The Annals of physiological anthropology
Print ISSN : 0287-8429
Volume 6, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • Koutarou TOMIDA, Shoji IGAWA, Toshina MIYAJIMA, Kouichi HIROTA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 47-54
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study vyas performed to determine the effects of daily exercise on muscle protein metabolism during growth of a rat. Twenty male rats (7 weeks of age) of Wistar strain were divided into sedentary (Control) and exercising (Exercise) groups. The rats were studied for 10 weeks. The following main results were obtained : 1) The increase of body weight in the exercise group was significantly lower than that of the control group. However, the wet weight per body weight of the MM. gastrocnemius and soleus in the exercise group tended to be higher when compared to the control group. 2) Urinary excretion of urea-nitrogen in the exercise group maintained constant levels, and that of the control group had decreased at the end of experimental period. The protein intake showed no noticeable difference between the control and the exercise groups. 3) Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in each group decreased gradually and had a tendency to be higher in the exercise group than in the control group throughout the experimental period. 4) The fractional turnover rate of myofibrillar protein in the exercise group tended to higher. Especially in the synthetic rate at the first half of experimental period, the exercise group showed a tendency to be higher than the control group. These observations suggest that during the experimental period protein metabolism activity of the whole body and skeletal muscle are higher in the exercise group than in the control group. It is concluded that skeletal muscle protein metabolism increases by exercise loading during growth.
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  • Shigeki WATANUKI, Kazuo MIHIRA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 55-59
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To investigate the appropriate method to design the clothing needed to pressurize the human body, the effect of partial pressure on the upper extremities with respect to psychological characteristics were studied. Seven female students served as subjects. Results were as follows. (1) The mean distance of 2 areas with just noticeable differences was about 4 cm in all regions of the upper extremities regardless of pressure (below 60 mmHg) (2) Pressure sensation varied with the area where the pressure was applied. In the case of calculated pressure [pressure per unit area (g/cm2) x width of cuff (cm)], the pressure sensation obtained by a wide pressure area (4 cm or 7 cm in width) was small as compaired to a narrow pressured area (1 cm in width) against the same calculated pressure. Pressure sensation obtained between 4 cm and 7 cm in width was not significant. In the case of net pressure [pressure per unit area (g/cm2)], however, the propotion of the increase of pressure sensation to the ascent of pressure in the pressure area of 7 cm in width was large as compaired to thoseof 1 cm and 4 cm in width. It was supposed that if the pressure was applied at 4 cm in width to the upper extremity, the pressure sensation might be alleviated. (3) The pressure sensation in the upperarm was more sensitive than in forearm especially at high pressure (60 mmHg). Moreover, the pressure sensation in the forearm decreased when the pressure was applied to the upperarm. (4) Psychological distances between adjective words indicating pressure sensation were alrnost at the same interval in both the upperarm and forearm, but the pressure obtaining the same adjective words was smaller in the upperarm than in the forearm.
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  • Igor B. MEKJAVIC, Karen D. MITTLEMAN, Naoshi KAKITSUBA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 61-68
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Rectal temperature cooling rate (Tre) is a consequence of an imbalance between heat production and heat loss mechanisms. However, Tre is often related to body insulation, as determined by the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer, without consideration of the contribution of shivering thermogenesis. The present study investigated the combined effects of insulation and heat production on Tre during cold water (10°and 20°C immersion. It is concluded that relating core temperature cooling rate simply to the insulative adipose layer is inadequate. On the basis of the present results, it is suggested that the following variables be taken into account when attempting to model cooling rate of immersed individuals : 1) The rate of heat production. 2) The insulation provided by the adipose layer. In addition, other tissues may contribute to the overall body insulation. During prolonged immersion total body insulation may vary and will also be affected by the level of peripheral perfusion. 3) The rate of storage of body heat will depend on body composition. It may be insufficient to assume identical specific heat of the body for a range of body types, when determining total body insulation.
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  • Shigeki WATANUKI, Kazuo MIHIRA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 69-74
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of partial pressure on the lower extremity upon the skin temperature (Ts) and the electromyogram (EMG). In the measurement of Ts, the upper region of the ankle or the lower region of the thigh in the right extremity was pressured with a cuff (7cm in width) inflated at 40 or 80mmHg for 60min. The experiment was also conducted under normal conditions. Ts of the dorsal side of the feet, the lower part of the pressure region, the upper part of pressure region and a symmetrical region of pressure in the left extremity were measured while the subject was sitting. For the measurement of surface EMG, the gastrocnemius, the tibialis anterior, the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis were measured with the knee in a bending posture for 9min. Prior to exercise, the angle of ankle joint was adjusted to get the level of contraction corresponding to about 25% of the maximum voluntary contractions (MVO of the tibialis anterior. Pressure was then applied to the leg or the thigh by a cuff inflated to 20, 40, 60 or 80mmHg during 2-7min of the work. The experiment was also conducted under normal condition. The results were as follows. Generally Ts was decreased by the pressure. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of decrease between pressures. And furthermore, the Ts of dorsal side of right foot was the same as that of left foot regardless of the pressurized region. The Ts of a symmetrical region decreased as compared with that of the pressurized region regardless of the pressurized region. It was inferred that the decrease of the Ts might have resulted from the action of a pressure reflex. In a non-active muscle (gastrocnemius), the change of %MIE (Maximum Integrated EMG) by the pressure (△MIE) was not shown regardless of the pressure region. In an active muscle (tibialis anterior), △%MIE was not shown while the thigh was pressured, however, in the case of where the leg was pressured at 80mmHg, the △%MIE decreased. It seemed that application of high pressure to a working muscle improved its work efficency. However, after release of the 80mmHg pressure the increase of %MIE created by the release of pressure until the end of work was large as compared with normal condition. It was inferred that application of the pressure to the active muscle might have produced the increment of muscle load.
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  • Shigeki WATANUKI, Kazuo MIHIRA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 75-82
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to design the clothing needs, such as pressure suits, to pressurize the human body, it is important to investigate the appropriate methods which diminish physiological problems against the pressure. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of partial pressure on the upper extremity upon the skin temperature (Ts) and the electromyogram (EMG). Five female students were used as subjects. In the experiment of Ts, the forearm or the upperarm of the right upper extremity was pressured with the cuff (4 cm in width) inflated at 30 or 60 mmHg for 60min. Ts of the trunk and the leg were not changed by the pressure regardless of pressurized region. In the case of the pressure applied to the right upperarm, Ts of the forearm and the back of hand in both upper extremities were decreased. There was nd siguifcant difference in the degree of the decrease (ΔTs) between pressures in the right upper extremity. However, in the left upper extremity, ΔTs obtaind by the pressure of 30 mmHg was large compared to that measured by the pressure of 60 mmHg. In the case of the pressure applied to the right forearm, there was no change in Ts itself in both extremities when the pressure was 30 mmHg. The decrease of Ts in both extremities when the pressure was 60mmHg, was the same as that of non-pressure perid. It was inferred that the alterlation of Ts in the left upper extremity was caused by the action of so-called pressure reflex named by TAKAGI (1951). And it was assumed that the action of pressure reflex might have changed by the pressurized region. The muscle work was performed with the upperarm horizontal and the forearm flexed at 90". The load was adjusted with the initial contraction level of m. biceps brachil at the beginning of work to 25 % MVC. The work continued for 4 min and then repeated for 2 min after 2 min rest. The EMG of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris and the m. biceps brachii were measured. Prior to the exercise, the m. biceps brachii was pressurized by the cuff (4 cm in width) inflated at 30 or 60 mmHg for 5, 30, or 60 min. The pressure was also applied during exercise. The integrated EMG of the m. biceps brachii increased during the exercise for non-pressure period. However, this increase was not shown when the pressure applied above 30 min before exercise. In the repeated work, though EMG increased in all cases, the level of integrated EMG when the pressure applied above 30 min was less than that of non-pressure period.
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  • Satoshi MIYAUCHI
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 83-84
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Akio ISHII
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 85-87
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Masatoshi TANAKA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 88-89
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hideo NAKATA
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 90-91
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hiroshi EBASHI
    1987 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 92-93
    Published: April 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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