, Kaz ...
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
299-304
Published: May 25, 1986
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Attractive activity of a 3 : 1 mixture of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12 : Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14 : Ac) for male black cutworm moths, Aqrotis ipsilon HUFNAGEL, was significantly improved by the addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16 : Ac) when dispensed from a rubber septum. On the contrary, the addition of Z11-16 : Ac caused a significant decrease of catches when dispensed from a glass capillary tube. The reason was not known. Nevertheless, a rubber septum impregnated with 30 μg of Z7-12 : Ac, 10 μg of Z9-14 : Ac and 150 μg of Z11-16 : Ac was one of the most effective lures for male black cutworm moths. This formulation was effective for 1 month or more after a 10-day pre-exposure.
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Shoji ASANO, Eiichi KUWANO, Morifusa ETO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
305-312
Published: May 25, 1986
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Induction of precocious metamorphosis in silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori by an anti-JH compound, 1-citronellyl-5-phenyl-midazole (KK-22), was investigated in relation to the application time of 3rd instar. Sensitive stage to KK-22 was in late 3rd instar. Most of the precocious pupation was observed in the 4th (penultimate) instar. Successive application with KK-22 prevented the 3rd instar larvae from molting into the next 4th instar and finally induced them to precocious pupation within the same 3rd (antepenultimate) instar. Some relationships were observed among the induction of precocious metamorphosis, the prolongation of 3rd instar, and the increase in body weight of 3rd instar larvae at molting. Most 3rd instar larvae with feeding periods prolonged by 2 days or more and having 70% or more increased body weight at 3rd molting time experienced precocious pupation at the subsequent 4th instar.
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Reynaldo R. VALLE, Fusao NAKASUJI, Eizi KUNO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
313-321
Published: May 25, 1986
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Egg incubation, nymphal development, preovipositional periods, adult longevity and fecundity were measured for one temperate species (N. cincticeps) and three tropical species (N. nigropictus, N. virescens and N. malayanus) of green leafhoppers at different constant temperatures. Variations in these parameters were small among the three rice-feeding species, N. nigropictus, N. virescens and N. cincticeps. But the grass-inhabiting species, N. malayanus, differed significantly from these three species in its biotic characteristics. Different demographic parameters also were calculated and compared. The intrinsic rate of increase differed slightly among the four species at 20°C, largest in N. cincticeps at 25 and 27°C and largest in N. virescens at 30°C.
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Masahiro OSAKABE, Kouichi INOUE, Wataru ASHIHARA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
322-327
Published: May 25, 1986
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Feeding, reproduction and development of Amblyseius sojaensis EHARA on Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR), Tetranychus kanzawai KISHIDA and tea pollen was investigated. When A. sojaensis fed on the spider mites, the egg production of this phytoseiid mite was so sparse that the next generation did not develop. But when tea pollen was provided as food, A. sojaensis laid many eggs so that in 10 days the population increased.The eggs of A. sojaensis were laid on pollen or fibrous matter and similar appearing material on the lower surface of leaves. When the mites were reared on tea pollen for long periods, clusters of eggs and chorions were observed.
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Annamalai SIVAPRAGASAM, Tetsuo SAITO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
328-333
Published: May 25, 1986
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Responses by adults of Plutella xylostella to various colored sticky vinyl chloride plates showed that more adults were caught on yellow than the other colors tested, including clear, blue and red. Based on percent reflectance, the attractive range was in the 400-600 nm region but the moth preferred around the 550 nm region. The higher intensity of reflectance in the 550 nm region might be responsible for the greater attraction to saturated yellow compared with clear and blue plates. For tinted yellows, both reflection in the 550 nm region and in the ultraviolet region might be important. A greater number of males than females were caught on the traps, irrespective of color. The significant correlation (r=0.83) obtained between the estimated number of adults caught per day and the mean number of emerged moths per day, suggested that the trap could be used for forecasting adult population density in the field.
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Sadao WAKAMURA, Kazuo KEGASAWA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
334-339
Published: May 25, 1986
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Male moths of the podborer, Matsumuraeses falcana (WALSHINGHM) whose larvae damage soybean crops were attracted with a 1 : 1 mixture of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12 : Ac) and (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8E10-12 : Ac) in field tests. The attractant activity was significantly increased when a third component, (E, Z)-7, 9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7Z9-12 : Ac), was added to the 2-component blend, though E7Z9-12 : Ac attracted no males by itself. One of the best formulations was a rubber septum impregnated with 167 μg of each of these three components, which attracted ca. 1.5 times more males than the septum impregnated with 250 μg of each of E8-12 : Ac and E8E10-12 : Ac, and ca. 5 times more males than 10 live virgin female moths. E7Z9-12 : Ac evoked the typical precopulatory behavior by male moths at the ca. 50-fold dose level of the 1 : 1 mixture of E8-12 Ac and E8E10-12 : Ac, though neither of these two components showed any sex-stimulative activity by itself.
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Eizo KONDO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
340-346
Published: May 25, 1986
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Scanning electron microscopic observations were made to reveal the mode of existence of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in the tracheae of adult cerambycid beetle, Monochamus carolinensis, and the cuticle surface property of the dispersal (dauer) 4th stage larvae (L
IVs) of the nematode. About 80% of all L
IVs were recovered from the thoracic tracheae and the rest from the tracheae of the abdomen, head, and legs. Most L
IVs orientated in the same direction in the tracheae, but some were reversed. The head of L
IVs was hemispherical with a small oral aperture, poorly developed amphid aperture, and no labial papillae. Many particles were observed on the sticky cuticle surface, but no bacteria were observed on the nematode specimens examined under SEM.
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P. H. PATHAK, S. S. KRISHNA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
347-348
Published: May 25, 1986
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Takayuki HIYORI, Yooichi KAINOH, Yasuo NINOMIYA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
349-350
Published: May 25, 1986
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Makoto HATAKOSHI, Noriaki AGUI, Isamu NAKAYAMA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
351-353
Published: May 25, 1986
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Naoto KAMATA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 2 Pages
353-355
Published: May 25, 1986
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