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Masahiko Muraji, Kenjiro Kawasaki, Toru Shimizu
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
293-300
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Nucleotide sequences of portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) and cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of eight species of the family Anthocoridae and of one outgroup taxon, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus), have been determined. From approximately 428- and 417-base pair aligned sequences of the 16S rDNA and cyt b gene, 185 and 171 variable sites were detected. As reported for some other insect groups, a strong A+T composition bias (78.3%) and A-T transversion bias (54.5% of all nucleotide substitutions) were detected in the 16S rDNA of anthocorid insects. However, in the cyt b gene, A-T transversions (29.2%) were less frequent than T-C transitions (39.8%), even though this gene also contained a relatively high level of A+T (70.7%). In the 16S rDNA, uncorrected genetic divergence increased linearly with an increase in taxonomic level. However, a plateau was observed in the values of the cyt b gene. This tendency was obvious in the third position of codons, in which the values increased very quickly and saturated at the between-subgenus level. These findings suggest that strong multiple substitutions occur in this position. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both the 16S rDNA and cyt b DNA fragments can be used to estimate relationships among anthocorid taxa, even though threre are differences between them as regards taxonomic levels at which phylogenetic analysis can be applied.
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Masahiko Muraji, Kenjiro Kawasaki, Toru Shimizu
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
301-307
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
From 11 strains of seven anthocorid species and one outgroup taxon, Nezara viridula, a portion of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced. Pairwise comparisons of nucleotide and inferred amino acid sequences revealed the biased nature of nucleotide substitutions constrained by a coding function of the gene. Among 974 nucleotide substitutions detected in the anthocorid taxa, 80.9% were seen in the third position of codons. In this position, uncorrected nucleotide divergences increased very quickly with the increase of taxonomic levels and reached a plateau at the within-subgenus level. Among nucleotide substitutions in the first position of codons, which accounted for 16.6% of all nucleotide changes, 88.9% have occurred as a T-C transition between triplets within the degenerate codon family encoding leucine. Phylogenetic analysis results suggest that the COI fragment may only be useful for the relationships among closely related taxa within a subgenus.
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Mikio Yoshiyama, Hiroshi Honda, Kiyoshi Kimura
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
309-312
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
A plasmid construct containing the gene encoding tryptophan oxygenase (to) from Anopheles gambiae was introduced into green eye color mutants (ge) of the housefly, Musca domestica. Several variations in eye color were observed in 38.8% of the surviving G
0 adults. The expression of A. gambiae to in the distantly related Diptera, housefly, implies conservation of the tryptophan oxygenase gene in the other Diptera and may be used for monitoring transformants as a marker in insects which have mutants homologous to Drosophila melanogaster vermilion.
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Mikio Yoshiyama, Hiroshi Honda, Hiroshi Noguchi, Kiyoshi Kimura
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
313-320
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
The mariner-like element (MLE) in two closely related leaf-roller moths, the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai and the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana fasciata (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed. By a series of PCR and Southern blotting experiments, there were at least two types of MLEs in these two species. Sequence dissimilarity of each MLE suggests a possible polyphyletic origin and subsequent vertical inheritance within each species. In addition, a full-length MLE was isolated from a genomic library of A. honmai. This element, named Ahmarl, was 1,294 bp long with 27 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). This element is apparently inactive due to a frameshift in the open reading frame (ORF) region, but a putative ORF could be observed by a single nucleotide removal, suggesting that the MLE in this species could have had the ability to transpose in the near past. Ahmarl may be suitable as a transformation vector with slight modification.
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Mikio Yoshiyama, Hiroshi Honda, Kiyoshi Kimura
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
321-325
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
An active mariner transposable element (Mos1) was introduced into embryos of the housefly, Musca domestica. Twenty-six single G
0 males were crossed with normal virgin females. PCR assays using the Mos1 specific primer were carried out in the G
1 generations, and DNA amplification was obtained in 4 lines (4/26). The Mos1 element segregated in a Mendelian fashion from G
4 to G
5. In addition, PCR amplifications using two primer sets of the progeny in later generations indicated that the Mos1 was integrated into the germlines of the housefly. These results demonstrate that mariner can serve as a germline transformation vector in the housefly and PCR detection is useful for species that lack a proper marker system.
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Kazutaka Kato, Hiroo Yamada, Ei’ichi Shibata
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
327-331
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
In order to understand how variation in adult female size of Semanotus japonicus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) affects larval size and survivorship, we caged adults that varied in size on to cedar trees and then recorded offspring survivorship and the weight of the resulting progeny adults. Heavier females laid more eggs and produced larger eggs (determined by multiplying the horizontal length by the vertical length) and larger (heavier) 1st stadium larvae. Larval survivorship from the outer bark to adult emergence was greater for progeny of heavier parent females than for lighter parent females. These results suggested that larger larvae might be more successful at breaking through the heavy resin flow of healthy living trees. Thus, heavier adult females had greater overall reproductive fitness than did smaller parent females.
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Shigeho Sato, Kaoru Maeto, Hiroaki Miyata
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
333-337
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
The dispersal distance of adults of the Japanese horntail, Urocerus japonicus, was studied in the field by the mark-recapture method. Twenty-two attractant-traps were set up on 3 transect belts which were set spokewise from a fixed release point in a Chamaecyparis obutusa stand. Traps were 10-150 m apart from the release point. Adults emerging in cages were relased at the release point after being marked on the thoraces with paint. Traps were examined weekly. Two hundred and eighty males and 56 females were released, and a total of 22 males and 16 females were recaptured. The recapture ratio was significantly higher for females than for males. All males were recaptured in the traps at 10 m from the release point, although some females were captured over 30 m from the release point. One female was captured in a trap 90 m from the release point and the longest dispersal distance of females was estimated to be 105 m. Thus, the dispersal distance of females is concluded to be farther than that of males.
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Yoko Ikegami, Shuichi Yano, Junji Takabayashi, Akio Takafuji
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
339-343
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
We compared the mortality of quiescent female deutonymphs and adult females of the kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai, on leaf-discs that received simulated rain. The mortality of adult females was significantly higher than that of quiescent nymphs under the simulated rain. This may be due to a difference in water tolerance between the two stages, because the mortality rate did not differ in the absence of the simulated rain. The quiescent period was extended under increased moisture caused by the rain, and the quiescent deutonymphs emerged in response to a decrease in moisture. This plasticity in development seemed to ensure their molting safely after rainfall. The presence of both active and quiescent stages in the life cycle may function as a bet-hedging strategy against unpredictable rain.
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Taro Maeda, Junji Takabayashi, Shuichi Yano, Akio Takafuji
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
345-351
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
We studied the effect of rearing conditions on the olfactory response of two predatory mite species, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius womersleyi, to volatiles from kidney bean leaves infested by Tetranychus urticae in a Y-tube olfactometer. Mites of each species were reared under two different sets of conditions: (1) on an artificial arena (plastic board) onto which new T. urticae-infested bean leaves were periodically deposited, and (2) on a detached leaf culture. The mites of both species that had been reared in the artificial arena showed significant preferences for the infested leaf volatiles. A. womersleyi lost this preference one week after being transferred to the detached leaf culture, whereas P. persimilis maintained the preference for two weeks. In contrast, mites of both species that were reared on the detached leaf culture did not distinguish between the infested and uninfested leaf volatiles. However, once the mites were transferred to the artificial arena, both predator species preferred the infested leaf volatiles. This change in the olfactory response was significant in P. persimilis, while it was not in A. womersleyi. These results demonstrate that rearing conditions are important factors in determining the olfactory response of the two species of predatory mites.
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Takeshi Teraoka, Hideharu Numata
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
353-356
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Eggs of Riptortus clavatus parasitized by Ooencyrtus nezarae were placed in an outdoor cage in Osaka City from early September to late October at intervals of about 10 days. The female adults of O. nezarae emerging from these hosts were transferred to 25°C and 16L-8D at intervals of about 30 days and their oviposition was recorded. Female adults did not enter diapause until November or December, and therefore they were capable of parasitizing eggs even in late autumn. The preoviposition period after transfer to 25°C and 16L-8D was longer from January to March, even though the median value was only 4 or 5 days. We concluded, therefore, that diapause in female adults of O. nezarae was most intense during these periods. The changes in intensity of diapause are considered to be an adaptation to avoid untimely termination of diapause on warm days in winter or early spring.
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Mohammed-Hanif Qureshi, Tamotsu Murai, Hideya Yoshida, Hisaaki Tsumuki
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
357-360
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Diapause induction and termination were compared among three different geographic populations of Helicoverpa armigera from Ishigaki (24.3° N; 124.2°E), Okayama (Ushimado, 34.6° N; 134.1°E) and Kanazawa (36.6°N; 136.7°E) in Japan. The critical daylength for pupal diapause induction among the three populations was between 12L:12D and 14L:10D in the larval stage. No clinal latitudinal variation in the critical daylength was found among the three populations. Most of the diapausing pupae emerged when they were continuously maintained at 20°C under 12L:12D, suggesting that cold exposure (chilling) is not necessary to break the pupal diapause. Furthermore, the time required for diapause termination of the Okayama population was the longest (214 days), followed by the Ishigaki (149 days) and Kanazawa (73 days) populations at 20°C (without chilling) under the 12L:12D photoperiod. These results showed no clinal latitudinal variation in diapause termination.
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Takeshi Teraoka, Hideharu Numata
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
361-367
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Effects of feeding on longevity, reproduction and overwintering were examined in female adults of the wasp, Ooencyrtus nezarae, an egg parasitoid of phytophagous heteropterans. There were no significant differences in longevity among females fed on honey, glucose, galactose or sucrose, although fecundity was significantly higher in females fed on honey than those fed on these sugars. Lactose was less nutritious with respect to both longevity and fecundity. Most females fed on extrafloral nectar of Vicia angustifolia and some of them laid eggs after feeding on it only once. Most or all females fed on honeydew of the aphid, Aphis craccivora, and flower nectar of Erigeron annuus, and some females laid eggs when one of these foods was continuously supplied. Some females began to feed on flower nectar of Solidago altissima within 15 min after the flowers were supplied. When this food was continuously supplied, all females laid eggs and their fecundity was not significantly different from that of females feeding on honey. Therefore, these 4 foods may be natural foods of O. nezarae. However, when kept from autumn under natural photoperiod and temperature with aphid honeydew or flowers of E. annuus or S. altissima, no females survived the winter.
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Yoichi Takada, Satoshi Kawamura, Toshiharu Tanaka
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
369-379
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
The growth and development of Trichogramma dendrolimi in the host, Mamestra brassicae, egg was morphologically observed. T. dendrolimi grew rapidly to full size by 2 d after parasitism, sucking up nearly all of the host yolk as the food resource. Thereafter, they did not increase in size. The parasitoid became a first larval instar on day 1, prepupa on day 4, and pupa on day 5 after parasitization. Emergence of adult wasps from the host egg occurred 9 d after parasitization. A well developed ovary was observed 8 d after parasitization, suggesting that the wasp can oviposit immediately after emergence. To clarify host stage suitability for successful parasitism, 1 to 4.2 d old eggs of M. brassicae were offered to female wasps. T. dendrolimi was able to parasitize M. brassicae eggs of all ages. The parasitoid wasp appears to arrest the development of the host by a venom. However, successful parasitism significantly decreased on 4 d and 4.2 d old host eggs. The female ratio of the progeny decreased with the aging of the female wasps, but neither the sequential change of the host age nor variation of the host egg mass size affected the female ratio of the progeny, which was about 80%.
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IV. Effects of osmotic pressure and pH on larval development
Yuichi Nakahara, Kikuo Iwabuchi
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
381-388
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
In vitro rearing of V. canescens embryos and larvae was studied. Because physical requirements as well as nutritional requirements are critical for in vitro rearing of parasitoids, we examined the effects of osmotic pressure and pH of culture medium on larval growth and development of this parasitoid. Larvae grew in Galleria pupal extract (GPE) medium with osmotic pressure ranging from approximately 300 to 700 mOsmol/kg, but their growth was retarded at above 427 mOsmol/kg. V. canescens larvae were tolerant to a pH range of the medium from 6.1 to 7.9, and relatively rapid growth was achieved at pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.1. In this rearing system, last stadium larvae became abnormally large in body size apparently due to uptake of too much water from the medium. After cocoon formation, they excreted a watery excrement, which could partly be responsible for their failure to pupate.
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Carlo M. Ignoffo, James F.H. Wong, William F. McCutchen, Stephen G. Sa ...
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
389-392
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Larvae of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens fed recombinant strains of two nucleopolyhedroviruses (AcMNPV, HzSNPV), genetically engineered to express two different scorpion toxins, produced significantly Lower numbers (ca. 4 to 10-fold lower) of occlusion bodies than larvae infected with the wild strain of these viruses. Lower yields of occlusion bodies were a manifestation of early larval paralysis caused by the toxin-expressing recombinant strains.
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Mário Eidi Sato, Tadashi Miyata, Akira Kawai, Octavio Nakano
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
393-399
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Artificial laboratory selections for resistance and susceptibility to methidathion were performed in Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha. After four selections for resistance and three selections for susceptibility, the resistance ratio (R/S) at the LC
50 increased from 16 to 342. The toxicity of eight pesticides was evaluated in the R and S strains of this phytoseiid mite. The highest resistance ratios were observed for the insecticides methidathion, acephate, and malathion, for which the R strain was respectively 311, 20.4, and 13.1 times more resistant than the S strain. In the case of the pyrethroid bifenthrin, no cross resistance was observed for this chemical.
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Hidetaka Hori, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Makoto Takahashi, Yutaka Wada
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
401-411
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Antiserum raised against protoxin from parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain Buibui was used to develop a method for detecting its presence and assessing its specificity against several other B. thuringiensis strains. Three kinds of ELISA reactions, i.e., avidin-biotin complex system (ABC-ELISA), antigen captured (AC-ELISA) and double antibody sandwich (DAS-ELISA), were equally effective in determining the concentration of the Buibui protoxin. The AC-ELISA was employed for further experiments because it required the least labor. Protoxins from B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD-1, HD-73, strain KB500 and var. tenebrionis did not react with the Buibui antibody. When crystals from strain Buibui were placed in Gley soils (I and II), Regosol or sea sand and then solubilized with an alkali treatment, the concentration of the protoxins could be determined using the ELISA(s). The protoxins, however, were strongly adsorbed to soil and recover was only 7%. The amount adsorbed did not appear to depend on the clay content or cation exchange capacity of the soils. When the crystals added to the soils were separated prior to the solubilization, the recovery of the protoxins reached 80% in Gley soil I and 60% in Gley soil II and Regosol. This separation method is considered to be applicable to various soil samples as long as B. thuringiensis pesticides are applied as a crystal formulation.
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Noritoshi Maehara, Kazuyoshi Futai
原稿種別: Others
専門分野: Others
2000 年 35 巻 3 号 p.
413-417
発行日: 2000年
公開日: 2002/10/31
ジャーナル
フリー
Temporal changes in pinewood nematode (PWN) populations and the percentage of third-stage dispersal juveniles (J
IIIs) of the PWN were examined on nine species of fungi growing in pine-branch segments. On Ophiostoma minus, Macrophoma sp., and Trichoderma sp. 1, the total PWN populations increased quickly for 4 weeks after nematode inoculation and then increased slightly or remained high. The number and percentage of J
IIIs also increased with time, i.e., with increasing numbers of PWNs. In contrast, the total population of PWNs decreased and the number and percentage of J
IIIs were small on Verticillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. 3.
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