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Yukinari BAN, Keizi KIRITANI, Shun'ichi MIYAI, Kazuo NOZATO
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
409-414
Published: November 25, 1990
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The survivorship curves of adult male populations in the Japanese black swallowtail butterflies Papilio helenus nicconicolens BUTLER and P. protenor demetrius CRAMER were estimated by the mark-and-recapture method. Censuses were conducted twice a week in the summers of 1977, 1978, and 1979 at a small woody hill in Kochi City, southwestern Japan. Survivorship curves for five age groups were constructed using wing condition as an indicator of adult age. Survivorship curves for the adult life were obtained by synthesizing survivorship curves for each age category. Average passage of time before 50% adult mortality was 16-17 days for the two species. The survivorship curves show that the mortality in young adults is lower than that in old ones irrespective of the species and the year. The mortality of the adult butterflies increases in proportion to the age of adults.
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Hitoshi SAITO, Fumio MUKAIYAMA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
415-421
Published: November 25, 1990
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Melanization and reddish coloration hormone (MRCH) activity was observed in developing embryos of the saturniid silkmoth Samia cynthia ricini (DONOVAN). The embryonic MRCH elicited larval coloration of isolated abdomens of penultimate instar larvae in the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (WALKER). The embryonic MRCH of Samia also caused melanization in the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS). The MRCH activity was detected in a whole developmental stage of Samia embryos, and the maximal MRCH activity was found in embryos at 8 days after oviposition, just prior to hatching. These results suggest that an increased activity in developing embryos corresponds to the differentiation status of their neuroendcrine systems.
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Tetsuro NOMURA, Katsuei YONEZAWA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
423-430
Published: November 25, 1990
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Negative genetic correlation between reproductive effort and longevity has often been assumed when predicting the structure of the genetic equilibrium state of life history evolution. To examine the validity of this assumption, genetic correlations among life history characters of adult females of the azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) were estimated by sib-analysis. Negative genetic correlations were obtained between fecundity and longevity characters. The most evident negative correlations were between total fecundity and longevity (-0.892). Genetic trade-off seems to exist between fecundity and lifespan characters, supporting the above assumption.
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Shin-ichi KUDO
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
431-437
Published: November 25, 1990
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E. putoni females straddled their eggs and nymphs and showed specific defensive behavior when disturbed. Females usually returned to egg masses after being separated from them, but could not discriminate their own eggs from others. When exposed to a crushed nymph, females showed intense defensive behavior (e.g. wing fanning) more frequently than when they were exposed to a control (forceps). In contrast, both E. putoni and E. dorsalis (a closely related subsocial species) females with amputated antennae showed the same reaction to crushed nymphs as control females. In both species, aggressive behavior was also triggered by crushed nymphs of related subsocial or asocial species. These results strongly suggest that the odor released from injured nymphs functioned as an alarm substance triggering maternal defensive responses. The substance is probably common in acanthosomatid bugs regardless of presence or absence of parental care. The adaptive significance and evolutionary origin of the smell-mediated alarm system in offspring-parent interrelations are discussed.
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Shin YAMADA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
439-446
Published: November 25, 1990
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Relationships between adult wing-form and wing-pad length in Nilaparvata lugens were examined under laboratory conditions (25±1°C). Most of the last instar female nymphs with wing-pads shorter than 0.94 mm developed to brachypterous adults, but female nymphs with wing-pads longer than 0.94 mm became both brachypterous and macropterous adults. Thus the brachypterous females of this insect consisted of short wing-pad brachypters and long wing-pad brachypters. In females, with the increase of rearing density during the nymphal stage, short wing-pad brachypters decreased with the increase of long wing-pad brachypters. This was followed by an increase of macropters. Male nymphs with shorter wing-pads tended to become brachypterous adults, but a critical wing-pad size for induction of macropters was not detected. Male nymphs emerged as macropterous adults over the wide density range studied. Relationships between weight and wing-pad length of last instar nymphs were different between sexes. Body weight tended to be heavier in female nymphs with short wing-pads than in those with long wing-pads. The wing morph determination mechanism in N. lugens females was hypothesized to consist of 2 sequential processes. The first process may affect development of wing-pads, while the second process influences development of adult wings.
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Sadao WAKAMURA, Shuji KOZAI, Kazuo KEGASAWA, Hitoshi INOUE
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
447-456
Published: November 25, 1990
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Dispersal distance traveled by male Spodoptera litura and its seasonal change from May to September were estimated by releasing marked males and later recapturing them with sex pheromone traps. Mean flight distance was estimated to be 3.5-5.9 km the first night after release and 3.0-10.9 km for the total experiment period. Length of mean survival period after release was 1.5-6.0 days. Maximum dispersal distance was observed in May, when both the mean flight distance for the first night and the length of survival period were the longest. The dispersal distance decreased during summer. Shorter flight distance and lower survival rate were recorded during this period, a probable result of higher temperatures.
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Yoshitaka TSUBAKI, Suvarin BUNROONGSOOK
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
457-466
Published: November 25, 1990
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A simulation model of sterile insect releases was constructed based on a logistic equation of population growth. Reduction of sexual competitive ability in mass-reared and sterilized males and evolutionary change of mate preference in wild females were incorporated in the model. The results suggested that the effect of the reduction of competitive ability of sterile males on the effectivness of the sterile insect release method (SIRM) is substantial but that the effect of female mate preference is slight. The number of sterile males released should be increased to overcome the evolution of mate preference in wild females. However, this does not appear to be a serious obstacle for eradication of the melon fly.
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Hajime SUGIE, Kenjiro KAWASAKI, Hiroya HIGUCHI, Chikayoshi KITAMURA, Y ...
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
467-473
Published: November 25, 1990
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Sex pheromone of the three-spotted plusia, Acanthoplusia agnata, was extracted from abdominal tips of virgin females. The crude extract was purified by Florisil column chromatography, HPLC, and gas chromatography. Male moths were released and captured in a field cage to detect the activity of fractionated samples. The sex pheromone components of A. agnata were estimated to be (Z)-7-and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetates according to analysis by capillary GC and GC-MS. A plastic, capsule-loaded 1.1 mg of mixture of the 2 compounds in a 10 : 1 ratio attracted male moths under field conditions. From these data, the sex pheromone of A. agnata was determined to be a 10 : 1 mixture of (Z)-7-and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetates. This mixture also attracted male moths of Chrysodeixis eriosoma.
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Koji HORI, Mitsuhiro IWASA, Ryu OGAWA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
475-482
Published: November 25, 1990
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The larval duration of Protocalliphora maruyamensis was 1.7 days in the 2nd instar and 4.5 days in the 3rd instar. The time required from egg to pupa was estimated at about 8 days. The larvae lived in nest materials of host birds and came in direct contact with nestlings only when feeding. They attached themselves to hosts using the second or third abdominal segment and punctured their naked skin with their mouth hooks to suck blood. The pupal duration of P. maruyamensis was 6.0 days at 30°C, 8.0 days at 25°C and 10.3 days at 20°C. At 15°C, no pupae developed to the adult stage. In Tokachi, P. maruyamensis was univoltine. On the other hand, all P. azurea females stayed in reproductive diapause in 12L-12D but developed thir ovaries in 16L-8D. Passer rutilans was not as suitable a host of P. maruyamensis as Parus major. This may be partially due to the predatory behaviour of Passer rutilans nestlings.
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Tadashi GOMI, Makio TAKEDA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
483-489
Published: November 25, 1990
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The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea DRURY has a trivoltine life cycle in Kobe. This was determined by a seasonal survey for the larval head width in the field and the critical photoperiod delineated in the laboratory. H. cunea was bivoltine when it was first introduced into Japan, but the annual numer of generations has increased recently in the southwestern part of the distribution. The first generation of the present Kove population required 686 degree-days (>10°C), as calculated from regression lines for the seasonal change in head width, which suggests that heat units required for one generation decreased from those of the original population (800 degree-days). Required heat units for the second generation, 870 degree-days, were considerably larger than those for the first one. The photoperiodic response based on individuals reared either on an artificial diet or on a host plant showed the critical photoperiods were 14 hr 23 min and 14 hr 26 min at 20°C, respectively.
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Yoshiaki HASHIMOTO
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
491-501
Published: November 25, 1990
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The sensillum structures on the antennae in Formicidae were examined by SEM to compare with those of other aculeate hymenoptera. While all aculeates had the sensilla basiconica, s. chaetica, s. placodea, s. coeloconica and s. ampullacea on the antennae, the sensillum structures of Formicidae were large and specialized in shape with more complex arrangement. These unique structural features reflected chemosensory specialization in formicid sensilla.
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Rosanna Maria C. PENA, Yasuhisa KUNIMI, Takashi MOTOBAYASHI, Yoshinari ...
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
503-508
Published: November 25, 1990
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Erynia neopyralidarum BEN-ZE'VE (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales) was isolated from diseased larvae of Spilosoma imparilis from Hachijo Island. Primary conidia were uninucleate, pyriform to oval and measured 21-31×12-17 μm, av. 25.8×15.4 μm. Secondary conidia were similar in shape to primary conidia and measured 15-21×10-18 μm, av. 17.3×12 μm. The fungus infected laboratory-reared larvae of S. imparilis, Hyphantria cunea and Homonamagnanima. Mortality due to the fungus was low in natural populations but markedly high in laboratory conditions.
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Hiroaki FUJIMOTO, Akio TAKAFUJI
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
509-514
Published: November 25, 1990
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Ovipositional behaviour of diapause-induced females (winter females) of a diapausing strain of Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR) was studied in comparison with that of non-diapause-induced females (summer females). Winter females were very active during the first 2 to 3 days after adult emergence, showing a remarkable increase in walking time. This increase was well synchronized with egg maturation in ovary. Summer females did not show any such increase. Winter females spent more than twice as long the time to deposit an egg on pear twigs as the summer females on leaves. The former spent much longer time for locating a suitable oviposition site and for returning from the site to leaf. Winter females always returned to leaves after depositing only a single egg.
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Akira HASHIMOTO, Itsuo ICHIMOTO
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
515-516
Published: November 25, 1990
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Masaaki YAMAGISHI, Yoshitaka TSUBAKI
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
517-519
Published: November 25, 1990
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Akihiro ARAKAWA, Susumu SHIMIZU
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
519-521
Published: November 25, 1990
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Tadashi TERUYA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
521-523
Published: November 25, 1990
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Masashi KANEDA, Ken'ichi KITAGAWA, Fumihiko ICHINOHE
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
524-528
Published: November 25, 1990
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Michio OHBA, Kohzo KANDA, Keio AIZAWA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
528-531
Published: November 25, 1990
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Hajime KOSAKA, Nobuo OGURA
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
532-534
Published: November 25, 1990
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Jun MITSUHASHI
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
535-537
Published: November 25, 1990
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Hiroaki NODA, Reiko TATEWAKI
1990 Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages
538-540
Published: November 25, 1990
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