Applied Entomology and Zoology

Morphological and Morphometrical Differences between the Fruit- and Pinaceae-Feeding Type of Yellow Peach Moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (GUENEE) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)

Hiroshi HONDA, Wataru MITSUHASHI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 1-10
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.1

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For morphological comparison between the two types of the yellow peach moth, C. punctiferalis (GUENEE), nine quantitative characters were morphometrically evaluated on the male genitalia and female ovipositor. Male moths of the two types were easily distinguishable by the angular and linear characters on the valva and tegumen. Surface microstructures on papilla analis and length of posterior apophysis were good distinguishing characters between the female moths of the two types. Mandible, labrum, epipharynx and pinacular of larvae, and cremaster of pupae were also definitely different between the two types. Based on these morphological differences in adults, larvae and pupae, the Pin-aceae-feeding type of the yellow peach moth was determined as a segregated species of the genus Conogethes from Japan.

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Mating and Oviposition of Three Encarsia Species (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) on the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (WESTWOOD) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae)

Hiroshi KAJITA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 11-19
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.11

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To select a promising agent for biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (WESTWOOD), mating and oviposition behaviors of two native species, Encarsia sp. (A) and Encarsia sp. (B), and an introduced one, Encarsia formosa GAHAN, were observed. Mating behavior of Encarsia sp. (A) and Encarsia sp. (B) differed from that of E. formosa : the male of the former two species mounted the female before and after copulation, while the male of the latter did not. Encarsia sp. (A) and Encarsia sp. (B), which are arrhenotokous, laid fertilized female-producing eggs in healthy whiteflies, and unfertilized male-producing eggs on fully-grown larvae or pupae of E. formosa in whitefly pupae. The thelytokous parasitoid E. formosa laid all its eggs in unparasitized whiteflies, but the mechanism of its male occurrence is not clear. Fecundities of Encarsia sp. (A) and E. formosa were similar to each other and higher than that of Encarsia sp. (B).

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Morphometric Traits of Adults of the Oriental Chinch Bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus OKAJIMA (Heteroptera : Lygaeidae), in Relation to Its Wing Polymorphism

Kenji FUJISAKI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 20-28
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.20

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Morphometric traits of adults of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus, in relation to its wing polymorphism were investigated in newly emerged adults collected from a high density population of the 1st generation in a ratooned sugar cane field. The frequency distribution of relative wing length (RWL) of adults showed a bimodality with brachypterous and macropterous forms, although it was not completely discrete because both forms showed considerable variation in this trait. Genetic differences in density responses among individuals within a population was considered to be primarily responsible for such a large variation of relative wing length. Complete macropters (RWL≥5.0) were on average larger in body length and had much more developed mesothorax than brachypters. However, incomplete macropters (RWL=4.5) were smaller in body length than brachypters with RWL of 4.0 and had a mesothorax which was intermediate between brachypters and complete macropters. Despite their intermediate morphological traits, they were regarded as macropters from behavioural, physiological, and genetical evidence.

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Olfactory Response of the Larvae of the Onion Fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) to Volatile Compounds

Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 29-35
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.29

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The olfactory responses of the larvae of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN were investigated using thirty-three volatile compounds commonly found in plants and three sulfur compounds. Both first and third instar larvae of the onion fly responded to five alcohols : from propanol to heptanol, three aldehydes : from pentanal to heptanal, three fatty acids : from valeric acid to heptylic acid, twenty-one esters and three green leaf volatiles. The larvae of the onion fly may also make use of aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters other than sulfur compounds as the cues for host finding. To sulfur compounds, first instar larvae strongly responded but third instar larvae did not. The difference in larval food (artificial diet or onion bulbs) was not considered the reason for these diverse responses.

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Factors on Intra-Host Preference of the Larvae of the Onion Fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN (Diptera : Anthomyiidae)

Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 36-41
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.36

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The larvae of the onion fly is known to prefer to feed on the roots and stem of the onion bulb, but the factors affecting this behavior are not known. In this study, the preference of the larvae for the stem and the base of the leaf was reconfirmed. The larval feeding preference on tissue was found to be correlative with the larval olfactory attractivity of the tissue. On the other hand, larval feeding response was not significantly different between the methanolic extract of the upper half of the outer leaf and the innermost embryonic leaves and stem. These suggest that the larvae of the onion fly select the stem and embryonic leaves mainly by olfactory cues.

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Hormonal Control of Adult Diapause in the Brown-Winged Green Bug, Plautia stali SCOTT (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae)

Toyomi KOTAKI, Shigemi YAGI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 42-51
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.42

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After the corpora allata (CA) were extirpated from non-diapausing adults of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali SCOTT, the adult colouration changed to reddish-brown and development of ovaries in females and ectodermal accessory gland (ectadenia) in males was inhibited. Implantation of corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complexes (CC-CA) into diapausing adults induced a green colouration and development of ovaries and ectadenia. Topical application of synthetic juvenile hormone (JH) III showed a similar effect to the implantation. These results indicate that JH has a crucial role in the hormonal control of adult diapause in P. stali. Further, the transection of nervous connections between the brain and CC-CA in diapausing adults revealed a diapause-terminating effect as did CC-CA implantation and JH III application. This suggests that JH-secretory activity is inhibited by the brain via nervous connections in diapausing adults.

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Determination of Larval Instar Number in the Common Armyworm, Leucania separata (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) : II. Timing of PTTH Secretion and Ecdysteroid Titer for Fifth Ecdysis

Ken TATEISHI, Ken-ichi KOJIMA, Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Shigemi YAGI, Noriaki ...

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 52-58
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.52

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Larval moult before and after the penultimate instar (5th instar) in Leucania separata involves an endocrine cascade that begins with the release of PTTH. The mechanism of this process is as follows : the newly ecdysed 5th instar larvae weighting average 44.0 mg have been already destined to release PTTH at Gate II stage (just before the 3rd night), and subsequently the released PTTH activates the prothoracic glands to increase the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. The head capsule slippage is induced by this ecdysteroid surge. The 6th instar moult is finally observed about 20 hr after the head capsule slippage. The entire process of this endocrine cascade from 5th instar larva to last instar takes 3 days.

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Landing Places of Migratory Planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL) and Sogatella furcifera (HORVATH) (Homoptera : Delphacidae) in Japan

Takashi NODA, Keizi KIRITANI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 59-65
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.59

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Migratory planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL) and Sogatella furcifera (HORVATH), both migrate from abroad to Japan every year. Tsubo is the term used for lowland paddy fields where the planthoppers usually make their first landing. In order to identify and examine the general features of Tsubo, a nationwide questionnaire survey was conducted in 1986 and 1987. Two typical types of Tsubo were identified by topographical conditions and wind direction. One type is located on the east side of hills sheltered from westerly winds and is generally found along the coast. The other type is located at the end of valleys facing windward. Migration of planthoppers to Japan takes place during the rainy season (usually early June to mid July) when the prevailing wind is from the southwest. The airborne insects generally land on the side of hills away from the wind or in a protected valley facing windward. Survey of the planthopper population in Tsubo early in the season will aid in the assessment of planthopper abundance in any given year.

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Hormonal Control of the Division of Labor in Adult Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) : I. Effect of Methoprene on Corpora Allata and Hypopharyngeal Gland, and Its α-Glucosidase Activity

Hiromi SASAGAWA, Masami SASAKI, Ichiji OKADA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 66-77
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.66

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Effects of methoprene, a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue and JH-III, either injected or topically applied, were examined as they affected development of corpora allata and hypopharyngeal gland. Also studied was the α-glucosidase activity along with the behavior of worker honeybees, Apis mellifera L., primarily using the same sample bees. The development of corpora allata, which occurs during the first two weeks in intact bees, was inhibited in negative-feedback fashion by methoprene injection (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 μg) in oil (0.5 μl) in each bee. The lowest dosage (0.1 μg) seemed to stimulate the development of the hypopharyngeal gland (the major source of bee milk), while higher dosages inhibited its normal development. Peak activity of α-glucosidase in the gland, which is normally observed in old foragers, was induced within one or two weeks by injection of 0.1 to 10 μg of methoprene. When methoprene-treated day-0 workers were introduced into a normal colony, guard bees and pollen-foragers appeared 7 and 5 days earlier than the case of untreated control, respectively. Therefore, JH is implicated in the physiological regulation responsible for the agelinked division of labor or polyethism.

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Capture-Recapture Study on the Adult Population of the White Spotted Longicorn Beetle, Anoplophora malasiaca (THOMSON) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae), in a Citrus Orchard

Shinkichi KOMAZAKI, Yasusuke SAKAGAMI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 78-84
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.78

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Adult population of Anoplophora malasiaca was studied by the capture-recapture method in a citrus orchard. The population parameters were estimated by the Jolly-Seber method. Adults emerged during June and July, mainly in June, and the total estimated number of those joining the population (with males more numerous earlier than females) was larger than that of observed emergence holes. This suggests that immigration occurred early in the emergence period. The population might have attained a peak in late June or early July if chemicals had not been applied, and survival rates were high during both months without chemical treatment. Effects of insecticide application on the survival rate were variable and not sufficient in some cases. Overall sex ratio was approximately 1 : 1.

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Non-Oral Infection of Steinernema feltiae (DD-136) to the Common Cutworm, Spondoptera litura (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Eizo KONDO, Nobuyoshi ISHIBASHI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 85-95
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.85

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Histological and scanning electron microscopic observations were made to reveal the infection of Steinernema feltiae in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, via routes other than the alimentary canal. The infective juveniles (J_IIIs) invaded the larval, pupal and adult spiracles of Galleria mellonella, while they did not invade the S. litura spiracles of the last instar larva or pupa aged 3 days after pupation. Many J_IIIs congregated in the vesicle under the esophagous of the S. litura larva and some J_IIIs penetrated the thin cuticular membrane of the vesicle. The nematodes also penetrated wounded tissues on the insect integument. A few J_IIIs were assumed to infect the larva through its thin intersegmental membrane, but no direct evidence was obtained. The firm framework of the J_IIIs head may be responsible for the mechanical invasion through the cuticular membrane.

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Rearing Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) on Chemically Defined Diets

Makoto HASEGAWA, Keiko NIIJIMA, Mitsuo MATSUKA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 96-102
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.96

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Larvae of lacewings developed into adults on four chemically defined diets of different amino acid composition. The diets were composed of 23 amino acids, sucrose, trehalose, 5 organic acids, 6 fatty acids, cholesterol, 11 mineral salts, and 17 vitamins. The adults on the best diet produced more than 1, 000 eggs over 2 months.

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Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Infective Juveniles of Steinernema spp. (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae) with Reference to Their Motility and Survival

Eizo KONDO, Nobuyoshi ISHIBASHI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 103-111
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.103

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The ultrastructure of infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae, S. bibionis and S. glaseri was compared under SEM and TEM to obtain structural evidence for differences in their motility and survival abilities, both of which are crucial to infectivity under natural conditions. The arrangements of the labial/cephalic papillae and amphidial apertures of these nematodes were similar, however, the amphidial aperture with its connecting large nerve bundle was more conspicuous in S. feltiae. The lipid droplets were deposited deep in the cells of the lateral chord and intestine of which microvilli had degenerated. The arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments was clear in somatic muscle cells which always contained many glycogen granules and mitochondria with developed christiae. For all nematodes examined, the cuticle consisted of external cortical (ECL), internal cortical (ICL) and basal layers (BL); the median layer was not clearly differentiated from ICL. The three layers were also recognized in the ensheathing cuticle. The osmiophilic ECL and striated BL were developed to the greatest extent in S. feltiae which also showed the highest nictating activity and leaping behavior. These structural features may explain the differences in motility and survival ability in the infective juveniles of the three species of steinernematid nematodes.

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Artificial Culture of an Entomogenous Nematode, Steinernema kushidai (Nematoda : Steinernematidae)

Nobuo OGURA, Yasuharu MAMIYA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 112-116
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.112

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An entomogenous rematode, Steinernema kushidai, which is conspicuously lethal on white grubs, was cultured in artificial media. The nematode propagation was vigorous in the dog food agar medium supplemented with peptone, but poor in the non-supplemented medium. Analysis of the ammonia content of nematode cultured media indicated that the nematodes and/or symbiotic bacteria metabolized large amount of protein to propagate themselves.

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Seasonal Life Cycle of the House Spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Araneae : Theridiidae) in Northern Japan

Kazuhiro TANAKA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 117-125
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.117

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The seasonal life cycle of the house spider, Achaeranea tepidariorum, was investigated in the field at Hirosaki, Aomori prefecture. Spiders of all nymphal instars and adults were found throughout the year and the overwintering stage was not restricted to a particular developmental stage. The reproductive activity occurred for a long period of time from June to October. The seasonal occurrence of adult males, the egg laying pattern and its geographical variation suggested that in spite of such life cycle characteristics, this species is basically univoltine throughout Japan. The variability of its overwintering stage may have evolved in association with the scattered emergence of the spiderlings over a long period of time.

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Patterns of Resistance to Bean Weevils (Bruchidae) in Vigna radiata-mungo-sublobata Complex Inform the Breeding of New Resistant Varieties

Koichi FUJII, Masao ISHIMOTO, Keisuke KITAMURA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 126-132
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.126

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We checked the infestation resistance of various beans of the genus Vigna, using 5 species of bean weevils, Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus, C. analis, C. phaseoli, and Zabrotes subfasciatus. 1) V. sublobata race II TC1966 was resistant to all weevil species except to C. analis. V. radiata B₁F₃, which contained a resistance gene from V. sublobata TC1966 showed the same resistance as TC1966 itself. 2) Black gram, V. mungo, was resistant only to C. phaseoli and C. chinensis. C. maculatus, C. analis, and Z. subfasciatus could successfully emerge as adults from V. mungo, although their developments were substantially slower than in commercial V. radiata. 3) V. sublobata race I (Plu-416), a wild relative of V. mungo, showed complete resistance against all weevil species examined in this study. The presence of two resistance factors A and B in the beans used in the present study is hypothesized : Factor A (effective against C. chinensis, C. phaseoli, C. maculatus, and Z. subfasciatus) is present in V. sublobata race II TC1966, while factor B (effective against C. chinensis and C. phaseoli, and partially effective against C. maculatus, Z. subfasciatus, and C. analis) is present in V. mungo. Both factors are present in V. sublobata race I.

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The Compound Eye of the Dung Beetle Geotrupes auratus (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae)

Nobuo GOKAN

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 133-146
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.133

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The compound eyes of the dung beetles, Georupes auratus are completely divided into dorsal and ventral eye parts by a well developed canthus. The cone sheath is relatively thick and its proximal extension, known as the cone tract, penetrates the intercellular space in the centre of a group of retinula cells without splitting into four separate components. The cone tract derives its compactness and tight connection with retinular cell bodies from extensive desmosomes. At the dorsalmost edge of the dorsal eye, the rhabdom is relatively small like that of photopic eyes. The microvilli are organized in a diagonal pattern. Over the greater part of the dorsal eye, the rhabdom is formed by seven rhabdomeres which in transverse section show interdigitation. The ventral eye, on the other hand, consists of overall uniform ommatidia, with the rhabdom exhibiting a ¥-shaped pattern in transverse section at mid region. Unlike the situation in scotopic eyes, neither cellular transformation nor migration of retinula cell nuclei are found upon light-dark-adaptation since the apical ends of the retinula cells are tightly connected with cone tract. The term "pseudoscopic eye" is proposed for such an eye. Fine-structurally, only small vesicles appeared at the base of the microvilli during dark-adaptation.

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Spatial Relationship between Wild and Released Sterile Melon Flies, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT (Diptera : Tephritidae)

Ren IWAIZUMI, Masakazu SHIGA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 147-149
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.147

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The Effect of Ligation on the Density-Related Larval Color Change of the Ramie Moth, Arcte coerulea GUENEE (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Hajime IKEMOTO

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 150-151
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.150

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Mating Receptivity of Wild Type Females for Wild Type Males and Mass-Reared Males in the Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT (Diptera : Tephritidae)

Yoshinori HIBINO, Osamu IWAHASHI

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 152-154
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.152

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A Method for Determining the Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase

Norio SEKITA

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 155-156
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.155

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Flexible Diapause Response to Photoperiod of a Laboratory Selected Line in the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus FALLEN

Ryoiti KISIMOTO

1989 年 24 巻 1 号 p. 157-159
発行日: 1989/02/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.24.157

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