The aim of the present studies was to find how people wear differently depending on season when the ambient temperature(Ta) was lowered from 33°C to 6°C in 90 min. Seven female young adults volunteered as subjects. The experiments consisting of laboratory and field ones were carried out in July, October, January and April throughout the year. When Ta was Iowered in the laboratory experiment, the half-naked subject was instructed to wear freely. In the field experiment the subject was instructed to survey everyday for a month in each season what she wore and how the garments worn each day weighed. Tas in Nara city were seasonally collected from Nara weather station. Although the clothing weight increased proportionally to the decrease of Ta, there did not exist any seasonal changes in the clothing weight worn and also the thermophysiological parameters in the laboratory experiment. Field experiment disclosed that the clothing weight worn was the heaviest in winter and the lightest in summer, while no differences existed in the clothing weight between spring and autumn.

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To improve the design of the girdle which was a type of compression clothing, two kinds of experiments were carried out. At first, the degree of blood disturbance from wearing the girdles was evaluated by the cardiac output (Q). Q was significantly decreased with normal and small sized girdles at supine position. The difference of Q between at supine and at sitting positions with small sized girdle was not significant. The practical clothing pressure was the highest at the groin. Therefore, the relationship between the pressure applied to the groin by the cuff and Q was investigated. Q decreased linearly with an increase in pressure. The estimated minimum pressure required in maintaining the blood circulation was 14.1 mmHg. To restrain the clothing pressure below that value, the form and material of the bandage attached to the groin were designed and then 4 types of trial models were made. The designed bandage, as compared with that of ready-made, has a large arched form of stretchable material and its length in contact with the groin line was long. Q did not decrease by wearing one of them at supine position and at supine position after the sitting position. Furthermore, subjective discomfort also decreased.

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This study attempted to evaluate the influence of body composition on cardiorespiratory fitness as represented by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max.) in junior high school boys and girls. The subjects were judged apparently healthy. Measurements of VO₂max during an incremental treadmill exercise testing as well as measurements of body composition were compared between obese boys and girls, 12 to 15 years old, and age-and height-matched nonobese boys and girls. Analyses of the data revealed that statistically significant (P0.01) mean differences between the obese and nonobese groups were observed for body mass (BM), percentage body fat, and body fat content. Fat-free mass (FFM) of obese boys was significantly larger than nonobese boys. There were significant differences between obese and nonobese groups irrespective of sex, when VO₂max was expressed as milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of BM per minute. In contrast, no significant group differences were found in VO₂max expressed as ml per kg of FFM per min. No significant differences existed either for absolute VO₂max between the obese girls and the nonobese girls due almost entirely to the similarity in FFM between these two groups. Significant correlations were found both in boys (r= -0.742) and girls (r= -0.843) between VO₂max. (ml/kg BM/min) and percentage body fat, thereby indicating the striking effects of excess body fat. These results in the present study support the general belief that obesity accentuates exercise intolerance and low aerobic capacity.

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The purpose of this study was to assess activities of daily living age in elderly. The subjects were 253 Korean elderly women, aged 60 to 91 years, all of whom were participants in an elderly school program managed by the Seoul City. Activities necessary for independence in daily living must be selected from various components. First of all, a questionnaire was administered to clarify the areas of activities of daily living in the elderly. Factor analysis with Normal Varimax criterion was applied to the data, and the factors extracted were interpreted as locomotion of whole body, manipulation of upper limb, manipulation of finger, and change of posture. Secondly, twenty-four performance tests related to the activities of daily living were selected. Principal component analysis was applied to the 24 x 24 correlation matrix, and first principal component was interpreted as total activities of daily living because of significantly heavy loadings with all variables. Principal component score decreased significantly with advancing age (r= - 0.578). Multiple regression analysis revealed that out of the 24 variables examined, 5 were suitable for the assessment of the activities of daily living. The equation developed to determine the activities of daily living age (ADLA) was ADLA= 6.28ADLS+72.21+z, ADLS=-0.039x₁+0.051x₂.+0.048x₃+0.015x₄+0.012x₅-2.76, Z= 0.44Age-31.45 ; where x₁ =walking around two chairs in a figure 8, x₂=moving beans from one container to another using pincers, x₃ =grip strength, x₄ = raising the arms above the head while holding a bar, and x₅=balancing on one leg with eyes open. It was confirmed that the estimated ADLAS Were symmetrically scattered above and below the line of identity (i.e., chronological ages=ADLAs). In the cross-validation sample (n= 100), no significant difference existed between ADLAS and chronological ages. The equation for estimating ADLA was considered useful in evaluating activities of daily living in the elderly.

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The first object of this paper was to follow the previous paper in clarifying the characteristics of the fat distribution on the ex:tremities. The subcutaneous fat thickness was measured at 64 points on the upper extremity and on 129 points on the lower extremity. The difference of the fat distribution between obese subjects and lean subjects was mainly observed on the back of the upper arm and the thigh. The second object of this paper was to clarify the characteristics of the fat distribution on both the trunk and the extremities and to study the factors which contribute to the fat distribution of the whole body. Average subcut.aneous fat thickness over the body was 7.8mm, and the standard deviation was 1.2mm. Types of fat distribution of the whole body were classified by principal component analysis of average fat thickness in the 8 regions. The first component was the size factor which expressed the amount of fat on the whole body. The second component showed the contrast of fat distribution in the lower extremities and in the breast, abdomen, back and arrns. These.two components accounted for 90.79% of the variance of fat distribution. Measuring points, which showed high correlation coefficient with the average fat thickness of the whole body, were abdomen, subscapular, back, thigh and side breast.

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In order to obtain the characteristics of the change of wettedness under constant average skin temperature 36°C, the experiments were carried out using two young male subjects in a test chamber. From the basic measurements of both environmental parameters and human physiological responses, the authors found the wettedness value changeable even though the average skin temperature was constant. The following results were obtained under the conditions of resting-sitting, summer clothing worn, still air movement and constant average skin temperature 36°C ; 1. there is a positive correlation between wettedness and the environmental vapor pressure. 2 . there is a nagative correlation between wettedness and the air temperature. 3 . there is a positive correlation between the evaporative heat loss from skin surface and the air temperature. 4 . there is a negative correlation between the evaporative heat loss and the vapor pressure. 5 . there is a negative correlation between wettedness and the evaporative heat loss. 6 . both maximum and minimum values of wettedness correspond to the average skin temperature. Considering the afore-mentioned results, the equal line of the average skin temperature does not form a straight line, but a curved line on the psychrometric chart.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the physique and motor ability of elementary school children in the Republic of Honduras in comparison with those of Japanese children. Honduran children of 6 to 15 years old, and a total of 29, 602, were examined on the following 10 items : body height, body weight, chest girth, 50 m dash, standing long jump, softball throwing, Burpee test, sitting trunk flexion, zigzag running with holding softball, and foot-balance with closed-eye. The physique of Honduran children was smaller than that of Japanese, but the value of chest girth/body height was not smaller. Among Honduran children of 10 to 15 years old, the girls were heavier and thicker in the chest girth than the boys. The adolescent growth spurt of the physique was observed in boys of 13-14 years old and in girls of 9-10. Furthermore, in almost all the items of motor ability, Honduran children were inferior to Japanese. One of the presumable reasons is the imbalance of nutrition (10w level protein and high level fat), which may cause the delay of physical matureness in boys and increase obesity in girls. Another is a lack of proper exercise opportunity to develop their motor ability.

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