Applied Entomology and Zoology

Regular Papers

Synchronism of immigration of adult yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to citrus orchards with reference to their occurrence on surrounding host plants

Shinichi Masui

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 517-523
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.517

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Scirtothrips dorsalis adults generally immigrate to citrus orchards after propagation on suitable host plants that grow near the orchards; however, it is not clear when these thrips immigrate. In this study, the time of S. dorsalis adult immigration to citrus orchards was examined in relation to their occurrence on surrounding host plants. The investigation was carried out in citrus orchards and the surrounding fields of the following three plants: tea groves, bigleaf podocarp trees, and Japanese pear trees. The average number of adults emerging from these four plant fields gave six or seven peaks from May to early September, notwithstanding the small number of adults emerging from the citrus orchards. The peak periods of trap catch in citrus orchards coincided with those of adult emergence from the fields of four plants. The peak periods of adult S. dorsalis density on citrus fruits and shoots coincided with those of trap catch in citrus orchards. These results demonstrated that S. dorsalis adults immigrated to citrus orchards immediately after emerging from other suitable host plants surrounding the orchards.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (430K)
Rearing the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) on an artificial diet developed for the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Yuko Shimizu, Narumi Haruno, Masaaki Yamagishi

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 525-531
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.525

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius, a serious pest of sweet potato, was reared on an artificial diet originally developed for Euscepes postfasciatus, another serious pest of sweet potato. When larvae were reared individually on the diet, the rate of adult emergence was 46%. The addition of corn oil or sesame oil to this diet improved the rate of larvae reaching the prepupal stage, and enhanced the rate of adult emergence to about 60%. On the other hand, the emergence rate was about 10% when 27–30 larvae were reared in a group. More larvae died at the first instar when reared in a group than when reared individually. In group rearing, frequent physical contact among larvae caused them to die due to injury, before they bored into the diet. Successful boring into the diet seems the first step for successful adult emergence. Females of C. formicarius did not oviposit on the E. postfasciatus diet. Replacement of the sweet potato powder contained in the diet with dried periderm of sweet potato and dried stems of wild morning glory did not improve the situation, even though the females were reproductively mature. Ovarian development was not good when rearing on these artificial diets. It is necessary to develop a novel artificial diet for egg collecting on which females can develop eggs and oviposit.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (131K)
Environmental factors affecting the increase of cold hardiness in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae)

Keiichiro Matsukura, Takashi Wada

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 533-539
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.533

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The cold hardiness of the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, which infests Japanese paddy fields, shows seasonal fluctuations. We investigated the environmental factors that influence this cold hardiness. Snails showed a great increase in cold hardiness under cold acclimation, when they were kept in water or wrapped in a dry or moist towel. Snails incubated at 25°C in a dry or moist towel also showed a certain increase in cold hardiness. Field-collected snails that were given sufficient food before incubation at 25°C in water showed an increase in cold hardiness, but starved snails did not. Photoperiod had no influence on cold hardiness. We compared the factors increasing cold hardiness among molluscs inhabiting different environments.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (95K)
Rearing of candidate queens by honeybee, Apis mellifera, workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is independent of genetic relatedness

Satoshi Koyama, Ken-ichi Harano, Tadao Hirota, Toshiyuki Satoh, Yoshia ...

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 541-547
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.541

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Polyandry in honeybee queens (Apis mellifera) leads to many subfamilies within a colony. Nepotism is expected to occur under these circumstances since honeybee workers can increase their inclusive fitness by favoring full-sisters over half-sisters. The potential benefits of nepotism to workers may be most apparent in queen rearing in which workers can readily influence the genetic composition of the next generation. To determine whether the kin-selected nepotism hypothesis could explain queen rearing, observations were made on the care behavior exhibited by workers toward queen larvae in 4 colonies, and patrilines were identified using DNA microsatellite markers. We observed 521 worker visitation behaviors directed towards queen larvae during 101 h of observation. Care behaviors were found to occur independently of the genetic relatedness between nurse bees and nursed queen larvae. We therefore suggest that the kin-selected nepotism hypothesis cannot explain queen rearing.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (92K)
Lifetime fecundity and female body size in Paraglenea fortunei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Katsumi Togashi

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 549-556
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.549

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

To determine the reproductive traits of Paraglenea fortunei, 26 pairs of adults were reared on Boehmeria nivea leaves and stems under constant conditions. The mean lengths of preoviposition and oviposition periods of females were 4.8 and 32.0 days, respectively. Females made a mean of 456.8 wounds on stems for oviposition over their lifespan. A mean of 0.603 eggs was deposited under the epidermis through an oviposition wound. The mean lifetime fecundity was 275.7 eggs with a great difference between 62 and 748. Standardized regression analysis showed that the oviposition period was twice as responsible for the difference in lifetime fecundity as the oviposition rate. Path analysis also showed that the elytral length as an indicator of body size had an effect on lifetime fecundity through the oviposition rate but not through the oviposition period. The number of ovarioles per female averaged 24.0 and did not correlate with the elytral length. Thus, body size is considered to be associated with the oviposition rate via egg productivity per ovariole. The relationships between body size, oviposition rate, and ovariole number are discussed in comparison with another cerambycid beetle, Semanotus japonicus, the oogenesis of which is completed with the resources stored at larval stage.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (132K)
Effect of inherited sterility and Bacillus thuringiensis on mortality and reproduction of Phthorimaea opercullela Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Hayat Makee, Mohammed Tlas, Samer Amer, Jamal Abdulla

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 557-562
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.557

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The effect of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel^® 2X) upon F₁ progeny of irradiated and nonirradiated Phthorimaea operculella male parents was investigated. F₁ progeny of irradiated parents was more susceptible to B. thuringiensis than that of nonirradiated parents. A combination of irradiation and B. thuringiensis led to higher mortality in F₁ progeny of P. operculella. The LC₅₀ was 0.406 g/100 ml for F₁ progeny of nonirradiated parents, but 0.199 g/100 ml for those of irradiated parents. There was a great reduction in the pupal weight, fecundity and egg hatchability of F₁ progeny of irradiated parents compared to nonirradiated parents. Such reduction was increased by applying a higher concentration of B. thuringiensis. A combination of the inherited sterility technique and B. thuringiensis application gave a good control result against P. operculella.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (58K)
Characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Japan using inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplification

Jun Takatsuka

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 563-571
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.563

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

DNA from 59 Beauveria bassiana isolates and one B. brongniartii isolate were subjected to inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplification with three short, 14–18-nucleotide primers that included tandemly repeated sequences. ISSR-PCR was found to be highly reproducible since DNA amplification from several single-spore-isolate subcultures of the B. bassiana F-263 isolate resulted in identical banding patterns. Each primer produced highly polymorphic bands, and high gene diversities for each primer were estimated with a range from 0.24 to 0.28. Consequently, all B. bassiana isolates, including F-263, were characterized by unique banding patterns. A dendrogram created by unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) of ISSR-PCR data showed several small clades composed of isolates that originated from the insect order Coleoptera. They were dispersed throughout the dendrogram and did not comprise a large clade. A similar pattern was found for isolates from Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (913K)
A simple mass-rearing method for predaceous Orius bugs in the laboratory

Kiyomitsu Ito

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 573-577
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.573

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Orius strigicollis (Poppius) and O. laevigatus (Fieber) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) can be reared successfully using a plastic Petri dish (90 mm in diameter, 20 mm in depth) as a rearing cage with wheat grains to prevent cannibalism and excessive moisture. Frozen eggs of Ephestia kuehniella were supplied as food and a soybean seedling was provided as an oviposition substrate. The rate of individuals reaching the adult stage averaged 74–87% when the initial nymphal density was 100–400. In addition to the high breeding capacity, these insects could be separated without difficulty from wheat grains by using a suitable sieve, and wheat grains were reusable after sterilization in an oven.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (386K)
Tetranychus mite species identification using esterase and phosphoglucomutase zymograms

Tetsuo Gotoh, Yasuki Kitashima, Koichi Goka

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 579-585
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.579

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Identification of spider mites based on morphological characteristics is difficult because the morphological differences are subtle and are usually specific to males, which are hard to find, and the adult stage. As an alternative method, we attempted to discriminate the 13 known Tetranychus species in Japan using only females, and esterase and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) zymograms. Using esterase zymograms we were able to discriminate females from five sympatric species (T. ludeni, T. kanzawai, T. piercei, T. pueraricola and T. urticae (red form)) living on kudzu vine, Pueraria lobata, although a sixth sympatric species, T. parakanzawai, was not distinguishable from the closely related T. kanzawai. However, using PGM zymograms, females of each of the 13 species could be identified by the presence of one or two unique alleles. Thus, PGM isozyme analysis is a useful and simple tool for discriminating all Japanese species of the genus Tetranychus.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (600K)
Larval summer diapause of Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a pupal parasitoid of agromyzid leafminers: Sensitive stage for diapause induction and effects of cool exposure on diapause termination

Gustavo L. Baeza Larios, Kazuro Ohno

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 587-594
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.587

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

We examined the sensitive stage to summer diapause induction of Chrysocharis pubicornis. Individuals of different ages were transferred from diapause-preventing (15°C–12L : 12D) to diapause-inducing conditions (25°C–16L : 8D) throughout the 22-day egg-larval period. Transferring 15-day-old (third instar larvae about to complete feeding) or younger individuals resulted in more than 60% diapause; however, less than 25% of larvae entered diapause when transferred at 18 days (full-grown, resting third instar) or older. This suggests that sensitivity is high in younger instars, but decreases in the last instar. Moreover, individuals transferred at 18 days emerged 15 days earlier than control individuals continuously reared at 15°C–12L : 12D. We also examined the effects of cooling treatment duration on diapause termination by exposing diapausing larvae to 15°C–12L : 12D for increasing periods, followed by transfer to 25°C–16L : 8D. The percentage of diapause termination and the time to adult emergence increased with the cooling period, and it took between 12 and 16 days for 50% of individuals to complete diapause. The diapause termination rate after 20-day cooling was similar to that under continuous cooling (<90%), but the time to emergence was significantly shortened by 15 days. The implications of our findings in an eventual biocontrol program are discussed.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (194K)
Habitat utilization by the giant water bug, Appasus (=Diplonychus) major (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), in a traditional rice paddy water system in northern Osaka, central Japan

Yasuo Mukai, Minoru Ishii

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 595-605
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.595

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

To elucidate the seasonal pattern of habitat utilization by Appasus (=Diplonychus) major, a mark and recapture census was carried out. We categorized ten bodies of water for investigation into five categories: permanent pool, temporary pool, ditch, paddy and marsh, according to the water regime and vegetation structure. A total of 1,143 adults were marked, and 383 (34%) were recaptured more than once during the study period. Adults marked in June were recaptured in the same or the following month, while those marked between July and December were recaptured until the following July. The results show that A. major has a univoltine life cycle at the study site, overwintered adults reproduce in June and July, and adults of the new generation appear from July. Adults and nymphs of all instars were observed in all five types of waters, and the density was high in the ditch. Overwintering adults were observed on the moist ground of the drained paddy as well as in the water of the ditch. Overwintering adults had the ability to walk around and forage even in winter. A total of 50 movements of adults were observed among different types of waters, and adult movement was most frequent between April and July. The existence of different types of waters in the traditional rice paddy water system such as the study site was favorable for maintaining the population of A. major.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (1120K)
First record of Lepidoptera from Ural owl nests in Japan

Yoshitsugu Nasu, Shiro Murahama, Hiroyuki Matsumuro, Daisuke Hashiguch ...

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 607-612
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.607

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Four species of Tineidae (Niditinea baryspilas (Meyrick), Monopis pavlovskii (Zagulajev), Mon. flavidorsalis (Matsumura), Mon. sp.) and one species of Oecophoridae (Martyringa ussuriella Lvovsky) were reared from the detritus found in four Ural owl (Strix uralensis Pallas) (Strigidae) nest boxes that had been abandoned by young birds in Wakayama, Osaka, and Shiga Prefectures, Japan. This is the first report of moths from owl nests in Japan. Tineid larvae feed on keratin sources in the detritus of the nest boxes that include pellets, fur, and feathers; the oecophorid possibly feed on decaying wood chips. Biological information regarding N. baryspilas and Mon. pavlovskii are presented for the first time, accompanied by photographs of their immature stages. It is likely that owl nests provide a suitable habitat for keratophagous tineids in nature because of a wide variety of keratin sources in the nests.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (3793K)
Effects of temperature on the development of Eumicrosoma blissae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Yasutsune Sadoyama

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 613-617
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.613

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The effects of eight constant temperatures (19–34°C) and a fluctuating temperature (35.5°C/28.5°C) under 14L : 10D photoperiod on the development of the egg parasitoid Eumicrosoma blissae were determined with the oriental chinch bug Cavelerius saccharivorus eggs as a host. E. blissae developed successfully from egg to adult when the parasitized hosts were kept at constant temperatures between 21.0°C and 28.0°C. The rate of adult emergence declined when the temperatures exceeded 31.0°C and no wasps emerged at extremities (19.0°C and 34.0°C). With fluctuating temperature, all wasps emerged successfully. The developmental zero and effective accumulative temperature for development at six moderate constant temperatures were 13.4°C and 256.4 degree-days, respectively. Total potential generations of E. blissae in the summer planting fields of sugarcane through a 1.5-year cultivation period were estimated to be 18 to 19.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (70K)
Specific PCR assays for the detection of DNA from Beauveria bassiana F-263, a highly virulent strain affecting the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), by a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker

Jun Takatsuka

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 619-628
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.619

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

To monitor the Beauveria bassiana F-263 strain, which is under commercial development for controlling the Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus, I developed molecular markers based on a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR). A diagnostic fragment generated from random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) was converted into two SCAR markers designated as C8₁₀₆₈ and C8₃₅₂ using sequence information from the fragment. The two primer pairs for the SCAR markers were sensitive, but the primer pair for C8₃₅₂ had superior sensitivity, capable of detecting as little as 10 pg B. bassiana F-263 strain DNA, regardless of whether the sample contained pure F-263 DNA or was contaminated with DNA from another strain. The markers were used in combination with dilution plating on selective medium, which allowed for both detection of B. bassiana F-263 presence and indirect density estimation of the strain. In addition, I developed a simple DNA extraction method by boiling fungi directly from colonies on medium. This DNA extraction method avoids laborious DNA extractions and expedites SCAR assays for monitoring the B. bassiana F-263 strain in the environment.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (628K)
Individual variation in the amounts of pheromone components in the male bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Heteroptera: Alydidae) and its attractiveness to the same species

Nobuo Mizutani, Tetsuya Yasuda, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Seiichi Moriya

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 629-636
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.629

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The individual variation of R. pedestris males and females in their attractiveness to the same species and the amounts of five pheromone components were examined in field experiments and GC-MS analysis, respectively. The number of adults attracted by a single male varied greatly among the individuals tested. The number of adults attracted was 0.92±0.12 (mean±SE/day). Of 64 males examined individually, four attracted three or more adults per day, while 12 males attracted only 0.5 adults or fewer per day and 14 individuals attracted no adults. The five pheromone components also differed greatly among those males. As for tetradecyl isobutyrate (14:iBu), which is thought to be an essential component of the pheromone, it was apparently detected from 46 males while eight had only a low amount of 14:iBu and ten had no 14:iBu. Some of the males had 14:iBu without having (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate (E2-6:E2Hx) and (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2-6:Z3Hx), which are synergistic components of the pheromone, and the rest had E2-6:E2Hx and/or E2-6:Z3Hx without having 14:iBu. The amount of 14:iBu or octadecyl isobutyrate (the fourth pheromone component) showed a positive and significant co-relationship with the number of attracted adults. Males with a well-developed fat-body tended to have more 14:iBu and to attract more adults than those with an undeveloped fat-body. Most of the females tested individually did not attract conspecific adults, and had only (E)-2-hexenyl hexanoate, the fifth component of the pheromone.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (979K)
Possible function of Piezodorus hybneri (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) male pheromone: Effects of adult age and diapause on sexual maturity and pheromone production

Nobuyuki Endo, Tetsuya Yasuda, Keiichiro Matsukur, Takashi Wada, Shin- ...

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 637-641
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.637

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

To estimate the biological function of the male-produced pheromone of Piezodorus hybneri, we investigated the relationship between sexual maturity and pheromone production. Copulation was first observed at day 4 after emergence of males. The males showed high mating activity between days 5 and 15. Development of the ectodermal accessory gland (EAG) was also investigated as an indicator of male sexual maturity. The EAG, which was entirely immature at adult emergence, developed gradually between days 3 and 10. Males started to produce pheromones at days 3 to 5 after adult emergence, and production became maximal at days 5 to 10, remaining at a high level until day 30. No pheromone components were detected in any diapause males, which showed neither mating behavior nor EAG development. These results indicate that P. hybneri males produce their pheromone simultaneously with the development of sexual maturity, and thus the function of this pheromone seems to be related to sexual behavior.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (96K)
Differential tissue distribution of two acetylcholinesterase transcripts in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica

Hiroshi Mizuno, Suenghyup Oh, Osamu Komagata, Shinji Kasai, Hiroshi Ho ...

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 643-650
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.643

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Recent studies have revealed that non-Cyclorrhapha insects possess two acetylcholinesterases (AChEs): Drosophila Ace-orthologous (o-Ace) and -paralogous (p-Ace) forms. In these insects, p-Ace is considered as a neural target of insecticides because mutations conferring insecticide insensitivity have been consistently identified in equivalent forms from various insects. To clarify the functional differentiation between the two AChE isoforms, we characterized the expression of two AChE genes in nerve cell-rich and -poor tissues of German cockroaches. The two AChE genes were expressed at comparable levels in both the nerve cord and head. Two AChE isoforms with mutually discriminatory fenitroxon sensitivities were exhibited in the nerve cord, indicating that o-Ace and p-Ace function in the neurons. p-Ace was mainly expressed in the nerve cord and head, while o-Ace was ubiquitously expressed at a comparable level. Moreover, o-Ace transcripts as well as AChE activity were detected in the fat body where no nervous tissue is observed. No AChE activity was detected in the hemolymph. These results show that p-Ace is better as an insecticidal target because of its abundant transcripts in nervous tissue. In addition, the roles of o-Ace, which is present ubiquitously without secretion into the hemolymph in insects, are discussed.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (143K)
Host characteristics related to host use by the flesh fly, Blaesoxipha japonensis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a parasitoid of adult grasshoppers

Kazumi Miura, Naota Ohsaki

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 651-658
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.651

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

We periodically collected adult grasshoppers of Parapodisma tanbaensis and P. subastris, in Kyoto, Japan, from 2001 to 2002, to determine which host characteristics were related to host use by the flesh fly, Blaesoxipha japonensis. The results indicated three host characteristics that were significantly related to the parasitism rate: host species, condition of the hind legs, and interaction between sex and body size. P. tanbaensis was parasitized more often than P. subastris because of its superior intrinsic quality. Grasshoppers missing one or both hind legs were parasitized more often than intact individuals. Female grasshoppers are twice the size of males, and smaller females were parasitized more often than larger ones, whereas larger males were parasitized more often than smaller ones. Host characteristics related to the number of larvae egressing from the host were similar to those of the parasitism rates, except for the interaction between sex and size. In addition, host sex was also an important characteristic, as more larvae egressed from female hosts.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (207K)
Bumblebees (Apidae: Hymenoptera) are the main pollinators of common buckwheat, Fogopyrum esculentum, in Hokkaido, Japan

Hitoshi Sasaki, Takahiro Wagatsuma

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 659-661
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.659

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

A survey of the insects visiting common buckwheat flowers and examination of the pollen attached to the insects captured at the field in Hokkaido was carried out in order to determine their role as pollinator. Two bumblebee species, Bombus ardens sakagamii and B. hypocrite sapporoensis, were captured as the predominant species (75.4%) and 97.6% of B. ardens sakagamii and 96.0% of B. hypocrite sapporoensis had tetraploid common buckwheat pollen attached to their body surface even though they were captured in a diploid common buckwheat field. From these results, these two bumblebee species were thought to be the main pollinators of common buckwheat in Hokkaido for the first time.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (155K)
Prey of two species of jumping spiders in the field

Toshinori Okuyama

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 663-668
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.663

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

This is an observational study that describes the use of prey by jumping spiders (Phidippus audax and Salticus scenicus) in the field. Spider diets in the field were examined in terms of prey size and taxonomic family. Five percent of S. scenicus diet and 23% P. audax diet were comprised of other spider species. P. audax's predations on S. scenicus as well as S. scenicus feeding on juvenile P. audax were also observed (mutual predation). In addition, these spiders largely shared common prey, providing evidence of mutual intraguild predation in the field. To explicitly analyze the patterns of prey utilization in prey size, three likelihood models were constructed: 1) no difference in prey between large and small spiders, 2) disproportionate difference in prey size between spider size classes, and 3) proportional difference in prey size between spider size classes. Model selection indicated that both species of spiders utilized a distinct distribution of prey size based on their own size. P. audax's prey-size distribution was disproportionately different to their own size classes whereas such evidence was absent for S. scenicus. This difference between prey-size distribution is likely due to the morphological constraints of spiders (i.e., small spiders cannot attack large prey). Furthermore, large spiders included large prey as part of their diet in addition to small prey, rather than more exclusively shifting to forage on large prey. The field observation revealed potentially general and important species interactions that are not commonly explored in current intraguild predation (IGP) models.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (87K)
Laboratory studies on larval feeding habits of Amara macronota (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Zabrini)

Kôji Sasakawa

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 669-674
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.669

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Many studies have suggested that some carabids (tribes Zabrini and Harpalini; Coleoptera: Carabidae) feed on seeds during their adult stage (i.e., granivore or omnivore with a tendency toward granivory), but relatively few studies have investigated the larval feeding habits of those species. In the present study, larval development on different diets was examined in a Zabrini carabid Amara (Curtonotus) macronota. Six diet types were tested: Solidago altissima seeds, Bidens frondosa seeds, Setaria spp. seeds, mixed seeds, insect larvae (Diptera), and insect larvae+mixed seeds. Because of the high mortality during larval overwintering under laboratory-rearing conditions, survival and developmental duration through pre-overwintering stages (1st and 2nd instars) were compared. The insect larvae+mixed seeds diet showed high survival (85%), followed by the insect larvae diet (40%). All seed diets showed low survival rates (0–10%). Developmental durations were not significantly different, although some diets could not be compared due to a small sample size. These results suggest that A. macronota larvae are omnivores with a tendency toward carnivory. Larval morphometry, which is useful in determining the instars of field-collected larvae, was used.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (85K)
Behavioral response to sex pheromone-component blends in the mating disruption-resistant strain of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai Yasuda (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its mode of inheritance

Jun Tabata, Hiroshi Noguchi, Yooichi Kainoh, Fumiaki Mochizuki, Hajime ...

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 675-683
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.675

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

The first example of resistance to a mating disruptant was reported in the smaller tea tortrix moth, Adoxophyes honmai. The active ingredient in the disruptant was (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), which is one component of the sex pheromone of A. honmai. From a resistant colony in the field, a strain highly resistant to mating disruption was established through further selection imposed in the laboratory by rearing in the presence of Z11-14:OAc. With this resistant (R) strain, we investigated the response of males to mixtures of synthetic pheromone components in the present study. Males of the R strain were less attracted to a low concentration of the pheromone than non-resistant (S) males. However, the R males were attracted to lures with extremely deviated ratios of the pheromone components: 72% of them even responded to the mixture lacking Z11-14:OAc, which is indispensable for response behavior of the S males. Some F₁ males of crosses between S and R (13–15%) and male progeny in both reciprocal backcrosses to R (29–38%) were also attracted to the mixture without Z11-14:OAc. The results of these crossing experiments could be seen corresponding with the expected pattern in a single-autosomal-locus model for inheritance of the ability to respond to a defective pheromone blend.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (261K)
Species composition and seasonal changes of spider mite density on a leguminous plant Pueraria lobata

Tetsuo Goto, Shirou Kaibara, Ichiro Tamura

2007 年 42 巻 4 号 p. 685-692
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2007/12/15

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2007.685

ジャーナルフリー

抄録を表示する抄録を非表示にする

Populations of spider mites were sampled from kudzu vine Pueraria lobata (Willd.) from 1997 to 1999 at two study sites in Ibaraki, central Japan. Of the five spider mite species sampled, Tetranychus pueraricola Ehara and Gotoh was the most abundant (accounting for 75.6–96.9% of mites) in each of the three years. The next most abundant species were T. ludeni Zacher (0.8–19.0%), T. parakanzawai Ehara (1.1–9.7%) and T. piercei McGregor (3.1%), but their density and species richness varied from year to year and from site to site. The populations peaked in June and/or September–October. Predators associated with spider mite populations were phytoseiid mites such as Amblyseius tsugawai Ehara, Phytoseius nipponicus Ehara and Neoseiulus womersleyi (Schicha), Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, Oligota spp., Feltiella spp. and stigmaeid mites such as Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez and A. terminalis (Quayle), which were well synchronized with spider mite density. Overwintered females began to appear and oviposit on some herbaceous weeds growing at the study sites in early April. Spider mites appeared on kudzu vine leaves in early May just after flushing. Most colonies (defined as areas surrounded with silky spider mite threads) had only one species but a small percentage had two or three species.

抄録全体を表示

PDF形式でダウンロード (401K)

J-STAGEへの登録はこちら（無料）