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Ei'ichi SHIBATA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
321-325
Published: November 25, 1989
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The thermal reaction of the adult sugi bark borer, Semanotus japonicus LACORDAIRE (Coleptera : Cerambycidae) was investigated in the laboratory. The temperature range was 7.9°C to 29.1°C for normal activity, and above 12.3°C for active movement. The rates of movement and distances traversed by adults in a cedar stand correlated with the percentages of time above 12.3°C within a day. This suggested that adults which emerged in the early season of the year were not able to move activity because of low temperatures.
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Katsuhisa KURAMOCHI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
326-333
Published: November 25, 1989
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The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) was observed to mate only on cow body surfaces especially on the pectoral and cervical regions. Characteristic behavior, such as wing vibration, was not observed before copulation. Mating behavior was observed only during the day, with no discernible rhythmicity of occurrence. In laboratory experiments, the mating percentage of young females increased as rearing temperature rose from 24 to 32°C. Average temperature of copulation site (cow boyd surface) was approximately 30°C and not greatly affected by ambient temperature. Ambient temperature (above 16°C), light intensity (above 2, 800 Ix) and weather affected the mating activity only slightly. The females mated actively at 36 to 54 hr after emergence in the field and at 3 to 7 days after emergence in the laboratory, when terminal follicles in the ovarioles had become occupied mostly by yold protein.
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Mitsutaka SAKAKIBARA, Toshiaki IKESHOJI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
334-342
Published: November 25, 1989
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Oviposition-stimulating protein (OSP) was partially purified from the eggs of Culex pipiens molestus FORSKAL. OSP had a molecular weight of approximately 110-200 kd, high solubility in water and sensitivity to heat or trypsin treatment. The area of OSP on PAGE was stained with Schiff reagent. By the test of oviposition-stimulancy of standard proteins against C. p. molestus, the highest activity was found in glycoprotein (bovine), followed by hemoglobin, hemocyanin, ovalbumin, serum albumin (bovine and human), conalbumin, gelatin, mucin, protamin sulphate and histone. Casein and bovine globulin showed no stimulancy at any concentration tested. Lactoalubumin showed deterrency. From these results, we concluded that glycoproteins are ovipositions-stimulants for C. pipiens molestus. The oviposition-stimulancy of sugars and amino acids was also investigated.
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Charles YAW BREMPONG-YEBOAH, Nicholas DARKO OKOAMPAH
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
343-348
Published: November 25, 1989
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The effects of four insecticides, cypermethrin, diaxocarb, dimethoate and carbofuran on the insect fauna of a new garden egg variety, var 133, was investigated at the Agricultural Experiment Farm of the University of Ghana, Legon. Cypermethrin, diaxocarb and dimethoate were applied in four sprayings at 10-14 day intervals from two weeks after transplanting. Carbofuran granules were applied in ring treatments at transplanting and at flowering, 45 days after transplanting. Results obtained showed significant differences in the insect population and percent leaf infestation of Urentius hystericellus (RIGHTER) (Hemiptera : Tingidae). Fruit weight per plant and number of fruits per plant were also significantly different among treatments. No significant differences were observed, however, in the date of flowiering, plant height at eight weeks after transplanting, percent flower infestation nor in the percent fruit infestation. Cypermethrin and dimethoate brought about higher yields than the diaxocarb and carbofuran treatments.
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Sakae KUBOTA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
349-357
Published: November 25, 1989
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Activities of 5 chitin synthesis inhibitors against Thrips palmi infesting musk melons were eveluated in the laboratory and some compounds were applied on musk melons grown in a greenhouse from 1987 to 1988, in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Five compounds of diflubenzuron (DFB, 235 ppm), teflubenzuron (TFB, 50 ppm), chlorfluazuron (CFA, 50 ppm), flufenoxuron (FFX, 50 ppm) and chiromazine (CHM, 750 ppm) were utilized. The former 4 compounds belong to benzoylphenyl ureas. After foliar spraying with the 5 compounds, it was observed that the numbers of mature larvae whcih dropped from leaves in order to pupate decreased drastically. Nolarvae treated with these chemicals pupated, except for those treated with CHM. The same larvicidal activity was observed after dipping treatments of mature larvae treated with DFB, TFB, CFA and FFX. DFB, CFA and FFX also showed ovicidal activity in adults LC
50 values of FCA and DFB for mature larvae were 13 ppm and 140 ppm respectively. In foliar application of CFA, FFX and DFB on musk melons grown in a greenhouse, CFA and FFX controlled the thrips much better than DFB and conventional spraying of methidathion and BPMC.
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Notake MORIMOTO, Genta NAKAMURA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
358-371
Published: November 25, 1989
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The life cycle and mortality process of the alpine form of the European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer was studied from the egg to prepupal stage during 1983-1985 at Senjojiki, Mt. Kiso-Komagatake, in the Central Japanese Alps (ca. 2, 600 m). The alpine form had a 2-year life cycle, overwintering in the egg stage in the first year and in the prepupal stage in the second year. Mortality factors were assessed quantitatively for the egg and larval stages, and partial life tables and surviorship curves were formulated for each year. The major mortality factor during the egg stage was the death of the embryo which was, however, extremely low in relation to overall mortality. High larval mortality was seen in the younger stadia (especially in the 1st stadium), due main to weather conditions such as high precipitation and strong winds during the rainy season.
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Yukie KAMANO, Keiko SHIMIZU, Yooichi KAINOH, Sadahiro TATSUKI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
372-378
Published: November 25, 1989
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Mating behavior of the egg-larval parasitoid Ascogaster reticulatus WATANABE was observed in the laboratory. The sequence of mating behavior of the male parasitoid was summarized as follows : random walking, antennal searching, orientation, pursuit, approach, antennal contact, mounting, and copulation. A hexane extract from the female body, drawn across the bottom of a petri dish, elicited male antennal searching while walking along the line. Dose-response curve of the behavior had a peak between concentrations of 10<-3> amd 10<-2> female equivalent per line. In another experiment, male parasitoids actively searched the tea leaves on which females had walked. These facts indicated that the male responded to a sex pheromone left by females. The sex pheromone deposited by the females seemed to activate male searching and increase the chances of mating behavior.
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Katsumi TOGASHI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
379-386
Published: November 25, 1989
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Using ca. 1 m long logs of Pinus thunbergii, an experiment and an examination were conducted to elucidate the effects of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus density and water content in xylem on B. xylophilus abundance carried by Monochamus alternatus adults at emergence. The nematode density in xylem was determined in November and December. The water content was determined in August after the end of bettle emergence. Both factors were shown significantly to affect the nematode abundance within beetles. Beetles carried less than 30 nematodes at the nematode densities of less than 10 per gram dry xylem while some beetles carried more than 100, 000 nematodes at nematode densities of more than 100 per gram, resulting in a large variation in the number of nematodes carried by beetles. The frequency distribution of nematode abundance within beetles was not significantly affected by the part of the tree from which beetles emerged, i.e. trunks of branches, not by the time of host tree decline.
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Sadao WAKAMURA, Mikio TAKAI, Shuji KOZAI, Hitoshi INOUE, Izumi YAMASHI ...
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
387-397
Published: November 25, 1989
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The feasibiity of synthetic sex pheromone as a communication disruption agent for the control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was examined by dispensing a 7 : 3 mixture of (Z, E)-9, 12-tetradecadienyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol into a 155 ha field containing scattered Welsh onion, Allium fistulosum L., plots (total area : 24 ha). Attraction of male moths to sex pheromone traps in the treated area was completely inhibited throughout the period of the treatment. Densities of egg masses and the 1st and 2nd instar larvae were reduced to 6% and 1%, respectively, relative to those in an untreated are about 9 km away. The maximum density of the 4th and 5th instar larvae was reduced to 4% of that in the untreated area. Consequently, crop damage was drastically reduced. In the treated area, the density of the larvae increased after the removal of the pheromone dispenser in mid-September, contrasting to a decrease of population density in the untreated area. These results showed the efficacy of synthetic sex pheromone in controling field populations of S. exigua.
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Yoshiomi KATO, Yuko ONUMA, Kumiko SAKURAI, Hiromi YAMADA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
398-406
Published: November 25, 1989
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Light conditions requird for the green pigmentation of cocoons of Antheraea yamamai, and the pigments (blue and yellow ones) determining the cocoon color were examined. For production of green cocoons high intensity (4, 000 lux) light was found to be necessary at the time of gut purge. The degree of green pigmentation was dependent on the intensity of irradiation. Blue light was as effective as white light, whereas red and gren lights were ineffective. Removal of ocelli had no adverse effect on cocoon pigmentation in either light condition. The absorption spectra and solubility properties of the blue pigment suggest that it is a biliverdin whereas the yellow pigments, which are water-soluble, remain unclear. The increase in light intensity caused an increase in abundance of the blue pigment in the cocoons, but no change in the mount of yellow pigment. Thus, light perceived via an extra-ocular photoreceptor causes the accumulation of a bile pigment in the silk glands and therefore causes the formation of green rather than yellow cocoons.
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Tetsuo GOTOH
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
407-417
Published: November 25, 1989
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The annual life cycles and diapause regulation of the multivoltine mites, Schizotetranychus schizopus (ZACHER), S. cercidiphylli EHARA and S. leguminosus EHARA were studied in Sapporo, northern Japan. Female adults fed on intact leaves responded to short photoperiod by laying diapause eggs with a critical photoperiod of about 14.0 hr at 18°C and between 13.0 and 14.0 hr at 25°C. However, even at long photoperiod mites laid diapause eggs if they had been reared on infested leaves. In the field, females started laying diapause eggs in early July. The time when 50% of females started laying diapause eggs varied between years in all the species studied. This variation was directly correlated with temperature and abundance of the mites, and these conditions are likely to have influenced the timing of diapause egg induction indirectly by affecting food quality of the host plants.
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Hitoshi KAWAMOTO, Ranendra Nath SINHA, William Ernest MUIR
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
418-423
Published: November 25, 1989
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The longevity of adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (STEPHENS) (Coleoptera : Cucujidae) was determined at-9, 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C and 70% relative humdity. The survival rates : at -9°Cbegan to decrease during the 2nd week and was 13% after 7 weeks, at 0°C were more than 90% for the first 6 weeks and was 56% after 11 weeks, at 10 to 30°C ranged from 77 to 97% after 32 weeks, at 35°C was 38% after 32 weeks, and at 40°C decreased to 0% in 6 weeks. Survival rate for females was higher at -9°C and lower at 35°C than that for males, and there were no significant sex differences in survival among the other temperatures. More than 81% of the females that survived at 10 and 15°C for 32 weeks produced viable eggs at a rate of more than 14 eggs per week when transferred to 30°C and 70% RH. Under the same conditions, a smaller proportion of females, which survived for 32 weeks at high temperatures, produced viable eggs at a lower rate.
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Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Walter Soares LEAL, Yumiko NAKANO, Yoshikazu KANEKO ...
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
424-429
Published: November 25, 1989
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A mixture of alkenes : Z-6-pentadecene (61.0%), Z-7-pentadecene (35.1%), Z-6-tetradecene (2.1%), Z-7-tetradecene (0.7%) and Z-5-tridecene (1.1%), was identified as the alarm pheromone (active at 100 ppm) of the acarid mite, Tyrophagus neiswanderi, which is known as a pest attacking cucurbitaceous plants in greenhouses. T. putrescentiae possessed a similar mixture of alkenes which showed no activity against the same species, but did against T. neiswanderi. Hitherto, alarm pheromones of four Tyrophagus mites were identified as ester, ketone, aldehyde and hydrocarbons. These pheromones may be owrthy for the chemical taxonomy of these morphologically similar mites.
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Mitsuaki SHIMAZU
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
430-434
Published: November 25, 1989
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An epizootic of a Metarhizium specis occurred in a population of the large brown cicada, Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, in forests of Japanese alder, Alnus japanica, in Ibaraki, Japan. The average density of the cadavers of G. nigrofuscata per trunk base (defined as the bottom 6 m of trunk) was 9.3 in the center of the epizootic. Living adults were seldom observed. The isolates produced 2 types of conidia, macro- and microconidia, on a common phialide. Macroconidia were cylindrical to banana-shaped, 16.9×3.8 μm, and microconidia were ellipsoid, 5.4×2.7 μm. The conidial chain was united in a column. Cultures derived from either micro- or macroconidia produced 2 types of conidia. This fungus was identified as Metarhizium cylindrosporae, although only macroconidia had been described in its original description.
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Hisashi TAKEGAWA, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
435-440
Published: November 25, 1989
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The sex pheromone of the Japanese cockroach, Periplaneta japonica, was purified from about 5, 000 unmated females and the isolated pheromone was subjected to instrumental analyses. The pheromone, which we have called periplanone-J, revealed a strong pheromone activity toward males of the Japanese cockroach and the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. From spectral analyses and comparison of sex pheromone activity between P. japonica and P. americana, a tentative structure of periplanone-J was proposed as (1R, 6E, 8S)-1(14)-epoxy-5(15), 6-germacradien-10-one.
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Mitsumasa SUDO, Seiji TANAKA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
441-449
Published: November 25, 1989
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When leaves of the mulberry tree, Morus alba L., were dried at high temperature (615°C), a diet containing those leaves (HT diet) caused 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) to become permanent larvae. These larvae attained a large body size and developed huge silkglands. Their failure to spin cocoons may be related partly to the whitening and hardening of the middle silkglands. Normal development and pupation occurred when larvae were reared on a standard diet containing low-temperature (100°C) treated leaves (LT diet). When larvae kept on the HT diet for several days were transferred to the LT diet, some formed large cocoons and pupated and others failed to do so and diet at different stages of the larval-pupal transformation proces. Pupae obtained from larvae kept longer on the HT diet during the 5th instar took longer ot emerge as adults and produced fewer adults. It is thus likely that the HT diet contained some factor inhibiting metamorphosis in B. mori. Rearing on mixtures of the two diets indicated that the factor appeared to influence growth and development of 5th instars in a dose-dependent manner.
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Masahiko MURAJI, Tadashi MIURA, Fusao NAKASUJI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
450-457
Published: November 25, 1989
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Timing of induction of reproductive diapause of Microvelia douglasi were investigated. Diapausing females began to appear in early September in field population. Under laboratory condition at 24°C, reproductive diapause was induced by photoperiods shorter than 12.5 hr of light, which concides with the daylength in early September. Seasonal changes in the pattern of egg production of overwintering females incubated under laboratory conditions at 24°C were also examined. When the insects were incubated under 16L-8D photoperiod, almost all the females began to lay eggs irrespective of the sampling date. When incubated under 12L-12D and 8L-16D, the percentage of females which laid eggs was low in samples collected before December, but it became as high as 100 percent in samples collected after December. The preoviposition period from the date of the collection increased until the end of October, decreased to 5 to 6 days in lae December and stayed at a constant level thereafter. Although females incubated under 16L-8D continued to lay eggs throughout experimental period, some females, which were incubated under 12L-12D and 8L-16D, stopped laying eggs soon after beginning of incubation. However, under 12L-12D, the percentage of such females decreased in samples collected later in the winter.
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Seiji TANAKA, Makoto KIUCHI, Mitsumasa SUDO
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
458-465
Published: November 25, 1989
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High-temperature (615°C) treated leaves of the mulberry tree, Morus alba L., contain a factor (mulberry factor, MF) that causes 5th instars of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae), to become permanent larvae (SUDO and TANAKA, 1989). When allatectomized 5th instars were reared on a diet containing those leaves (HT diet), they became permanent larvae, as did sham-operated and intact controls. This suggests that the action of MF is not mediated through modifying the activity of corpora allata. Ecdysteroid titers in hemolymph, which began to increase within a week after molting to the 5th instar on a standard diet, remained at a low level longer than 2 weeks both in allatectomized and intact or sham-operated larvae kept on the HT diet. This reduced ecdysteroid titer may be the main cause for induction of permanent larvae. In organ culture, prothoracic glands isolated from 5-day old 5th instars reared on the HT diet were found competent to respond to prothoraciocotropic hormone (PTTH) by secreting ecdysone into the medium. It is thus likely that MF caused low ecdysteroid titers in hemolymph by suppressing secretion of PTTH from the brain. When 4th instars were reared on the HT diet, growth and the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer were not altered prior to the molt to the 5th instar.
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Yosiaki ITO, Masaaki YMAGISHI
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
466-477
Published: November 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Sperm competition in the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, was studied by sequential mating with normal males and virgin or 'exhausted' sterile males. Comparison of hatchabilities of eggs laid by females first mated with normal males and secondly with virgin sterile males and those for females mated in the reverse order confirmed earlier observations whcih confirmed sperm mixing. The results also proved sperm precedence of the last male and the low competitiveness of sterile male. Mating with virgin sterile males after the normal mating reduced the hatchability of eggs while mating with 'exhausted' sterile males did not. This fact suggests that the sterile spermatozoa actually plays a role in the application of the sterile male technique for melon fly eradication.
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Ryutaro IWATA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
478-480
Published: November 25, 1989
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Takashi KUBOTA, Hajime INOUE
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
480-482
Published: November 25, 1989
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Nobuo GOKAN
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
483-486
Published: November 25, 1989
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Hajime INOUE, Kiichi SHIMIZU, Nobuo KUWABARA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
486-488
Published: November 25, 1989
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Hironori YASUDA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
488-490
Published: November 25, 1989
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Hideo KAWAMOTO, Keio AIZAWA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
490-491
Published: November 25, 1989
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Kohzo KANDA, Julian O. ROXAS, Zhu KU, Keio AIZAWA
1989 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages
492-494
Published: November 25, 1989
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