Applied Entomology and Zoology

Regular Papers

Temperature-dependent development of the citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psylloidea), and the predicted limit of its spread based on overwintering in the nymphal stage in temperate regions of Japan

Tadafumi Nakata

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 383-387
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.383

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The citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama transferred huanglongbing (HLB) are distributed in the southern Islands (Yaku, 30°20′N, 130°30′E) of Japan. To predict the northern limit of the spread of the insect, I examined temperature-dependent development and determined the developmental zero of the insects in a laboratory. Eggs and nymphs were reared at temperatures of 15.0 to 32.5°C at an interval of 2.5°C with 16L : 8D on shoots of orange jasmine, Murraya exotica L. Nymphs at 15.0°C fail to develop to adults, and the mortality of those at 32.5°C increased. The incubation period decreased at higher temperatures, varying 15.0 to 2.5 d. These nymphs became adults in 36.3 d at 15.0°C and in 10.7 d at 30°C, but 16.8 d at 32.5°C. The developmental zero and effective accumulative temperatures were 13.66°C and 46.93 d-degrees in the egg group, 11.56°C and 192.27 d-degrees in the nymph group, respectively. Based on these results and winter temperatures, the northern limit of nymphal overwintering of the psyllid in Japan was predicted: the northern limit may be off the southern shores of Kyushu Island, southern Japan, and ca. 31°N.

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Effects of prey species and its density on larval performance of two species of hoverfly larvae, Episyrphus balteatus de Geer and Eupeodes corollae Fabricius (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Nugroho Susetya Putra, Hironori Yasuda

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 389-397
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.389

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Functional response and effects of prey species, Acyrtosiphon pisum (Harris) and Aphis craccivora Koch, and its density on larval performance such as survival rate and development time in addition to adult weight gain of the two predatory hoverflies, Episyrphus balteatus de Geer and Eupeodes corollae Fabricius, were examined in the laboratory. Our study revealed that prey density positively influences larval performance and the adult weight of the two hoverfly species. However, the effects of prey species on survival rate and development time differed: A. pisum was better food for E. balteatus, while the larval performance of E. corollae was enhanced by A. craccivora. In addition, the effect of prey density differed with development stage, since voracity increased with larval development. Both hoverfly species tended to eat a larger number of preys with lower quality, which in turn resulted in lower performance. The functional response differed between species involved and among development stages. During the third-instar stage, both species showed linear relationships as a functional response, while Holling's Type II response was observed during the young instar phase. E. balteatus tended to have linear relationships than E. corollae, and this would be caused by the larger size of E. balteatus, which in turn consumed more aphids than did E. corollae. This study suggests that the differences in the effects of prey species and its density on the larval performance of the two hoverflies are attributable to the differences in the range of food habit and body size.

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Reinvestigation of sex pheromone components and attractiveness of synthetic sex pheromone of the pink borer, Sesamia inferens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Okinawa

Atsushi Nagayama, Sadao Wakamura, Naoki Taniai, Norio Arakaki

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 399-404
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.399

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Two EAG-active compounds were found in the solvent extract of abdominal tips of virgin females of the pink borer Sesamia inferens. They were identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH) at ca. 60 ng and ca. 20 ng per female, respectively, by means of GC-MS analysis and chemical derivatization. In field tests, a 75 : 25 blend of these compounds showed maximum attractions at 1.0 mg when loaded on rubber septa. The optimal dose appears to be between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/septum. Addition of a possible minor component, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, showed neither synergistic nor inhibitory effects. The trap catches with the 75 : 25 blend of Z11-16:Ac and Z11-16:OH at 1.0 mg/septum were greater than those with virgin females, but the difference was not significant. This indicates that the attractiveness of this blend is comparable with that of virgin females.

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Flight activity, reproduction, and adult nutrition of the beet webworm, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Yoichi Shirai

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 405-414
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.405

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The adult longevity, reproductive period, age-specific flight activity, suitable temperature range for flight, and effect of adult feeding on the subsequent flight of Spoladea recurvalis Fabricius were studied in the laboratory. Flight activity was evaluated using a tethered flight-mill. Females had a pre-oviposition period of 3 d, and continued to lay eggs up to 20 d post-emergence. Females flew longest between 17 and 23°C, and 10% of females were capable of continuous long-duration flight even at 12°C. Females flew more actively in their pre-oviposition period, but the females' reproduction period was not clearly separated from their active flight period. The mating status of females had no clear effect on their flight activity. Uptake of honey solution (nectar) was essential for adult survival, and the survival rate was reduced markedly when honey solution was withheld. When honey solution was supplied after 5 d of starvation, the overall longevity of the moths was the same as that of the moths continuously supplied with honey solution since emergence. When honey solution was removed even for 1 d, subsequent flight activity was significantly depressed. Thus, the prediction that the strong propensity for long flights by S. recurvalis may be derived from their dispersal flights to seek flower nectar was not supported from the present experiment.

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A new rearing method using carrots as food for the brown-marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Ken Funayama

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 415-418
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.415

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In order to improve the rearing efficiency of Halyomorpha halys, I developed a new rearing method using carrots with a peanut-soybean diet. Nymphs were reared under one of three food conditions, as follows: FC-A, raw peanuts and dry soybean seeds (a conventional rearing method); FC-B, carrot flesh only; and FC-C, carrot flesh, raw peanuts and dry soybean seeds. The adult emergence ratio of nymphs on FC-C was significantly higher than on FC-A, and was as high as on FC-B. The developmental period of nymphs fed FC-C was not significantly different from that of those fed FC-A, and was significantly shorter than those fed FC-B. The body size of adults fed FC-C was significantly greater than that fed FC-A, but that fed FC-B was significantly inferior to that of FC-A. The nutritional status of adults fed FC-C was not significantly different from that of those fed FC-A, and was significantly greater than those fed FC-B. The survival period and the number of eggs deposited by females fed FC-C were not significantly different from those fed FC-A, and were significantly greater than those fed FC-B. These results suggest that adding carrots to a peanut-soybean diet significantly improves the rearing of successive generations of H. halys.

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The role of habitat heterogeneity for the functional response of the spider Nesticodes rufipes (Araneae: Theridiidae) to houseflies

Marcelo N. Rossi, Carolina Reigada, Wesley A. C. Godoy

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 419-427
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.419

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We investigated whether or not different degrees of refuge for prey influence the characteristic of functional response exhibited by the spider Nesticodes rufipes on Musca domestica, comparing the inherent ability of N. rufipes to kill individual houseflies in such environments at two distinct time intervals. To investigate these questions, two artificial habitats were elaborated in the laboratory. For 168 h of predator-prey interaction, logistic regression analyses revealed a type II functional response, and a significant decrease in prey capture in the highest prey density was observed when habitat complexity was increased. Data from habitat 1 (less complex) presented a greater coefficient of determination than those from habitat 2 (more complex), indicating a higher variation of predation of the latter. For a 24 h period of predator-prey interaction, spiders killed significantly fewer prey in habitat 2 than in habitat 1. Although prey capture did not enable data to fit properly in the random predator equation in this case, predation data from habitat 2 presented a higher variation than data from habitat 1, corroborating results from 168 h of interaction. The high variability observed on data from habitat 2 (more complex habitat) is an interesting result because it reinforces the importance of refuge in promoting spatial heterogeneity, which can affect the extent of predator-prey interactions.

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Effect of temperature on the maintenance and termination of diapause in overwintering females of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Mitsuyoshi Takeda

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 429-434
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.429

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Overwintering females of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozetti) entered reproductive diapause, and the ovarian development in females collected before the end of the year was retarded, but development proceeded normally after the beginning of the year. I examined the effects of temperature on the maintenance and termination of diapause in overwintering females that were reared on pumpkin fruits under natural conditions and then transferred to laboratory conditions. Reproductive diapause was averted by a high temperature of 25°C, irrespective of the time of transfer. In contrast, temperatures of 22.5 and 20°C maintained the diapause when the overwintering females were transferred before the winter solstice. Reproductive diapause gradually terminated at a temperature of 17.5°C. Diapause development proceeded when females were reared at 15°C, and in early to mid-February the females began to lay eggs in the samples transferred between November and January. Diapausing females continuously fed on the pumpkin fruits and added secretory materials to the scale cover after being transferred to the incubators. The scale cover, which became thick during diapause, might protect the insect against adverse environmental conditions.

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Influence of polyhedrin and host cell on the polyhedra morphology of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus

Soo-Dong Woo, Jee-Yin Ahn

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 435-443
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.435

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A substitution of the polyhedrin of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) with that of Spodoptera exigua NPV (SeNPV) and Bombyx mori NPV, respectively, resulted in morphological changes of the polyhedra. Morphological features and quantity of polyhedra of recombinant AcNPVs were examined and compared in three cell lines: Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9), S. exigua (Se301) and Trichoplusia ni (Hi5) cells. The shape of the polyhedra produced by each virus did not change significantly according to the cell line. The size of the polyhedra differed, however, with the largest in Se301 cells, followed by Hi5 and Sf9 cells in decreasing order. The yield of polyhedra and the appearance of polyhedra-positive cells in each cell line also showed significant differences. Especially notable was the change of polyhedra shapes from irregular to regular in the recombinant AcNPV containing SeNPV polyhedrin in all cell lines. These results suggest that the shape and uniformity of polyhedra depend on some viral gene other than the polyhedrin gene. It is also suggested that there is a host cell factor that is responsible for the determination of polyhedra size.

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cDNA identification and gene expression of two types of acetylcholinesterases in a cultured cell line of Aedes albopictus, compared to mosquito whole body extracts

Hiroshi Mizuno, Takashi Tomita, Shinji Kasai, Osamu Komagata, Shigeo I ...

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 445-453
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.445

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Two cDNA sequences containing open reading frames encoding two types of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) precursors, Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE) and Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE), with 635 residues and 702 residues, respectively, were determined in Aedes albopictus by PCR-based techniques. The partial and whole cDNAs for AO-AChE and AP-AChE, respectively, were also sequenced from a cultured cell line of mosquito, NIAS-AeAl-2, derived from Ae. albopictus neonatal larvae. Comparing the sequences of the respective AChEs between cultured cells and mosquito whole body extracts, many nucleotide polymorphisms were found in both AChE cDNAs but only one amino acid substitution. The expression level of AChE genes in the cultured cells was low, 1/2 and 1/7 that of the mosquito body for AO-AChE and AP-AChE, respectively. The expression ratio of AO-AChE/AP-AChE was 1/2 in the cultured cells. AP-AChE genes was more highly expressed than AO-AChE genes in both cultured cells and the mosquito body. In an enzyme assay, the activity of AChE per protein in the cultured cells was 1/8 that of the mosquito body. The function of AChE in cultured cells is discussed based on the present and previous papers.

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Sexual dimorphism in body dimensions and antennal sensilla in the white grub beetle, Dasylepida ishigakiensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Seiji Tanaka, Fumiko Yukuhiro, Sadao Wakamura

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 455-461
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.455

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The white grub beetle, Dasylepida ishigakiensis shows sex dimorphism in body dimensions and abundance of antennal sensilla. Body length was almost identical in the two sexes, but the abdomen was significantly longer in females than in males. Males had longer legs than females. Six types of sensilla were observed on antennal terminal lobes. The total number of sensilla on the inner surface of terminal antennal lobes was larger in males than in females. One type of sensilla showed a sex-specific size difference. Among individuals that were collected as third stadium larvae on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan and reared in the laboratory (n=527), three emerged as adults with asymmetrical antennae. One was found to represent a gynandromorph and the others were a male and a female with a deformed antenna.

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Wing dimorphism in three carabid species living in the grasslands of Mt. Omuro, Shizuoka, Japan

Hanae Yamashita, Keizi Kiritani, Katsumi Togashi, Kohei Kubota

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 463-470
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.463

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A 3 y study on the wing polymorphism of carabid beetles living in various habitats was conducted in Ito, Shizuoka, Japan. The survey covered grasslands, copses and farmlands. Seven species were grassland specialists, four were woodland or copse specialists, one was found only in fallow paddies and six species were identified as generalists being caught irrespective of the kind of habitat. Wing dimorphism was found in Hemicarabus tuberculosus (Dejean et Boisduval), Cymindis daimio Bates and Pterostichus samurai (Lutshnik), all of which were grassland inhabitants. Macropterous forms of H. tuberculosus were found at a low proportion of 0.022 in the population, giving an estimate of 0.15 for the frequency of a presumed recessive allele determining macroptery. There was a tendency for macropterous males to be larger in body size compared with brachypterous ones. Three and one macropterous specimens were found in the 39 and 35 sampled specimens of C. daimio and P. samurai, respectively. The three dimorphic species were found mainly in volcanic grassland, which is burned every February. It was suggested that they are the inhabitants of unstable harsh habitats.

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A new isolate of Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus in Turkey: Morphology, infectivity and prevalence in the field

Kazim Sezen, Zihni Demirbag

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 471-477
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.471

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A virus infection caused by Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) entomopoxvirus (MmEPV) was recorded in 0.87% of 1,260 larvae collected in 2001–2002 in Trabzon, Turkey. The diseased larvae had dark brown or black and white spots, compared to the normal white-cream colour of healthy larvae. MmEPV infections reduced the larval life span from 6 mo to 15±5 d (Mean±S.D.). Based on light and electron microscopic observations, the average length of the spheroids was 5.45±2.34 μm (Mean±S.D.) and the average width was 2.89±1.13 μm (Mean±S.D.) (n=50). The presence of a virus was also demonstrated in a DNA-DNA hybridization assay. The bioassays carried out to determine the infectivity of MmEPV proved its effectiveness against the third-instar larvae of the M. melolontha. The highest insecticidal activity determined in the M. melolontha larvae was 93.3% at the concentration of 7.5×10⁶ spheroids/ml. Our results suggest that a Turkish isolate of MmEPV is promising for biological control of the M. melolontha larvae.

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Genetic relationships between development of insecticide resistance and reduction of egg size as a negative effect on the fitness of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

Xue Dong Chen, Sachiyo Sanada-Morimura, Shin-ichi Yanagi, Fusao Nakasu ...

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 479-486
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.479

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Reciprocal crosses between susceptible (SS) and resistant (RR) lines to fenvalerate were conducted to determine whether or not there are any genetic relationships between insecticide resistance and reduction in egg size, as well to whether or not they affect the offspring fitness of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The dose-mortality regression lines of the F₁ hybrid of susceptible females and resistant males (SR) and resistant females and susceptible males (RS) were roughly intermediate between those of parental lines, i.e., SS and RR. This result indicates that the mode of inheritance of fenvalerate resistance was neither complete dominance nor recessive, with no sex-linkage. The egg size of RR lines was significantly smaller than that of the SS lines. The RS and SR lines have an egg size close to that of their own matrilineage. We considered that the mode of inheritance of resistance and that of egg size were different from each other, although the selection experiment showed that there is a negatively correlated response between these parameters. The survival rate of the RR lines was significantly lower than that of the SS lines. However, the survival rate of the RS lines did not differ from that of the SR lines. Reproductive fitness is discussed with regard to different egg sizes among parental lines and reciprocal crosses.

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Effect of cytochrome P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, on survival of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on citrus leaves

Kohei Takeyama, Naoki Mori, Mh. Osakabe

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 487-491
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.487

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Citrus species contain toxic furanocoumarins, terpenoids and so on. Unlike other spider mites that cannot develop on citrus plants, Panonychus citri is able to flourish on these plants, and on other nontoxic hosts such as Japanese pear. We hypothesized that P. citri adapted to citrus plants by evolving a detoxification system against the allelochemicals contained in citrus leaves. Here, we examined the efficacy of the detoxification system in relationship to P. citri survival on citrus plants using piperonyl butoxide, a well-known inhibitor of cytochrome P450s. The addition of critical concentrations of piperonyl butoxide had a lethal effect on P. citri larvae and adults reared on citrus plants, but did not affect larvae or adults reared on Japanese pear. This implies that P. citri adapted to citrus plants by evolving detoxification systems composed of cytochrome P450s and/or other detoxifying enzymes.

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Spatial density-independent parasitism of the inquiline, Diomorus aiolomorphi (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), on the bamboo gall maker, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

Ei'ichi Shibata

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 493-498
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.493

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Diomorus aiolomorphi Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is an inquiline on bamboo galls formed by the bamboo gall maker Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). I examined (1) the spatial and vertical distribution of galls and galls from which D. aiolomorphi emerged, and (2) the spatial density-dependent parasitism of D. aiolomorphi in a stand of Phyllostachys heterocycla. The percentages of galls from which D. aiolomorphi emerged tended to be higher than those from which A. rhopaloides emerged and ranged from 21.5% to 45.6%. Bamboo galls and galls from which D. aiolomorphi emerged were distributed contagiously on bamboo culms and branches. The attack of D. aiolomorphi was not dependent on gall density on culms and branches. D. aiolomorphi is synovigenic; females have no eggs in their ovaries when they emerge but develop eggs continuously as adults age. Thus, D. aiolomorphi females cannot lay eggs on freshly initiated galls aggregatively and successively, suggesting that D. aiolomorphi attacks regardless of gall density.

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Genetic diversity in field and commercial populations of Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) measured by microsatellite markers

Norihide Hinomoto, Tomomi Higaki, Takashi Noda

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 499-506
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.499

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Six microsatellite markers were developed for Orius strigicollis (Poppius), and their characteristics were analyzed using seven field and two commercial populations. The markers showed enough polymorphism to be suitable to elucidate genetic diversity, although null alleles were found on two loci and three loci were sex-linked. No linkage disequilibrium was detected except for a pair of two sex-linked loci. Allele frequencies between sexes in each population were not different in field populations. No genetic differentiation was found among populations collected in southern Kyushu, suggesting that this species has a large gene pool in the field. Allelic richness was significantly smaller in commercial populations than in field ones, possibly due to bottleneck effects and genetic drifts during mass-production procedures.

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Sex pheromone of the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Identification and field evaluation

Le Van Vang, Masahiro Ishitani, Furumi Komai, Masanobu Yamamoto, Tetsu ...

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 507-513
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.507

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With reference to the data of synthetic standards, GC-EAD and GC-MS analyses of a pheromone gland extract of the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), resulted in three acetates [dodecyl acetate, (8E,10E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8,E10-12:OAc), and its (8E,10Z)-isomer] at a ratio of 10 : 100 : 2.5 as a candidate of the pheromone. While the contents in the glands were low and even the titer of the major pheromonal component was ca. 0.5 ng/female, the positions of the two double bonds were confirmed by a mass spectrum of the adduct with 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione. In a soybean field, synthetic E8,E10-12:OAc successfully attracted male moths of L. glycinivorella, and highly selective attraction was observed for E8,E10-12:OAc among the geometrical isomers of the 8,10-diene. Neither of the two minor components showed a synergistic effect on field attraction by E8,E10-12:OAc, and their roles were unclear. A binary lure of E8,E10-12:OAc and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:OAc) was necessary to attract the male moths of Matsumuraeses falcana, the soybean pod worm, but E8-12:OAc strongly inhibited the attraction of L. glycinivorella by E8,E10-12:OAc, indicating that E8-12:OAc secreted by M. falcana is one of the most important factors in the reproductive isolation of these two species.

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Depth of pupation and survival of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae at selected soil moistures

Bohua Hou, Qi Xie, Runjie Zhang

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 515-520
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.515

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Estimates of pupation depth and survival of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), are important for optimizing soil control and for better understanding its natural mortality in the agricultural system of Guangzhou, China. Late third-instar larvae were placed in soils having relative moistures of 0–100% for pupation. No pupae were found on the surface at soil moistures of 0–70%. Instead, more than 50% of the larvae pupated on the surface at soil moistures of 80, 90, and 100%. Most of the larvae preferred to pupate in less than 4 cm of the soils, while relatively few larvae moved more than 4 cm when the soils received too little water or too much water. The survival rate of pupae at 70% moisture level was low, and the pupae were unable to survive at soil moistures of 0, 80, 90, and 100%, while emergence rates exceeded 90% at the conditions of 10–60% moisture levels. Moreover, soil moistures had an influence on the average time to emergence (average time between the larvae release and the emergence of adults). Adult flies at 30% moisture level emerged earlier than those at the other moisture levels, whereas the average time to emergence at 70% moisture level was the longest.

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Voracity and conversion efficiency by larvae of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Aphis fabae Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae) reared on two faba bean cultivars with different levels of resistance

Hail K. Shannag, Wasim M. Obeidat

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 521-527
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.521

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This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the consumption rate and food utilization of predator Coccinella septempunctata larvae. Predator larvae were fed on black bean aphids, Aphis fabae, maintained separately either on partially resistant, 79S4, or on the aphid-susceptible, Vicia faba major, cultivars. There were no significant differences in the consumption rate of each instar of the predators between the two cultivar treatments, except for the first instar. When predator larvae were supplied with aphids being kept on partially resistant 79S4 plants as a source of food, 14.49 aphids were consumed per day by each larva during larval development, which was significantly greater than the consumption by predator larvae fed the diet of aphids from susceptible plants (on average 13.72 aphids/d). Also, total consumption by predator larvae was higher when the consumed aphids were obtained from partially resistant host plants, where approximately 648.9 aphids were needed during development. In contrast, only 569 aphids from susceptible faba bean plants were devoured by each predator larva during larval growth. The predator larvae using aphids from susceptible faba bean plants as a source of food were considerably more efficient in converting food to body mass.

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Morphometric differences between rice and water-oats population of the striped stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Keiichiro Matsukura, Sugihiko Hoshizaki, Yukio Ishikawa, Sadahiro Tats ...

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 529-535
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.529

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The striped stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis, has two major host plants; rice, Oryza sativa, and the water-oats, Zizania latifolia. It has been suggested that there is reproductive isolation between the populations feeding on rice (rice population) and water-oats (water-oats population). We compared the morphological characteristics of the two populations using multi variate analyses based on eight genital and ten non-genital traits in male adults. Body size differed between the two populations as shown previously. However the results of a principal component analysis (PCA) based on genital traits showed a proportional difference between the two populations, but not on the non-genital traits. This shows the existence of a morphological difference in the genitalia of male adults between the populations. We also conducted a discriminant function analysis (DFA) based on seven genital and five non-genital traits. The discriminant function obtained could classify the two populations with 94.3% accuracy. Another discriminant function using only four genital traits also could distinguish the two populations with 88.6% accuracy. DFA would be of use in the practical forecasting of occurrence.

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Intact lima bean plants exposed to herbivore-induced plant volatiles attract predatory mites and spider mites at different levels according to plant parts

Yasuyuki Choh, Junji Takabayashi

2006 年 41 巻 3 号 p. 537-543
発行日: 2006年
公開日: 2006/09/01

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2006.537

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Previous studies have shown that intact lima bean plants exposed to volatiles emitted from conspecific plants infested by two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), attract Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a carnivorous natural enemy of spider mites. Here, we investigated the olfactory responses of P. persimilis and T. urticae to different parts of intact lima bean plants exposed to these volatiles using a Y-tube olfactometer. Predators responded in greater number to volatiles from the first trifoliate leaves compared to those from primary leaves, and to volatiles from the parts above the first trifoliate leaves compared to those from the first trifoliate leaves. Conversely, spider mites responded more to volatiles from primary leaves compared to those from the first trifoliate leaves, and showed equal preference for volatiles released from the first trifoliate leaves or the parts above the first trifoliate leaf. The reproduction of spider mites in primary leaves was higher than those on trifoliate leaves. Based on these data, the potential adaptive value of differential attractiveness of different parts of intact lima bean plants to T. urticae and P. persimilis is discussed.

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