農業気象
Online ISSN : 1881-0136
Print ISSN : 0021-8588
ISSN-L : 0021-8588
57 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1~8を表示しています
  • 古 松, 大槻 恭一, 神近 牧男
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 1-10
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    乾燥地域あるいは半乾燥地に広く分布する砂地の気象観測は, まだ実施例が少ない。したがって, 現地の農業生産, あるいは水資源の有効管理に必要な純放射量は, 経験的な推定法を用いるしかない。純放射量の推定に関して種々の推定法が提案されているが, それらの多くの場合アルベドの推定は重要な部分となっている。本報は, アルベド, 土壌水分と他の関連気象要素の観測は鳥取砂丘圃場において行い, その結果を用いてアルベドを推定する簡便な方法を提案するものである。
    降水と蒸発は, 裸地の土壌水分変化を支配する。土壌水分変化に対応して, アルベドは変化し, 雨天日には小さくなる一方, 無降水期間中に徐々に大きくなる。観測の結果, アルベドと連続無降水日数との相関関係がかなり高いことが明らかになった。また, 連続無降水期間におけるアルベドと大気透過率の関係は, 透過率が0.55より小さい範囲において正比例の関係が認められた。この結果に基づいて, 連続無降水期間のアルベドを推定する2つの簡単なモデルを作成した。この2つのモデルを用いて鳥取砂丘におけるアルベドを計算し, 実測値と比較した。
    モデル(1)については, 連続無降水日数以外の気象要素は一切使わずに推定した。推定値と実測値の相関係数は0.73で, 標準誤差は1.2%であった。モデル(2)については, 連続無降水日数と大気透過率を用いてアルベドを推定した。相関係数は0.85で, 標準誤差は0.9%であった。
  • アブデルガーニ A.M., 古在 豊樹, 久保田 智恵利, タハ I.S.
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 11-19
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    液体放射フィルタ(Liquid Radiation Filter, LRF)の波長別放射特性(光学定数)を予測するための数理的手法を確立した。LRFは特に高温となる地域で温室内気温を制御するための日射の選択的吸収フィルタとして使用される。LRFはUV(紫外線)およびNIR(近赤外線)波長域における吸収率が高く, PAR(光合成有効放射)の透過率が高い。温度制御のためだけでなく, 植物の形態を調節する目的で物理的な植物成長調節法として利用されてもいる。LRFの波長別光学定数として, 屈折率(nf,λ),吸収係数(σf,λ), および無次元の消衰係数(kf,λ)を光線追跡法(ray tracking technique)により算出した。LRFの吸収による透過率(τf,λ)については, 流体面の反射率を考慮して求めた。屈折率は理論上, 虚数であらわされるが(nf,λ-ikf,λ), LRFは放射吸収率, 電気伝導度が高いことから, 理論上の屈折率の実数部をとることにより単純化した屈折率(nf,λ)の有用性について検討を行った。本研究で得られた結果により, LRFの透過率や反射率といった計測値が得られれば, LRFのすべての光学定数は数理的手法により求めることが可能であることが示された。単純化した(実数であらわされる)屈折率が, 虚数であらわされる屈折率(理論的な屈折率)の代わりとなり得ることが示された。
  • 鳥山 敦, 文字 信貴, 青野 靖之, 鱧谷 憲
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 21-27
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    We investigated the effects of urban sky view factor and foliage view factor on the thermal environment, based on field experiments in the street canyons of Osaka. Mean radiation temperature (MRT) and physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) are used as the indices of the thermal environment. We found that MRT and PET decrease with a decrease in the sky view factor and with an increase in foliage view factor. The difference of 0.22 in the sky view factor caused a difference of 23°C in PET. A difference of about 0.27 to 0.35 in the foliage view factor caused a difference of about 8.2 to 9.0°C in PET.
    We tried to convert the effect of wind speed to that of the foliage and found that an increase of about 3ms-1 in wind speed is necessary to obtain the same effect as a change in the foliage view factor from 0.27 to 0.35.
  • 関 平和, 木村 達郎, 宮本 暁人, 菅谷 博, 佐々木 華織, 猪之奥 康治
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 29-40
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    A mathematical model was developed for predicting air temperature, humidity and velocity fields in a closed-type sloped greenhouse. Calculated results of air temperature profile along the slope agreed well with the experimental results except in the daytime when the air temperature was high, and it seemed that the model would be useful for environment analysis in the sloped greenhouse. This model would be better if three-dimensional heat flow had been taken into account in the daytime. Both the calculated and experimental results showed that air temperature was higher in the upper part of the slope than that in the lower part for the greenhouse with a double-film-cover. For the greenhouse with a single-film-cover, however, air temperature in the upper part was not necessarily higher than that in the lower part especially in the nighttime. Provided that floor and cover temperatures were uniform, respectively, air temperature and velocity fields were simulated. The simulated results showed an appearance of air temperature difference between the upper and lower parts. Both the higher and lower temperature regions extend as inclined angle increases. However, this temperature difference between the upper and lower parts in the case of 10 degrees of inclined angle is not so different from that in the case of 30 degrees. In addition, an increase in the inclined angle makes air velocity larger, so that its increase over a certain critical value inhibits the development of air temperature difference between the upper and lower parts rather than promotes it.
  • 佐川 美佳, 蔵田 憲次, 高橋 邦夫, 峰内 健一
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 41-48
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The objective of this study was to find simple and objective methods of diagnosing the ailments of trees in indoor spaces, such as atriums. In this study, two simple diagnostics were compared. One was the analysis of the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of leaves and the other was the analysis of the laser-induced chlorophyll-fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky effect). In the latter analysis, second time derivatives of the induction-kinetics curves were used. Cinnamomum camphora and Quercus myrsinifolia grown under different light conditions and Cinnamomum camphora under water stress were used in the experiments. The effects of low irradiance were detected in both the induction kinetics and the spectra; however, the effects of water stress were detected in the induction kinetics only. These results indicate the possibility of utilizing laser-induced-fluorescence induction-kinetics for diagnosing the ailments of trees.
  • 佐川 美佳, 蔵田 憲次, 高橋 邦夫, 峰内 健一
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 49-54
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Efficient tree diagnosis methods have been required for the improvement of maintenance techniques in indoor plants. Laser induced chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics have been shown to be one of the possible techniques to detect indoor tree conditions. In this study, changes in induction kinetics and leaf sugar content with the dark treatment were investigated using Myrica rubra and Ternstroemia gymnanthera. Measurements conducted during July and September (Japan) showed good correlation between the period of dark treatment and the induction kinetics/leaf sugar content, regardless of the kind of trees tested. Effects of the dark treatment were detected in the second time derivatives of the induction kinetics curves between 5-24s. However, results in the early spring and late fall did not show such correlation. These results showed that LIF application to detect low irradiance stress of indoor plants has high potential, but that its application season is restricted.
  • 畝形状, パイプ埋設深さおよび日中のパイプ表面温度の変化が地温に及ぼす影響
    田中 逸夫, 石井 征亜
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 55-59
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The control of soil temperature in the root zone by circulating warm or cold water in pipelines buried in ridges has been carried out for a long time. However there is little research on temperature distribution in the ridge during the temperature control process. In our previous paper (Tanaka and Ishii, 2000), numerical solutions of soil temperature distribution in a ridge were shown for the cases of soil cooling and soil heating, and the effects of soil physical properties, ambient air temperature, direct solar radiation absorbed at ridge surfaces, and the surface temperature of pipes on soil temperature distribution were examined. In this paper, the effects of ridge geometry and depth of buried pipes on soil temperature were examined using the same method and conditions as those shown in the previous paper. Further simulations for the case of changing the surface temperature of pipes with time to prevent high soil temperature in the daytime were carried out for the case of soil heating.
  • 早川 誠而, 張 継権, 山本 晴彦, 鈴木 賢士, 林 泰一, 小野 本敏
    2001 年 57 巻 1 号 p. 61-67
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2010/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
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