Applied Entomology and Zoology

Studies on the Mode of Action of Fenvalerate Enantiomers : II.Cuticular Penetration, Internal Distribution, Penetration and Absorption into Nerve Tissue and Metabolism of Fenvalerate Enantiomers in the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana(L.)

Keiichi NAGATA, Makoto MlNAMIYAMA, Tetsuo SAITO, Tadashi MIYATA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 157-166
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.157

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The insecticidal activity, cuticular penetration, internal distribution, penetration and absorption into nerve tissue and metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide, the R, S-S isomer, (R, S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate and the R, S-R isomer, (R, S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate were studied in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). Results of toxicity tests showed that the relative potency of the R, S-S isomer is more than 36 times higher than the R, S-R isomer to this insect. The cuticular penetration experiment showed that the R, S-S isomer penetrated more rapidly than the R, S=R isomer. The internal distribution experiment indicated some difference in the time course of the two compounds in the head, nerve cord and hemolymph. Experiments concerning the penetration and absorption into nerve tissue showed that the R, S-S isomer penetrated into nerve tissue more rapidly than the R, S-R isomer. The patterns of the in vivo metabolism of these two optical isomers were similar and there was little quantitative difference between them. From these results, it was apparent that there was some difference in the pharamacodynamics between the R, S-S isomer and the R, S-R isomer in the American cockroach. However, this difference seemed to be minor factor considering the large difference between the bioactivities of these two optical isomers.

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Pheromone Trap Catches of the Rice Stem Borer Moth, Chilo suppressalis(WALKER)(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)and Related Trap Variables in the Field

Akira KONDO, Fukusaburo TANAKA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 167-172
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.167

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Three factors affecting the trap catch of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (WALKER) were examined. Synthetic sex pheromone which consists of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-13-octadecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal (48 : 6 : 5 ; total 0.6 mg per rubber septum) was used as lure. Trap types (water-trap and sticky-trap), trap heights (0.5 m and 1 m above the ground) and trap locations (inside and at the boundary of paddy fields) were analysed and trap catches of males were counted over two flight seasons for two years in the southern part of Okayama Prefecture, western Honshu, Japan. In the first flight season, the trap catches were significantly greater at trap heights of 0.5 m than at 1.0 m, at field boundaries than in field centers and in water-traps than in sticky-traps, respectively. In contrast, the second flight season's trap catches were not significantly different between trap heights, locations and types. Peak times of trap catch in each season were not affected by these trapping variables. Seasonal patterns in trap catches inside paddy fields and at field boundaries were remarkably different. In the latter, numbers of males trapped in the first flight season were much greater than those in the former. Sticky traps set at 0.5 m above the ground of the boundary are adequate for population monitoring throughout the flight seasons.

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A Comparative Study of the Feeding Habits of Tribolium freemani HINTON and Tribolium castaneum(HERBST)(Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)

Osamu IMURA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 173-182
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.173

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The feeding habits of Tribolium freemani HINTON (FR) and T. castaneum (HERBST) (CS) were compared by examining growth and development on 23 food media of plant and animal origin at 30°C and 70% R.H. Survival rate (S) and developmental period (T) from egg hatch to adult emergence, and weight and fertility (E) of emerged adult females were measured. HOWE's parameter, (ln S)/T and (ln S·E)/T, were used as indices of food suitability. The most suitable medium for FR was a fungus, Alternaria alternata on which survival rate was highest (100%) and the most fecund adults emerged. FR generally developed well on cereal seeds (rice, wheat and corn) and their products. Wheat flour was a poor medium for development of FR and the adults which emerged from the medium did not lay eggs. Wheat flour supplemented with yeast, however, was the second best medium for FR, and larvae developed the fastest on this medium (28, 9 days in median). Among the leguminous seeds examined, a few FR larvae could complete development on winged bean, but they could not develop on soybean, peanuts or adzuki bean. Sunflower seed was a suitable medium but acorns of Japanese chestnut oak and raisins were unsuitable for development. FR could hardly develop on honeycomb. Pupae of silkworm were fairly suitable but dried sardine was not. The feeding habits of FR were similar to those of CS. The results indicated that FR as well as CS was omnivorous.

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Biology of the Two Parasitoid Wasps, Atanycolus initiator(FABRICIUS)and Spathius brevicaudis RATZEBURG(Hymenoptera:Braconidae), on Subcortical Beetles in Japanese Pine Trees

Tadahisa URANO, Naoki HIJII

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 183-193
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.183

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Life histories, morphological characteristics and host species were investigated under room conditions in Atanycolus initiator and Spathius brevicaudis, two major species of solitary wasps which parasitize subcortical beetles infesting Japanese pine trees. The duration of successive stages from egg hatching to adult emergence was about 16 days for both species. Females of both species required more time than males for development. A. initiator was about eight times larger in body weight and had an ovipositor 3.7 times longer than that of S. brevicaudis. While both wasps were polyphagous and some host species were common to them, there was a distinct discrimination in host size selection between the two parasitoid species.

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Life Cycle And Larval Survival Rate of the Redspotted Longicorn Beetle, Eupromus ruber(DALMAN)(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)

Hideo BANNO, Akira YAMAGAMI

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 195-204
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.195

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The larvae of Eupromus ruber (DALMAN) were regularly collected from host trees, Persea thunbergii (SIEB. et ZUGC.) KOSTERMANS in Shimoda, shizuoka Pref. in order to clarify the life cycle and the survival rate from egg stage to adult of this cerambycid. Female adults laid several eggs on oviposition sites in summer. The incubation period of eggs was 7-10 days under natural conditions. Larvae pupated, and adults eclosed in the summer after next. These callow adults stayed in the host trees until the following May. A 3 year life cycle was common. There were variations in developmental rates of the larvae hatched from the same oviposition sites, and some individuals seemed to require 4 or more years for 1 generation. The mortalities of the larval period were relatively high during the 1st and 2nd instars and from the last instar to adult eclosion, but low from the 3rd to the last instars. It was calculated that about 20% of eggs laid grew to adult stage, but less than that was estimated to actually appear on host tree.

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Mechanism of Fenitrothion Resistance in the Organophosphate-Resistant Bulb Mite, Rhizoglyphus robini CLAPAREDE(Acarina:Acaridae)

Masahiko KUWAHARA, Yasuhiko KONNO, Takashi SHISHIDO

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 205-214
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.205

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Sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to inhibitors and metabolism of ring and methoxy-¹⁴C labelled fenitrothion and methoxy-¹⁴C labelled fenitroxon were examined in the organophosphate (OP)-resistant and -susceptible strains of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. The experimental evidence obtained from the in vivo and in vitro tests revealed that reduced cuticular penetration rates of fenitrothion and increased detoxification of fenitroxon were responsible for fenitrothion resistance in OP-resistant strain. But there were no inter-strain differences in sensitivity of AChE to inhibitors, and also in activities of mixed function oxidases, glutathion-S-transferase to fenitrothion and binding protein in fenitrothion detoxification.

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Correlation between Migratory Flight of Rice Planthoppers and the Low-Level Jet Stream in Kyushu, Southwestern Japan

Tomonari WATANABE, Kazushige SOGAWA, Yoshio HIRAI, Masaichi TSURUMACHI ...

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 215-222
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.215

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Relation between overseas immigration of rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera, and development of low-level jet streams (LLJET) was investigated. Net traps were used at Chikugo, Isahaya and Kagoshima in Kyushu, and a light trap was employed on Ishigaki, Okinawa, to catch the planthoppers. Occurrence and development of LLJET were monitored by analyzing the wind data from 850 mb weather charts. Immigration area of the planthoppers was closely associated with the location of LLJETs. Synchronous catches of immigrants over a wide range of the Kyushu and Okinawa areas could be accounted for by localization of LLJET. Thus, monitoring of the LLJET in the Baiu season (June and July) is useful to predict the immigration of planthoppers into Kyushu and Okinawa. In Ishigaki, however, immigrants were occasionally caught without a LLJET present.

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Aggregation Pheromone of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica(L.)(Dictyoptera:Blattellidae) : Choice-Chamber Assay for Arrestant Component(s)

Masayuki SAKUMA, Hiroshi FUKAMI

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 223-235
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.223

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Attractant amine hydrochlorides of the German cockroach aggregation pheromone were subjected to a vertical paper assay with contiguously standing sample and control papers. In spite of the potent attractiveness apparent in an olfactometer assay, the pheromone did not arrest nymphs more than the control. This suggested the presence of an arrestant component(s) other than the attractants. The assay was developed into a "choice-chamber" type, in which the floor of each cell was divided into sample and control areas. One test animal was confined in each cell, and after a standard time the preference was measured by the number of nymphs found in each area. Frass-contaminated paper arrested 89% of the nymphs at 20 min. Shadow and colour tone also influenced the preference, but tone of the frass-contaminated paper did not affect the result. The reduction of the activity by fine polyester gauze-covering suggested that the arrestant was a contact chemical. Assays on antenn- and/or palp ectomized male adults indicated that the arrestant was received with both antennae and maxillary palpi. Male adult bodies were dissected in parts and their methanol extracts were subjected to the assay. The arrestant was produced from the 10th abdominal tip (other than rectum).

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Plants Produce Attractants for Apanteles Kariyai, a Parasitoid of Pseudaletia separata;Cases of'Communication'and 'Misunderstanding' in Parasitoid-Plant Interactions

Junji TAKABAYASHI, Takashi NODA, Shozo TAKAHASHl

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 237-243
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.237

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The behavioral response of female Apanteles kariyai WATANABE (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) to the volatiles of plant species, both food plants and non-food plants of the host larvae, Pseudaletia separata WALKER (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was tested in a Y-tube olfactometer. When uninfested leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) or rice (Oryza sativa L.), which were the food plant species of the host larvae vs. clean air were offerred in the Y-tube olfactometer, A. kariyai significantly preferred the leaf odor to clean air. However, the wasps also significantly preferred the odor of plant species which cannot be the host's food plant, such as mulberry (Morus bombycis KOIDZ.), dandelion (Taraxacum japonicum KOIDZ.), Welch onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and kidney bean (Phaselous vulgaris L.), to clean air in the olfactometer. From headspace analysis of uninfested detached corn leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were identified as the main compounds and of these two compounds, only (Z)-3-hexenol attracted A. kariyai. The role of plant odor in the interaction between plants (the first trophic level) and A. kariyai (the third trophic level) is discussed.

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Effect of Host Plants and Dietary and Dietary Quercetin on Antioxidant Enzymes in Onion and Seedcorn Maggots, Delia antiqua and D.platura(Diptera:Anthomyiidae)

Yukio ISHIKAWA, Takashi KUBOTA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 245-253
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.245

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Effect of host plants and dietary quercetin on antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), was studied in the onion and seedcorn maggots, Delia antiqua and D. platura. SOD activity of the latter species was 1.7 times that of the former when the two species were grown on a synthetic diet devoid of plant secondary compounds. SOD activities of the two species feeding on respective host plants were 100-230% greater than those of larvae feeding on the synthetic diet. Synthetic diet containing up to 0.1% of quercetin, a prooxidant chemical present in onion bulbs, elicited no increase in SOD activity, though SOD grew ca. 2.5 times in both species when the concentration was raised to 1.0%. CAT levels were very high, being unaffected by the diet or the addition of quercetin in both species. Strong inhibition of GPOX was observed in onion maggots reared on onion and the synthetic diet containing 0.1% quercetin.

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Flight Dimorphism in the Yellowish Elongate Chafer, Heptophylla picea MOTSCHULSKY(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)

Jojiro NISHIGAKI, Kentaro OHTAKI

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 255-261
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.255

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Flight ability was examined with a flight mill for field-collected adults of the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea. The proportion of fliers was much lower in females than in males. However, the flight ability, as determined by flight distance and speed, of the female fliers was not inferior to that of the males. In either sex, no significant difference was found in body weight, the area of the hind wings and the ratio of wing area to body weight between non-fliers and fliers. On the other hand, female non-fliers lacked flight muscles, while all female fliers and males had well-developed flight. Hence, the females of this chafer shows a flight dimorphism associated with development of flight muscles.

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Genetic Variation in Age-Specific Fecundity of the Adzuki Bean Weevil Callosobruchus chinensis(Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

Yoshinari TANAKA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 263-265
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.263

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Appearance of Wild Females Unreceptive to Sterilized Males on Okinawa Is. in the Eradication Program of the Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT(Diptera:Tephritidae)

Yoshinori HIBlNO, Osamu IWAHASHI

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 265-270
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.265

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Long-Term Suppressive Effect of Buprofezin on Population Growth of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(WESTWOOD)(Homoptera:Aleyrodidae)

Michihiro YASUI, Tetsuyosi NISHIMATU, Minoru FUKADA, Sadafumi MAEKAWA

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 271-274
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.271

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Outbreaks of Dendrolimus superans(BUTLER)(Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae)Related to Weather in Hokkaido

Kaoru MAETO

1991 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 275-277
Published: May 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.26.275

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