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Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
1-7
Published: February 25, 1991
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Responses of a predatory lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii, to synthetic aphid alarm pheromone were studied to determine possible influences of the pheromone on the beetle's local search. Three search parameters - locomotory rate, turn rate and "meander" - were tested after consumption of an aphid prey and after contact with aphid alarm pheromone. The 2 sets of parameters were significantly different, suggesting that aphid alarm pheromone is not utilized as an orientation cue toward an additional prey item.
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Satoshi TAKEDA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
9-15
Published: February 25, 1991
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To study the involvement biological rhythm in larval ecdysis in the 3rd instar of the silkworm, the effect of temperature on the process occurring between light-off stimuli and the next ecdysis was examined. Temperature after a light pulse affected the sequential endocrine processes of ecdysis in 3rd instar silkworm larvae. There was no difference in the timing of the "head critical period" after the light pulse between larvae reared at 30°C and 26°C, but those in the 22°C group reached this stage much later. In spite of this lack of difference in the time of the "head critical period" between the 26°C and 30°C groups, the patterns of increase in haemolymph ecdysteroids and the time of the "thorax critical period" showed marked difference.
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Gopalan Chandran UNNITHAN, Kailash Narain SAXENA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
17-28
Published: February 25, 1991
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The numbers of laboratory-reared males of Chilo partellus (SWINHOE) which were released, both in a screenhouse and in the field, and recaptured in virgin female-baited traps were positively correlated. Pheromone trap catches were reduced by 75-100% when 18 or 36 virgin females were placed in two concentric circles of radii 10 m and 20 m occupying an area of 1, 257 sq m. around the trap. Mated females surrounding the trap did not cause a significant decrease in the trap catch. Tethered virgin females surrounding a virgin female-baited trap competed successfully among themselves and with the trap for receptive males, the percentage of the tethered mated females being 58-66% and the catch in the trap reducing by 78-86% compared with that in the control. Thus, although catches of males in pheromone traps increased with the increase in their population density, the efficiency of the trap decreased due to competition with increasing number of calling females in the trap vicinity. The disruption in the catch was not accompanied by a corresponding reduction in mating. The results also demonstrated competition among pheromone traps.
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Takao OHSUGI, Ritsuo NISHIDA, Hiroshi FUKAMI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
29-40
Published: February 25, 1991
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Oviposition behavior by females of a Rutaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, was stimulated by contact with methanolic extracts of the leaves of Citrus unshiu. The stimulant compounds, active as a complex mixture, were characterized as vicenin-2, narirutin, hesperidin, rutin, adenosine, 5-hydroxy-Nω-methyltryptamine, bufotenine, (-)-synephrine, (+)-chiro-inositol and (-)-stachydrine. These 10 components, mixed in the proportions found in the host-plant leaves, were shown to account for the activity of C. unshiu extracts to P. xuthus females.
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Keiich NAGATA, Makoto MlNAMIYAMA, Tetsuo SAITO, Tadashi MIYATA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
41-47
Published: February 25, 1991
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Insecticidal activity, cuticular penetration and metabolism of optical isomers of fenvalerate, R, S-S fenvalerate, (R, S) α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate and R, S-R fenvalerate, (R, S) α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate were studied using the German cockroach, Blatella germanica (L.). R, S-S fenvalerate was more than 3, 800 times more potent than R, S-R fenvalerate. Cuticular penetration and metabolism experiments showed that [
14C] R, S-S fenvalerate penetrated more rapidly than [
14C] R, S-R fenvalerate. The patterns of in vivo metabolism of these two optical isomers were similar, showing little quantitative difference. These results showed that there was some difference in pharmacokinetic behavior between two optical isomers of fenvalerate, seemingly the result of a minor factor responsible for the difference in their bioactivities.
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Takashi OKUDA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
49-53
Published: February 25, 1991
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A stem borer, Busseola fusca FULLER, a major insect pest on sorghum and maize in Africa, enters aestivation diapause at the final larval instar (USUA, 1970). Due to semi-arid conditions experienced in Western Kenya particularly around Mbita Point Field Station (MPFS), a monoharvest system is employed for sorghum culture. Under such conditions, B. fusca diapause lasts for 6 to 8 months (from June/July to February/March, dry season) in the dry stalks and stubbles of the host plants (UNNITHAN, 1987). Rainfall and artificial wetting apparently play an important role in the termination of larval diapause in several stem borers, Diatraea lineolata (KEVAN, 1944), Rupela albinella (VAN DINTHER, 1961) and Busseola fusca (SWAINE, 1957 ; SMITHERS, 1960 ; USUA, 1970). OKUDA (1988) reported that diapause larvae of B. fusca responded to sustained exposure to water only during the late stage of diapause to complete diapause. Here, effects of wet and dry conditions on the diapause development were examined in B. fusca. A relationship between diapause development and temperature was investigated.
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Yoshihisa OHMASA, Sadao WAKAMURA, Shuji KOZAI, Hajime SUGIE, Michio HO ...
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
55-62
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Two compounds were isolated, as sex pheromone components, from the abdominal tips of the female fruit-piercing moth, Oraesia excavata (BUTLER). The major component A was identified as cis-9, 10-epoxy-(Z)-6-heneicosene. The minor component B was tentatively characterized as cis-9, 10-epoxy-(Z, Z)-3, 6-heneicosadiene. They were found in a ratio of 86:14 in female tip extracts. Natural components A and B in the natural ratio released male precopulatory behaviors including orientation flight and extension of clasper, but they showed weak pheromone activities when applied separately. In contrast, synthesized racemic component A, with and without synthetic component B (in ratios from 85:15 to 100:0), elicited a typical male precopulatory behavior. Synthetic component b alone did not initiate male response.
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Kensuke ITO, Kazumi KOBAYASHI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
63-70
Published: February 25, 1991
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(1) The number of adults of the cryptomeria bark borer, Semanotus japonicus LACORDAIRE, was examined for each generation in a young plantation of Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. DON, in Kyoto, Japan, throughout a period of population increase and decline from 1976 to 1985. Annual occurrences of damaged and killed host trees caused by the borer were also recorded. (2) The borer established its population in the study plantation 5 years after planting. It increased continuously in number, reached a peak abundance (about 34, 000 adults/ha) 6 years later, and subsequently declined rapidly. Such a gradual outbreak occurring only once in early plantation ages was suggested to be a characteristic common to the infestation of the borer in susceptible host plantations. (3) The annual fluctuation in the number of trees from which adult borers emerged coincided with the yearly trend of the number of emerged adults in the whole plantation. The number of damaged trees in the study plantation amounted to 50.5% of the total population. Nearly 37% of these damaged trees were killed by the borer. The larger, dominant trees were more vulnerable to borer infestation and mortality. Tree diameter or growth rate is proposed as an indicator of the favourability of each host tree as a food resource for the borer. The abundance of the borer in host plantations was considered to be limited by the availability of favourable host trees.
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Hajime SUGIE, Kenjiro KAWASAKI, Shiro NAKAGAKI, Naoki IWATA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
71-76
Published: February 25, 1991
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Sex pheromone of the semi-looper, Autographa nigrisigna, was extracted from abdominal tips of virgin females. The crude extract was purified by Florisil column chromatography. The pheromonal activity of samples was evaluated in a flight tunnel. (Z)-5-, (Z)-7-, (E)-7-, 11-Dodecenyl acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenol and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate were identified in the virgin female extract through analysis by capillary GC and GC-MS. A rubber septum loaded with 1.68 mg of a mixture of the (Z)-5-, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenol and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of 100:2:62:4 attracted male moths under field conditions. These 4 compounds were therefore determined to be the sex pheromone components of A. nigrisigna.
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Kouichi GOKA, Akio TAKAFUJI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
77-84
Published: February 25, 1991
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The genetic basis of diapause of Tetranychus urticae KOGH was analyzed by crossing experiments at 3 temperature conditions, using one diapausing strain (D), which exhibited nearly 100 percentage of diapause, and 2 non-diapausing strains (ND), which completely lacked diapause. F
1 hybrids between D and ND
1, which was selected from a population in Ibaraki, exhibited more than 80% diapause regardless of the direction of the crosses and temperatures, suggesting "diapause" was fully dominant over "non-diapause". On the other hand, the incidence of diapause of F
1 hybrids between D and ND
2, which was selected from a population in Nara, declined sharply with increasing temperature. It also differed greatly depending on the direction of the crosses, showing that a maternal effect was operating. Backcrosses of F
1-hybrids to parental strains showed that "non-diapause" was under polygenic control. Several nucleo-cytoplasm hybrids were established by repeated backcrosses using D and ND strains. Diapause incidence of F
1-hybrids between the nucleo-cytoplasm hybrids and their parental strains showed that cytoplasmic factors were involved in diapause suppression, explaining the maternal effect shown in reciprocal crosses.
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Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Katsuhiko MATSUMOTO, Yoshitake WADA, Takahisa SUZUK ...
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
85-89
Published: February 25, 1991
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The aggregation pheromone and kairomone activity of (1R, 3R, 5R, 7R)-1, 3, 5, 7-tetra-methyldecyl formate, its diastereomer and three other mixtures of diastereomers prepared in a partially stereo-controlled manner were assayed with the isolated pheromone using Lardoglyphus konoi and Carpoglyphus lactis. (1R, 3R, 5R, 7R)-isomer was the only active compound against both species, whereas its (1S, 3S, 5S, 7S)-isomer was concluded to be an inhibitor of the pheromone of L. konoi, which suppressed development logarithmically along with its content in the preparation. The other 10 optical isomers among total of 14 also seemed to function as inhibitors, because activity decreased in correspondence with decreases in (1S, 3S, 5S, 7S)-isomer among three mixtures of diastereomers. On the other hand, no inhibitory action of (1S, 3S, 5S, 7S)-isomer and other optical isomers were noticed against C. lactis.
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Kazutaka SHlNODA, Toshiharu YOSHIDA, Takaharu OKAMOTO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
91-98
Published: February 25, 1991
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Eleven species of wild legumes were collected during May and November at Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Of these legumes, adults of the azuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) were found on Vigna angularis (WILLD.) OHWI & OHASHI var. nipponensis (OHWI) OHWI & OHASHI and Dunbaria villosa (THUMB.) MAKINO. Adults also emerged from the seeds of the 2 legumes. When a pair of newly emerged adults from a stock culture was provided with the seeds of 11 wild legumes at 25°C, 70±5% RH, adults emerged from 4 wild legumes: V. angularis var. nipponensis, D. villosa, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii BENTH var. japonica OLIVER and Pueraria lobata (WILLD.) OHWI. On both V. angularis var. nipponensis and D. villosa, adult emergence was about 85%. On A. edgeworthii and P. lobata, however, it was much lower than 20%. On the former 2 legumes, the developmental period was nearly equal to that of adults from the azuki bean, Vigna angularis (WILLD.). On the latter legumes, it was more than twice as long. Adult longevity decreased in the following sequence; V. angularis (control), V. angularis var. nipponensis, D. villosa, A. edgeworthii and P. lobata. Total number of eggs laid by a female emerging from V. angularis var. nipponensis was more than 70, similar to that of a female emerging from the azuki bean. Females from D. villosa, A. edgeworthii and P. lobata laid much fewer eggs than those from the azuki bean. Results indicate that V. angularis var. nipponensis and D. villosa are host plants for the azuki bean weevil as food.
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Shin NAKAYAMA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
99-105
Published: February 25, 1991
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Changes in the concentrations of free amino acids, sugars and cations in the hemolymph of Bombyx mori were examined in relation to the change of hemolymph osmotic pressure during the fifth instar of larval development. The osmotic pressure of about 280 mOsmol/kg at day 0 increased to about 320 mOsmol/kg at day 5, then rapidly declined to about 240 mOsmol/kg at day 9. The concentration of amino acids also increased until day 5 and then began a decline parallel to the change in the osmotic pressure. Among the major amino acids in the hemolymph, the concentrations of threonine and histidine changed during development, whereas those of serine and glycine did not. The contribution of sugars to the osmotic pressure was small compared with that of the animo acids. The concentration of sodium ions began to decrease at day 4, prior to the decrease in the osmotic pressure and in the concentration of amino acids. The concentrations of potassium, magnesium and calcium remained relatively constant during the fifth instar. These results indicate that the change in the osmotic pressure during silkworm development is mainly attributable to the change in the concentration of amino acids.
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Yoichi SHIRAI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
107-115
Published: February 25, 1991
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Seasonal changes in the forewing length and flight ability of Plutella xylostella were examined for female and male adult moths collected from a cabbage field in Mie Prefecture in 1988. Flight ability was measured by a flight mill. Flight duration and flight distance were longer in winter and spring than in summer. Flight velocity and proportion of moths with long-time consecutive flight did not show a distinct seasonal change. Flight duration and flight distance showed a significant correlation with forewing length; the larger moths in winter and spring had a higher capacity for long distance flight than the smaller moths in summer. In the same months, the flight ability of female moths was almost equal to that of males. The optimum temperature suitable for flight activity of male moths was estimated at ca. 23°C, with a range from 18 to 28°C.
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Hajimu TAKADA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
117-121
Published: February 25, 1991
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I confirmed that the sexual female of Schlechtendalia chinensis (Homoptera: Pemphigidae) produced the fundatrix viviparously 18-25 days after mating. This "viviparity" was regarded as ovoviviparity because of circumstantial evidence. The origin of this mode of reproduction is discussed in relation to a unique one-year life cycle.
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Michio OHBA, Akito MIKE, Keio AIZAWA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
123-128
Published: February 25, 1991
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A crustacean iridovirus, Armadillidium iridescent virus (AvIV), and two insect iridescent viruses, Chilo (CIV) and Tipula (TIV), did not share common antigens when tested with tube precipitation, infectivity neutralization, reversed single radial immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sensitivity of ELISA was 10 ng virus protein/ml for TIV, and 20 ng for CIV and AvIV.
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Kimiko OKABE, Hiroshi AMANO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
129-136
Published: February 25, 1991
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Differences in population growth of the Robine bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini CLAPAREDE) were observed using three types of rakkyo (Allium chinense G. DON) bulbs; healthy, injured (by mechanical cutting), and Fusarium-infected bulbs. Within the short period of 14 days, bulb mites penetrated the infected bulbs and showed and exponential population growth. On the other hand, few mites could penetrate healthy bulbs and population increase was low even at 35 days after release. It required 60 to 90 days for the mites to finally penetrate the healthy bulbs and show an exponential population growth. On the injured bulbs, the population increase of mites was higher than on the healthy ones, but much lower than that on the fungi-infected bulbs. These results suggest that earlier penetrations of mites result in a faster population growth of subsequent infestations.
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Rika ARIMA, Kasumi TAKAHARA, Tomoko KADOSHIMA, Fusako NUMAZAKI, Tetsu ...
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
137-147
Published: February 25, 1991
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In the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori L.), the sex pheromone [bombykol, (10E, 12Z)-10, 12-hexadecadien-1-ol] became undetectable 24 hr after decapitation, but its production was restored by the injection of a brain hormone (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN). In order to understand the mode of action of this hormone,
14C-incorporation into pheromone precursors and related compounds was examined by treating the pheromone glands of normal, decapitated, and decapitated and hormone-injected virgin females with
14C-hexadecanoic acid. In the decapitated female moth, conversion of the
14C-acid into bombykol as well as other C
16-fatty alcohols was very low. The levels of
14C-incorporation observed in normal females were partially recovered in the decapitated female by hormone injection. However, the amount of unsaturated C
16-fatty acyl moieties and their levels of
14C-incorporation was not decreased as much by decapitation. This suggest that the main regulatory role of PBAN is in the reduction of an acyl moiety in the bombykol biosynthetic pathway rather than effecting unsaturation steps. Further, when the gland, which was removed from the decapitated female, was incubated in a Grace's medium with PBAN, the pheromone was again produced indicating the direct regulation of the pheromone gland by this hormone.
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Kenichi OZAKI, Kaoru MAETO, Surachai CHOLDUMRONGKUL
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
149-150
Published: February 25, 1991
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Hajime SUGIE, Sadahiro TATSUKI, Shiro NAKAGAKI, C.B.J. RAO, Akira YAMA ...
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
151-153
Published: February 25, 1991
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Tetsuo GOTOH, Yukio ISHIKAWA, Kenji TAKAYAMA, Mikio SUZUKI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages
153-155
Published: February 25, 1991
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