The transition to socialism of Ethiopia since 1974 brought a drastic change to the rural area. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the socialist policies of the Derg regime (1974-91) on the coffee-growing area where the state strongly intervened. The main focus is drawn to the relationships between peasants and lands.
By tracing the historical process the coffee growing village has experienced, it becomes apparent that the socialist policy such as land nationalization and agricultural socialization, not only integrated rural land, which the peasants had owned and used in their own way, to the rigid national institution, but also tried to integrate the peasants as the labors of the three national organizations, such as the peasant association, the state farm and the producers' cooperative. Furthermore, the analysis of land property dynamics reveals the fact that the influx of migrants, which had started during the first half of the 20th century, was accelerated under the socialist policies. This enormous influx of population caused the land scarcity and resulted in the duration of unstable tenancy that could have been settled by the land redistribution. Despite the state's massive intervention under the Derg regime, the social change in the rural areas did not go just as intended by the political center. In order to understand the historical process in rural societies, it is important to pay attention to the various movements beyond the state institutions in each region.

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[in Japanese]

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During the last thirty years, pastoralists of Eastern Africa have suffered from both natural hazards, such as repeated droughts, and from changes in the social environment, due to integration into the state system, expansion of the market economy, etc. Much research has focused on these problems and their impacts since the 1980s. The future of pastoralism described by these studies suggests that pastoralists are no longer able to exist as viable communities with livestock-based economies.
This paper presents the current pastoral activities of the Rendille through comparisons of data collected in 1999-2000 and previous studies of the 1970s, from both social and ecological viewpoints. It then analyzes the Rendille's responses to the new social environment, which leads to a discussion of the persistence of pastoral activities among East African pastoral societies.
The Rendille inhabit the and lowlands of northern Kenya, and have a population of about 27, 000. The prominent features of their current pastoral activities and the results of comparative studies can be summarized as follows:
1. The ownership of the Rendille rangeland is still communal and more than 80% of the Rendille population still subsist on a livestock-based economy.
2. The camel is still recognized as the most important livestock species, but the Rendille have begun to raise more cattle because of cattle's high market value.
3. Clanship and lineage structures are still regarded as the ruling principles when people form settlements or homesteads. Moreover, cooperative relationships involving both pastoral activities and daily lives are maintained among households, homesteads, and clan members.
4. The age system is still significant in terms of the division of labor.
5. The seasonal fission and fusion of settlements and camps has ceased because of the sedentarization of settlements near developing towns. Nevertheless, settlements and livestock herding camps remain a sort of “set”. Pastoral activities are maintained in herding camps and supported by settlement members.
6. In response to the new socio-economic situation, people have begun to diversify their income sources to include wage labor and cattle sales, and to utilize credit systems in local shops. Contrary to the pastoral activities that are carried out in cooperation by several families, these new economic activities are undertaken only by individuals.
In conclusion, these findings suggest that the Rendille are responding to the new social environment by maintaining different levels of cooperative relationships among households, homesteads, and clan members. By reorganizing the settlements and herding camps as a “set” of the social system, they have stabilized their livestock-based economy and also utilized the new opportunities present in the new social environment.

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The Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) was introduced in 1990s. One of the main purposes is to foster ownership of development process by recipient countries. However, the definition of ownership itself is unclear and the achievement of its purpose has not been clearly evaluated. This paper attempts to clarify the concept of ownership and analyze the formation of ownership through the SWAp, referring to the case of education sector in Uganda. Hereafter, the factors that contribute to the formation of ownership are discussed. This paper consists of 4 parts.
The first part looks at the situation of education sector in Uganda, where full scale implementation of the Educational Sector Investment Plan (ESIP) within a SWAp framework has begun in 1999. Its success has been recognized by both donors and the Government of Uganda. Although all the main donors have not given assistance within a SWAp framework currently, many of them become increasingly interested in the SWAp.
The second part explores the concept of government ownership that donors require. It shows that the strength of ownership is measured by five key indicators derived from the literature: (1) the initiative in introducing the program, (2) the existence of policy-makers consensus, (3) the support by political leaders, (4) the ability to argue with donors, and (5) consultation with wide stakeholders.
In the third part, by using the above indicators, the case of ESIP is discussed. It is found that the ownership by the Government of Uganda has certainly been strengthened with the implementation of the SWAp.
In the fourth part, it is considered that some factors that contribute to foster the ownership. They are political stability in the country, the characteristics of alliances amongst the donors, the characteristic of the donor-recipient partnership, and the efforts of individuals who are involved in the program.

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