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Kenjiro KAWASAKI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
493-499
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Activity rhythms of male and female adult Spodoptera litura F. were recorded by actograph. Time of female calling was observed in a laboratory and male responsiveness to sex pheromone in a dark period was estimated by the trap catch in a wind tunnel. Males showed activity just after light off which was followed by a less active period. Then they became active and were highly active in the latter half of an 8 hr dark period. Females were less active than males and small activity peaks were observed sporadically throughout the dark period. Many females showed calling around 1 hr after light off and thereafter calling activity was observed continuously till light on. Males remained responsive to a sex pheromone from 1 hr after light off to light on.Two peaks in the male attraction pattern in the field resulted from high male and female sexual activity just after light off and from high rate of male locomotion later in the dark period.
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Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Masaaki UENISHI, Fumitoshi MACHIDA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
500-508
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The first step in studying the foraging strategy of female adults of the solitary parasitoid, D. rufiventris, of the leaf mining fly, P. ranunculi, was to determine whether they can effectively discriminate already searched from unsearched leaflets and also whether they use a marking pheromone for this purpose. 1) The female parasitoid did not search for hosts as long on already searched leaflets as on unsearched ones. 2) Leaflet discrimination of this sort would be neither ascribed to her memory of the already searched leaflets nor to encounters with parasitized hosts present in those leaflets. 3) This discrimination disappeared within 6 hr after she left the leaflet, or after it was rinsed with a 50% ethanol solution, suggesting that she deposited a marking pheromone on leaflets in the course of the host search and would then discriminate already searched leaflets by recognizing that pheromone. 4) The pheromone appears to be deposited not only on the mine but also on the remaining part of the leaflet. 5) This pheromone would be effective for this species to prevent a waste of time and energy rather than to avoid superparasitism.
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Takeshi URA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
509-514
Published: November 25, 1986
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Changes in fine structure of the corpora allata cells were observed through the larval and pupal stages of the silkworm. Basal lamina surrounding the corpora allata cells began to disappear at the beginning of the pupal stage. During this time, the axons in the cytoplasm and the basal lamina were found to reduce in number. Mitochondria changed from a spherical shape into a rod one during the larval-pupal development. Lipid droplets appeared and increased after the 8th day of the 5th instar larvae. Consideration was given to the relationship between these changes and the activity of corpus allatum.
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Hiroo SEKI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
515-518
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Effects of physicochemical treatments on the silkworm densonucleosis virus (Yamanashi isolate) (Y-DNV) were investigated. Y-DNV was not inactivated by either sodium desoxycholate or ether. Under 0.5 and 1.0% formalin treatments for 10 min, it was inactivated considerably, but almost completely at 3.0%. pH was not inactivated in the range of pH 3.0-12.0, but was inactivated at pH 2.0 for 1 hr. By ultraviolet irradiation, Y-DNV was noticeably inactivated for 20 min, and completely for 60 min. Y-DNV was not inactivated at 50°C for 60 min, inactivated to some degree at 60°C, but completely at 70°C treatment for 20 min.
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Junji TAKABAYASHI, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
519-524
Published: November 25, 1986
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Arrestants which keep Apanteles kariyai in the host habitat were synthesized by WITTIG reaction followed by hydrogenation from furan compounds and lead tetraacetate oxidation of alcohols. From the comparison of the analytical data of natural arrestants and synthetic compounds, the natural arrestants appeared to be a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers of 2, 5-dialkyltetrahydrofuran. Bioassay results of arresting activity of natural and synthetic compounds showed that cir- and trans-isomers were similar in activity, and 2-alkyltetrahydrofurans had no activity.
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Ei'ichi SHIBATA, Kiyotaka OKUDA, Takami ITO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
525-530
Published: November 25, 1986
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Monitoring and sampling of adult populations of the sugi bark borer, Semanotus japonicus LACORDAIRE, which attacks the trunks of Japanese cedar and cypress were described using the sticky trap banding method. High correlations were observed between the numbers of collected adults and emergence holes from caged logs and cedar stands. To determine sample size for the estimation of the mean density, the spatial distribution pattern of collected adults per tree was analyzed by the m-m regression method. The distribution of collected adults was contagious. Based on this result, the diagram which determines the sample size required to estimate the mean density with a desired precision and the density estimation method using a frequency index (proportion of bandages containing one or more individuals) were discussed.
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Hideo KAWAMOTO, Keio AIZAWA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
531-538
Published: November 25, 1986
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Formation and regeneration of protoplasts from blastospores of Beauveria bassiana were studied. When blastospores from 7-day-old culture were treated with Zymolyase 5000 for 1 hr at 30°C, high yield of protoplasts of good quality was obtained. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride plus magnesium sulfate were effective as osmotic stabilizers for the preparation of protoplasts. Sodium chloride was also effective for regeneration of protoplasts. Mannitol, sorbitol, and sucrose were not effective as osmotic stabilizers for preparation of protoplasts. Sucrose inhibited the formation of protoplasts but it was necessary for their regeneration. The highest frequency of regeneration was 60%. When protoplasts were inoculated in regeneration medium and incubated at 25°C, two morphologically distinct regeneration types were observed : i) protoplasts producing one or two germ tubes and ii) protoplasts producing a mass of spherical abnormal cells which sometimes failed to grow to a normal hypha.
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Harish KUMAR
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
539-545
Published: November 25, 1986
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The ovipositional responses of Chilo partellus (SWINHOE) were found to be influenced by the larval infestation on the maize plants. Larval feeding and damage to the maize plants increased their suitability for oviposition by C. partellus. Such an increase in the ovipositional suitability of a plant was in respect of both the distance-perceivable as well as contact-perceivable characteristics.The factors responsible for such an increase in the insect's ovipositional preference for the infested plants became more effective with an increase in the number of larvae per plant as well as in increase in the period for which they feed on the plants. The larval feeding and damage to the leaves alone or to the stems alone was able to enhance the ovipositional responses of C. partellus on the infested plants.
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Annamalai SIVAPRAGASAM, Yosiaki ITO, Tetsuo SAITO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
546-552
Published: November 25, 1986
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The distribution patterns of the immature stages of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, on cabbages were contagious. IWAO's (1968) m-m regreesion method showed that the basic component of the population was an aggregation of eggs for the egg stage but a single individual for the larval and the pupal stages. The significant change of α between the egg and the larval stage suggested that action of mortality factors, viz, rainfall and natural enemies, and dispersal of newly-hatched larvae might be responsible for the change. On the other hand, the similar values of α and β in larval and pupal stages suggested the absence of density-dependent dispersal or action of effective natural enemies. The application of Bacillus thuringiensis did not cause any change in the distribution pattern among the treated plots. The distribution pattern of the parasitoid, Apanteles plutellae was contagious.
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Eizo KONDO, Nobuyoshi ISHIBASHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
553-560
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Behavior and infectivity of Steinernema feltiae (DD-136), S. bibionis, and S. glaseri to the last instar larvae of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, on the soil surface were investigated under laboratory conditions. Upward movement of S. feltiae was enhanced by placing an insect on the soil surface, while the movement of other steinernematids was less enhanced. On the soil surface, S. feltiae actively nictated taking a waving and straight postures; S. bibionis less frequently nictated for a shorter time without taking a straight form; S. glaseri usually crawled on the surface and rarely nictated except when it traveled to neighboring soil particles. In the presence of a S. litura larva, S. bibionis and S. glaseri were more attacted by the feces than by the insect itself, though S. feltiae was strongly attracted by the insect. Feeding and defecating activities of the insect significantly declined with the inoculation with S. feltiae but not with S. bibionis or S. glaseri.
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Eizo KONDO, Nobuyoshi ISHIBASHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
561-571
Published: November 25, 1986
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Under suitable moisture and temperature conditions of soil for the mobility and infection of Steinernema feltiae (DD-136), infection efficiency on the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, was investigated. With the decrease in inoculum size of nematodes from 1, 000 to 10 per 10 g soil in a petri dish (6 cm in inner diam.), there was an increase in the number of insects dying after their development to spinning larvae, prepupae or pupae. About 50% of the insects were infected after being exposed for 1 hr on soil inoculated with ca. 1, 000 infective juveniles, and 100% mortality was recorded for insects exposed 6 hr or longer. With increasing exposure on the nematode-inoculated soil, mortality of S. litura larvae rapidly decreased. Nematode infectivity also decreased with increasing inoculation depth, especially when inoculation was 44 mm or more below the surface. Spinning larvae, prepupae, and two-day old or younger pupae in the cell were infected, while three-day old pupae were not infected by the nematode. Longevity of infected moths became significantly shorter. Infection might have occurred during emergence from the nematode-inoculated soil.
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Reynaldo R. VALLE, Fusao NAKASUJI, Eizi KUNO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
572-577
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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"The"thermal unit" system for development was compared among four green leafhoppers, one temperate species (N. cincticeps) and three tropical species (N. virescens, N. nigropictus, N. malayanus). The developmental threshold was lowest for the egg stage of N. virescens and for the nymphal and adult stages of N. malayanus. The thermal constant was smallest for the egg and adult stages of N. nigropictus and for the nymphal stage of N. cincticeps. The hypothetical number of generations was estimated as 10 to 11, 8 to 9 and 4 in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions respectively, being similar for the four species.Nymphal development was studied under photoperiods of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16L at 20°C. Only N. cincticeps entered diapause under 8L photophase, while the three tropical species showed slightly prolonged nymphal developmental periods under short day conditions.
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Hajime SUGIE, Yoshio TAMAKI, Kenjiro KAWASAKI, Masayosi WAKOU, Tosio O ...
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
578-581
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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All geometrical isomers of (3, 10)-, (4, 10)-, (5, 10)- and (6, 10)-tetradecadienyl acetates were synthesized as candidate compounds of the apple leafminer moth's pheromone component. The activities of combinations of 16 dienes with 2 monoenes were tested under field conditions. The combination of (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate and E4, Z10-tetradecadienyl acetate was as active as virgin females and it is strongly suggested that the the sex pheromone of the apple leafminer moth is this mixture. (E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate and the other 2 isomers of E4, Z10-tetradecadienyl acetate showed weak activity.
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Hiroaki FUJIMOTO, Akio TAKAFUJI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
582-588
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Photoperiodic sensitivity of various stages was studied on the diapausing strain of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR), in which egg diapause was determined by maternally controlled photoperiods. In the experiments, one or more stages were treated with short-days (12L-12D) and the remainder with long-days (16L-8D) at 20°C. The sensitivity was demonstrated in all the developmental stages. In particular, when both protonymphal and deutonymphal stages together were exposed to short-days, the diapause incidence was greatly increased. However, 100% diapause incidence was achieved only when the mites were exposed to short-days throughout the developmental period. The adult stage was also sensitive; some females switched over from non-diapausing to diapausing eggs or vice versa, according to photoperiodic regime during the oviposition period. These results combined showed that the effects of long- and short-days were cumulative, and also that the diapause-averting effect of long-days was more pronounced than the diapause-inducing effect of short-days.
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Mitsuaki SHIMAZU, Richard S. SOPER
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
589-596
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Pathogenicity, spore type and number of conidia of Entomophaga maimaiga produced by infected gypsy moth larvae were investigated. This fungus was highly pathogenic to gypsy moth larvae older than 2nd instar at temperatures between 15° and 25°C. The 3rd and 4th instar larvae were the most susceptible to this fungus. The rate of resting spore formation was higher in older instar larvae, however, conidia were also often produced on these cadavers. The rate of resting spore formers was not affected by the temperature. Almost 100% RH was necessary for the infection of conidia of this fungus. The number of discharged conidia from a cadaver was generally higher on older larvae reared at 15° and 20°C.
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Koji HORI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
597-605
Published: November 25, 1986
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Total mortality during the nymphal stage of Palomena angulosa MOTSCHULSKY extended from 14% to 48% in groups subjected to natural day-length (N-groups), while it ranged from 36% to 64% in groups exposed to stationary long-day (16L-8D), significantly higher than that of their N-group counterparts. In N-groups, the nymphs grew more quickly when put under shorter photophase condition. Stationary long-day photoperiodic condition retarded the nymphal growth (L-groups). In N-groups, daily weight gain in the nymphal stage tended to be greater when the nymphs were exposed to shorter photophase. Compared with respective counterparts of N-groups, the weight gain in all L-groups was significantly less in the 4th and 5th instars. Adult weight did not differ among the groups, except the group fed sucrose in the 2nd instar in the N-group (significantly lighter). P. angulosa was of a short-day type or a decreasing photoperiodic type in relation to nymphal growth. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the history of P. angulosa.
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Kikuo IWABUCHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
606-612
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Chemical analyses of hexane extracts from the male grape borer Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus BATES were performed to clarify the hourly change in contents of sex pheromone components, (2S, 3S)-octanediol (S, S-diol) and (2S)-hydroxy-3-octanone (S-ketol), and the location of the pheromone galnds. The maximum contents were detected at the 8th hr of the photophase where the females responded most frequently to the males. The contents of S, S-diol and S-ketol per male at this time were 240.9 ng and 68.0 ng, respectively. The quantitative ratio of these compounds was about 4 : 1. Analyses of the seven parts of the male insect (i.e., head, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, abdomen, legs and elytra) indicated that both compounds were detectable only in the extract from the prothorax. Microscopic observations showed that many pores were present over the entire surface of the male prothorax. These pores were connected to ducts by reservoirs in the cuticle with glandular cells lining the endocuticle. This suggests that the pheromone is produced in the prothorax glands and secreted from the pores.
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Yuan-Yang HU, Hiroo SEKI, Shigemi KAWASE
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
613-619
Published: November 25, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Chemical properties of newly isolated Bombyx densonucleosis virus (BmDNV), Yamanashi isolate (Y-DNV), were found to be different from those of first isolated BmDNV, Inaisolate. The viral DNA of Y-DNV was resolved in an agarose gel electropherogram into two closely migrating bands, DNA I and II. The digests of these DNAs treated with some restriction enzymes differed clearly from each other. In order to clarify this phenomenon, the structure of these DNA molecules was investigated by electron microscopy. Both DNA I and II, which were separated by agarose gel electropherogram, were double-stranded linear molecules, and the length of DNA I was slightly longer. No differences were observed in the electron micrographs on the configuration of the two DNAs. Therefore, ti was confirmed that DNA I and II consist of different base sequences. Since the size of Y-DNV is too small to contain two DNA species (MW : 2.1×10
6 and 1.7×10
6 daltons each), it is highly probable that Y-DNV is composed of a mixture of two similar but different DNVs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
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Masahiro KON
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
620-622
Published: November 25, 1986
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Yasuhiko KONNO
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
622-624
Published: November 25, 1986
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Hideo KAWAMOTO, Keio AIZAWA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
624-626
Published: November 25, 1986
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Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
627-629
Published: November 25, 1986
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Erma BUDIYANTO, Irwan KAMAL, Kiyomitsu ITO, Masaharu MATSUI, Muneo OKA ...
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
629-631
Published: November 25, 1986
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Tomohiro ONO, Shingo ORITA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
632-634
Published: November 25, 1986
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Akira HASHIMOTO, Mitsuo UEDA
1986 Volume 21 Issue 4 Pages
634-636
Published: November 25, 1986
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