This article explores the criminal investigation of the hotel attack in Bobo-Dioulasso (in actually Burkina Faso) at the period of Vichy and how colonial administration had recognized Islam in West Africa and applied the recognition to the criminal investigation. From reexamination of the investigation, attackers were Muslims and mostly wage earners, and also were estranged from the traditional authority of Islam in this area. These points, however, were scarcely deserved attention. The criminal investigation was strongly controlled by high colonial government officers. They ignored reports of minor officials and stuck obstinately to their own theory which the attack should be “effect” of “outside”, and so they failed the investigation. Concerning the reaction of colonial administration for the attack, the superior administrator of Haute Côte d'Ivoire made an arbitrary decision for “administrative punishment” which put imam of grand mosque, notable and the like in prison at other colony. High colonial government officers lately confirmed this decision. As the result of banishment of imam and notable, the position of imam required a close relationship with colonial administration and the political-religious situation at Hamdallaye block changed. These changes set the political condition on the conflict in the Muslims after the latter half of 1940.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how farmers take in “market economic behavior” and “moral economic behavior” in their livelihoods and the society in “Mwea Irrigation Scheme” area, which is the largest rice cropping area in Kenya. There are two generation groups, the first generation farmers who are the settlers and the second generation farmers who are the sons of the first generation. I focused on their rice production and consumption process and clarified the following three points. (1) Both farmer groups take in both “market economic behavior” and “moral economic behavior” in their livelihoods, but the way of combination is different in terms of the rice production and consumption process. (2) The different way of combination between them is related with the difference of their social relationships and their rice field area. (3) The two generation groups coexist reducing the economic discrepancy between them through their interactions. As the results of these three points, the rice production process generates some tension between the generations, while the rice consumption process relaxes its tension; therefore, these processes allow them to foster their social relationships. This case study suggests that both of the rules of “market economy” and “moral economy” are took in the farmers' livelihoods and work in maintaining their livelihoods and the social order in the settlement area, which is the commodity production area established in Africa.

The Social Cash Transfer Programme in Malawi uses community-based targeting (CBT) to identify beneficiaries. Based on a village-level case study, this paper examined the characteristics of beneficiaries selected through CBT. The study clarified that the socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiary households do not always match those defined by the government. This mismatch, however, should not be taken as evidence of failure in targeting. Further examination revealed that when selecting beneficiaries, villagers consider important dimensions of poverty and vulnerability, such as household assets, non-farm income, and idiosyncratic shock. The study argued for a more context-specific policy evaluation that considers local livelihoods and the villagers' own criteria of beneficiary selection instead of one based on criteria defined by the government.

African countries expect the age of “population aging” in the second half of 21^st century as a result of rapid population growth and improvement of health. This article attempts to review the literatures and policies, and point out issues to be examined in the future. Although some countries started new social welfare policies related to elderly life, there still remain issues to be considered, especially on health, medical service, care and support system. Studies on African aging have indicated anxieties, that is, lack of social protection, lack of medication for non-communicable diseases, aging among the urban poor, aging in rural, decline of family care. Ethnographic approach is expected to provide research materials and insights for exploration of appropriate social responses with a reference to local cultural context. Africanists are required to share the interest in future of African societies through learning from African communities, and taking experience of “trial and error” among the already-aged countries.

The strong population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa brings also the increase of number of elderly. Using the disability statistics available through 19 Sub-Saharan countries' census through IPUMS, it is revealed that the disability rate increases along with age, especially for the types of disability “seeing”, “hearing” and “physical”, in contrast with “speaking” and “mental” disability which does not change substantially along with age. Disability rate is lower for women than men and higher in rural area than in urban area. The trend over the past two to three decades is not consistent between countries. Using the obtained age-specific disability rate, disability-free life expectancy and disability duration was calculated for the Sub-Saharan countries and the rest of the world. The longer the life expectancy, the longer the disability-free life expectancy as well as the disability duration. Sub-Saharan African disability duration is shorter than other regions of the world and the policies to extend the life span while co-existing with disability are needed.

This paper addresses the aging process of women in the social context based on fieldwork among a Nilotic pastoralist population in the Karamoja region of Uganda. Women identify as akimat (an old woman) after they stop having sex and reach menopause. The hallmark of their everyday life is cooperation between them and grandchildren where grandchildren living together with old women “become body” of old women. Grandchildren get intrinsic reward directly from living together and repossess knowledge and practice in their lives through treatment and care for the sick. Sharing with them the experience of surviving bereavement becomes extensive throughout everyday life. In contrast to what intergenerational reciprocity model implies, the independence and self-help is not only the framework to understand interaction including care of old persons. By standing on the same position to the Dodoth, who are conscious of direct tie between parties in the social fact that people live together, we can understand that holding oneself ready to sharing as action generating the place for living together is more radical principle than intergenerational reciprocity.

This paper aims to explore the daily lives of the elderly living in the Aari community in southwestern Ethiopia, describing the social relationships supporting their lives. Although some conventional studies mention the role of the elderly in household livelihood strategies, few studies have focused on their daily lives. In this paper, the author considered those conditions that determine the livelihoods and social relations of the elderly in the community, examining the daily interactions and mutual relationships among the elders and people within this context. The study confirmed that the elders' living arrangements such as choices regarding where to live and who to live with are deeply related to social norms. However, the author also observed cases in which some elders live with or receive support from those who do not belong to the category of persons who may take care of them. In situations that involve supporting a person's livelihood or daily needs, relationships between persons who require help and partners are not always fixed. It isn't also unusual that the elderly themselves help others. Rather, cooperative relationships emerge “responsively”, between those present and persons who require care, through talking and considering individual circumstances in the respective scenes.

Progress in public health have prolonged the longevity. Ageing has become the global issues in both developed and developing countries. In most of the African countries, the rural old people were cared by the young family member of the traditional extended family system. On the other hand, the old people in urban areas are facing difficulties to get support from their family. The community -based support system is needed in the urban areas. Lusaka was chosen as the target research area to explore the possibility to plan for the community based support system for the elderly. Series of workshops for the elderly residents and leaders of the CBO (Community Based Organization) were organized in March and August in 2015 at Chawama Township. In SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), Goals3- “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”, is related to the Global Ageing issues. For the sustainable development, the role of the community is crucial. The community based ageing program on “mutual cooperation” should be organized in Africa and other region through the active community participation.