Applied Entomology and Zoology

Detection of hybrids between introduced Torymus sinensis and native T. beneficus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in central Japan, using malic enzyme

Kaori Yara, Eizi Yano, Terunori Sasawaki, Masakazu Shiga

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 201-206
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.201

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Torymus sinensis is an introduced parasitoid used to control chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus. After the release of T. sinensis, morphologically-intermediate individuals between T. sinensis and the native parasitoid, T. beneficus appeared in the field, which were suspected to be the result of interspecific hybridization. In order to confirm whether the intermediate individuals were hybrids of T. sinensis and T. beneficus (early-season strain), their genotype for malic enzyme was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nine individuals of 821 analyzed Torymus females showed a banding pattern (FS genotype) of hybrids between T. sinensis and the early-season strain of T. beneficus. Of 388 individuals categorized as morphologically-intermediate, only 2 individuals showed the FS genotype.

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Daily and temporal occurrence of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomato

Kijong Cho, James F. Walgenbach, George G. Kennedy

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 207-214
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.207

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Daily occurrence and flight activity of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato fields was studied on five dates in 1990 and four dates in 1992. Higher number of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were observed on tomato flowers in the morning than in the afternoon on 3 of 5 and 2 of 4 sample dates in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Numbers of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and immature thrips on flowers or foliage did not differ among sample hours. On tomato foliage, F. fusca and immature thrips were dominant, while few F. occidentalis or F. tritici were collected. Temperature was an important factor in the flight activity of F. tritici. Populations of F. tritici peaked earlier in the season and declined sooner than those of F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis and F. tritici both inhabited tomato flowers and subdivided this niche temporally, while F. fusca occupied a different niche, tomato foliage.

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Rapid population growth and food-plant exploitation pattern in an exotic leaf beetle, Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in western Japan

Kazuo Yamazaki, Chobei Imai, Yoshihiro Natuhara

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 215-223
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.215

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An exotic leaf beetle, Ophraella communa, originating from the Nearctic region, is a multivoltine oligophagous herbivore and was discovered in Japan in 1996. The host-use of the leaf beetle in the field with adult feeding choice and larval performance on some asteraceous plants in the laboratory were surveyed. O. communa showed a hierarchy of food-plant use: The leaf beetle first used Ambrosia artemisiifolia, on which adults preferred to feed and larvae developed well, and its population increased markedly until defoliating this food-plant. Then, the leaf beetle migrated to Am. trifida and Xanthium spp. In the laboratory, Am. trifida was not as preferred by adults as Am. artemisiifolia, although larval performance on Am. trifida was superior. Xanthium was inadequate both in terms of adult feeding choice and larval performance. Neither eggs nor larvae were found on the plant species on which no larvae completed their growth in the laboratory. These findings suggest that the exotic beetle has great mobility and host-discriminating ability. The finding, that Am. trifida was less used than Am. artemisiifolia despite Am. trifida being suitable for larvae, may be attributable to the fact that adutls tend to oviposit on Am. trifida subsequently to feeding.

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Effect of water pH on the survival rate of larvae of the American tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)

Kenji Hamasaki, Nobuo Ohbayashi

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 225-230
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.225

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Survivorship of the larvae of American tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus, was examined in the paddy water of organic farming soil which was adjusted to different pH values by NaOH solution. Among the range of pH 4.4 to 5.3, all inoculated larvae died within 12 h. In the range of pH 5.9 to 6.6, the survival rate of the larvae until 24 h was more than 50% and the rate increased with increasing pH. The effect of rectifying the acidity of organic farming paddy soil by adding Ca(OH)₂ was examined in artificial paddy containers. The water pH without Ca(OH)₂ was 4.9 during the first 10 days, and all larvae died within 6 days after inoculation. About 60% of larvae survived until 22 days after inoculation in paddy water adjusted to over pH 6.7 by adding Ca(OH)₂. The brooding individuals appeared from 14 days after inoculation and ovipositing behavior was frequently observed. It was determined that the boundary of suitable and unsuitable water pH for larval survival was between 5.7 and 5.9, and the larvae can grow to the ovipositional stage by rectification of soil acidity.

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A two-stage sampling method with statified secondary units

Ishizue Adachi, Kohji Yamamura

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 231-236
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.231

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Two-stage sampling is frequently used to estimate the density of insects living in a hierarchical habitat. In an ordinary two-stage sampling, secondary sampling units (SSUs) are selected at random from each primary sampling unit (PSU) on the assumption that the SSUs are homogeneous. In some situations, however, SSUs consist of different components which have different levels of insect densities. To obtain an efficient estimate of density in such a heterogeneous environment, we proposed a two-stage sampling method with stratified SSUs. As a special case, we discuss the incorporation of a binomial sampling to the two-stage sampling method. The proportion of SSUs infested by one or more insects (i.e. the proportion of occurrence) is first estimated through a binomial sampling for each PSU. If this can be estimated with a high precision, we can approximately apply the two-stage sampling method to the PSUs with two strata: infested SSUs and uninfested ones.

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Influence of temperature on the life history parameters of Tyrophagus similis Volgin (Acari: Acaridae)

Shikoh Kasuga, Hiroshi Amano

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 237-244
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.237

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The life history parameters of an acarid mite, Tyrophagus similis Volgin, were investigated at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C under a 14L-10D photoperiod. The total duration of the immature developmental stage was shorter at 25°C than at other temperatures, and the lifetime fecundity was greatest at 10°C (663.4/♀). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m), the net reproductive rate (R₀) and the mean generation time (T) were r_m=0.051, R₀=190.05 and T=102.03 at 10°C; r_m=0.085, R₀=190.04 and T=61.43 at 15°C; r_m=0.127, R₀=125.37 and T=37.98 at 20°C; and r_m=0.160, R₀=36.57 and T=22.46 at 25°C. It is, thus, suggested that T. similis has the highest growth potential at 25°C, although lifetime fecundity was the lowest at this temperature. The survivorship of T. similis females at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°C was also investigated under a 14L-10D photoperiod. T. similis females showed a limited survival at 35°C and higher temperatures. In addition, their survival at 53, 66, 76, 87 and 100% RH was investigated at 20°C under a 14L-10D photoperiod. The females showed a limited survival at 53% and 66% RH.

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A continuous cell line derived from larval fat bodies of Thysanoplusia intermixta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Kikuo Iwabuchi

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 245-249
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.245

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A continuous cell line has been established from larval fat bodies of a lepidopteran insect, Thysanoplusia intermixta. These cells were cultured in MGM-450 medium. The cell line, designated as TI-1, was a suspension of cells with a doubling time of 36 h and consisted mostly of spindle-shaped cells, although other shapes, notably spherical cells, also existed. The chromosome number of the cell line varied considerably with the mode of 150-179. This cell line was found to be susceptible to Autographa californica NPV (AcNPV). Isozyme analysis showed that the cells had distinctive patterns from other insect cell lines.

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Role of gramine in the feeding deterrence of barley against the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Yukio Ishikawa, Tôru Kanke

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 251-256
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.251

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To examine whether gramine has an important role in the feeding deterrence of barley against the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a bioassay using sucrose-impregnated filter paper as the feeding substrate and a feeding assay on barley lines with different contents of gramine were conducted. Gramine deterred feeding of the locust dose dependently in a range of 50-500 μg/150 mg paper in the filter paper assay. On the whole, there was a good correlation between gramine content in mature plants and feeding deterrence against L. Migratoria; barley lines with gramine content of more than 100 μg/g deterred feeding of the locust, while those with less than 50 μg/g of gramine were susceptible to feeding by the locust. However, when the developmental changes of gramine content in barley and the changes of feeding deterrence against the locust were investigated, a barley line was found in which the young plant was susceptible to feeding by the locust despite a high gramine content. Therefore, the level of gramine alone cannot account for the deterrence of barley against the migratory locust. The feeding deterrence of barley against L. migratoria must be due to multiple feeding deterrents, one of which is gramine.

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Feeding responses of four phytophagous lady beetle species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to cucurbitacins and alkaloids

Makoto Abe, Kazuhiro Matsuda

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 257-264
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.257

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Feeding responses of adults and larvae of Epilachna admirabilis, E. boisduvali, E. vigintioctomaculata, and E. vigintioctopunctata to four cucurbitacins (B, E, I and E-glucoside) were investigated. Both adults and larvae of E. admirabilis, which mainly feeds on the genus Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae), were strongly stimulated to feed by these cucurbitacins, especially by cucurbitacin E-glucoside. E. boisduvali feeds on Diplocyclospalmatus (Cucurbitaceae). Larvae of this species were stimulated to feed by all four cucurbitacins, especially by cucurbitacin I, and adults were stimulated to feed by cucurbitacin B only. E. vigintioctomaculata and E. vigintioctopunctata, which usually feed on solanaceous plants, were also stimulated to feed by cucurbitacins. They were not stimulated to feed by solanine and tomatine, which are usually contained in solanaceous host plants.

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Ovicidal action of fenoxycarb on a predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Laura Bortolotti, Claudio Porrini, Anna Micciarelli Sbrenna, Giovanni ...

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 265-270
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.265

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The ovicidal action of fenoxycarb was tested on eggs of 2 different ages of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens. Embryonic eggs treated within 24 h of oviposition were most sensitive to fenoxycarb. Immersion of eggs in a “field dose” solution (0.075 mg/ml) resulted in an embryo mortality of greater than 50% and a concentration of 0.15 mg/ml resulted in a mortality of greater than 80%. A 20-min prolonged immersion at the field dose solution resulted in nearly 100% mortality. Treatment of eggs resulted in hatching larvae that had anomalous mortality. Larvae that hatched from treated eggs had abnormal pupation and metamorphosis. In conclusion, the non-neurotoxic carbamate fenoxycarb, a selective insect growth regulator, was toxic at a low dose to C. carnea, a relevant pest predator.

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A study of the relationship between pesticide treatment and the fauna in citrus groves on Nagashima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture

Keigo Nohara, Shun-ichi Nakao, Akira Nagatomi

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 271-281
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.271

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This is our third report on the effect of agrochemical treatment to the insect and mite fauna at two native citrus groves of ‘Kuroshima-mikan’. The groves are located in Kasedo and kawatoko on the island of Nagashima, Kagoshima Prefecture. In Kasedo, spraying was practiced in 1974-85 but there was no (or no heavy) spraying from 1986-92. On the other hand in Kawatoko, which was left unsprayed until 1985, only petroleum oil was used once a year (in January) in 1986-87 and in 1990-92. In Kasedo, Panonychus citri (citrus red mite) maintained a high population until 1986, probably because of the poor fauna of its natural enemies due to the spray of insecticides. In Kawatoko, Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead scale) dropped in numbers from 1986 due to the use of petroleum oil. Kawatoko had a rich fauna of insects, especially the effective predators and parasitoids of insect and mite pests. The use of petroleum oil in winter (once a year) was effective against scales and eventually against mites and whiteflies whose natural enemies were uninhibited by the petroleum oil.

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Trapping efficacy of funnel-vane and water pan traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone of the sugarcane wireworms, Melanotus sakishimensis Ohira and M. okinawensis Ohira (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Setsuko Iwanaga, Futoshi Kawamura

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 283-285
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.283

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Trapping efficacy of funnel-vane and water pan traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone of the sugarcane wireworms, Melanotus sakishimensis Ohira and M. okinawensis Ohira (Coleoptera: Elateridae), were investigated in sugarcane fields on Miyako Island and Okinawa Island in 1998. Funnel-vane traps captured significantly more males of both M. sakishimensis and M. okinawensis than did water pan traps.

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Spraying seawater as an effective method to control Aulacaspis marina Takagi and Williams (Homoptera: Diaspididae), a mangrove infesting scale insect in Indonesia

Kenichi Ozaki, Shinji Takashima, Shozo Kitamura, Keisuke Taniguchi, Ol ...

Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2000 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 287-292
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 31, 2002

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.287

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The scale insect, Aulacaspic marina Takagi and Williams, has killed a large number of mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., planted in abandoned shrimp ponds on Bali Island, Indonesia. In this study, we developed a control method for A. marina using seawater. An examination of the relationship between tree height and leaf damage in an R. mucronata plantation indicated that A. marina did not damage R. mucronata when the saplings were lower than the highest sea level of the spring tide, resulting in the saplings being periodically submerged in seawater by changes in tidal level. To examine how seawater submergence prevents this damage, crawlers of A. marina were artificially transferred to R. mucronata seedlings on which seawater or fresh water were sprayed daily. The crawlers settled on more than 90% of the leaves in fresh-water-sprayed and unsprayed seedlings but only on 37% of the leaves in seawater-sprayed seedlings, indicating that seawater helped prevent crawler settlement. To develop a control method using this seawater effect, seawater was sprayed on damaged saplings in an R. mucronata plantation at weekly intervals using two types of sprayers. In these saplings, leaf damage was lower than that of control saplings after spraying for five or nine weeks for each type of sprayer, respectively. This indicates that periodic spraying of seawater is an effective control measure against A. marina.

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