Recently, there are many constructed open-type public elementary schools in Japan. So, we performed sound measurements and questionnaires surveys for these several open-type elementary schools. Specific studies are (1)survey on sound environment in open-type classrooms, (2)comparison of open-type classroom and conventional-type classroom as regards acoustical characteristics, and (3)study of the pupils awareness of the level of sound while studying. The final result of our research showed some acoustical problems in open-type elementary schools.

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In this paper, we propose a calculation method for the thermal transmittance(U-value) of horizontal sliding windows. We proposed a calculation method of the U-value of casement windows in our previous paper, and reported that the difference from the test value by hot box methods was within 10%. A standard calculation method of the U-value of windows and doors is presently being worked upon by ISO. However, there are some unique features of windows manufactured in Japan, and there is an argument that calculation methods so far proposed cannot be applied. A horizontal sliding window is the most general type of window in Japan, but the details of the sash are different from most casement windows in Europe and America. In addition, there are many wooden sashes in Europe, whereas in Japan aluminum and PVC tend to be used. In the first section of this paper, we described the difference between sliding windows and casement windows from the viewpoint of heat transmission. It was seen that the margin of error grew when previous methods of calculation were applied to sliding windows. So, we proposed an improved calculation method. First, we classified a wide range of manufactured sliding windows by material, the structure of frame and glazing type. From there we selected 25 and comparisons were then made with the test values. With these comparisons the difference between the test values and the calculation method values was within 15% except three windows.

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The Ventilation Standard HASS 102 of The Society of Heating, Air- Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan (SHASE) was revised in November 1997. The Ventilation Standard HASS 102 recommends the ventilation design, which takes into account a ventilation effectiveness in an occupied zone, under the incompletely mixed condition. The index for considering ventilation effectiveness in the standard is called Normalized Concentration in an Occupied Zone (Cn). In this paper, the Cn values in an Occupied Zone in office space (6.4m(x)×12.8m(y)×2.7m(z)) are predicted by CFD simulation technique in several different cases. In the numerical simulation, five different ventilation systems were chosen and the concentration distributions and Cn values were investigated under three different contaminant generations. In this analysis, the differences of contaminant generation did not produce a big influence on the prediction of Cn values. The hypothesis of the uniform contaminant generation in whole space will be appropriate for the prediction of Cn in this analytical condition.

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The performance of the new static sub-grid scale (SGS) model proposed by Inagaki et al. (2002) and its modifications was examined in the large eddy simulation (LES) of the turbulent flow over a two-dimensional steep hill. The prediction accuracy of the SGS models introduced in this study was assessed by comparing the results with those from an experiment by Ishihara et al. (2001) and the standard Smagorinsky model. The modified model, in which the expression of the square of the velocity scale was changed from the SGS Reynolds stress modeled by the scale-similarity concept into the modified Leonard term, provided very accurate predictions and produced the best results of the three models compared here. On the other hand, the original Inagaki model showed less accuracy, mainly due to the insufficient prediction accuracy near the ground surface of the approach flow.

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It's difficult to apply the age of air and ventilation effectiveness to evaluating the space with natural ventilation and cross ventilation, because the property of indoor environment changes under the influence of external condition. New index which expresses the unevenness in space for natural ventilation and cross ventilation is examined from movement and diffusion of tracer gas, in consideration of time scale of airflow field. And 2-zone model is examined as the macro model in consideration of unevenness. 1. Volume index is derived from concentration at exhaust to gas input at supply. And it is confirmed the index expresses the unevenness in space. 2. It is confirmed to able to grasp the overview of velocity distribution from the volume index. 3. 2-zone model based on the volume index is presented. And correspondence to the transient analysis is considered. 4. The identification method of the interzonal airflow rate is examined.

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In recent years, air cleaners are often used because of increasing interest in room air quality. However, there is currently no unified method for determining the removal effectiveness of air-cleaners. Here, we report the results of experiments on five type of domestic air cleaner units in a experimental room, using ETS(Environmental Tobacco Smoke). This study was carried out to determine the removal effectiveness of air cleaners on suspended particulate matter evaluated employing an index of equivalent clean air rates(ECAR). The results showed that the removal rates of suspended particulate matter were 59.1〜125.7(m^3/h) for 0.3μm particles, and 115.5〜188.7(m^3/h) for 0.5μm particles respectively with fan-filter units. The rates were much lower for the electro-static collector type unit without fan : 3.9(m^3/h) for 0.3μm particles, and 14.8(m^3/h) for 0.5μm particles respectively

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This paper shows the production method of standardized annual weather data(SWD9300). SWD9300 consists of two datasets. One contains ambient air temperature, absolute humidity, nocturnal radiation, illuminance and irradiance at intervals of one minute. The other contains the modified data at intervals of 30 minutes by sky luminance distribution. The long-term observation data had been gained in Chofu-city, Tokyo, Japan from 1993 to 2000. SWD9300 makes it possible to improve the precision of the illumination simulation and cooling/heating load calculation with taking sky luminance distribution, illuminance and night radiation into consideration.

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The objective of the paper is to clarify thermal environment and worker's sensation in two catering centers located in Nagano prefecture. The catering center -A is wet floor system and has not cooling system in summer. The catering center -B has a contemporary air conditioning system and a dry floor. The health control standard for school catering kitchens concerning air temperature requires less than 25℃. However, in the catering center -A, air temperature over 30℃ appeared in many days in summer. Workers expressed that the environment was verv hot and uncomfortable. In the catering center -B, air temperature was well controlled from 20 to 25℃. In winter, vertical air temperature difference was very big in the catering center -A. Cold environment around worker's feet was should be improved. The relationship between air temperature and worker's thermal sensation, and the relationship between SET^* and worker's thermal sensation were examined. A significant correlation was observed in each relation.

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Now it is important for community-based organizations to particpate in the decision-making of the public administration. We used a questionnaire to survey their attitudes on the green environment in the city. And it became clear that their ideal grand design of the city is similar to that of government. But they require the higher level of green than government. Moreover, many of them think the dispersion of population and industry is important as weH as city improvements. It is also necessary to achieve a more finely detailed approach to preserve and create the green environment suited to the specific situation.

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A lot of researches have been recently conducted on tree planting in order to improve outdoor thermal environment in summer. In this paper, the optimum design method with Genetic Algorithm (GA) about optimum arangement of the trees for comfortable outdoor thermal environment is examined with the coupled simulation of convection, radiation and conduction. In this research, in order to clarify the effect of the different target area (all open space or pedestrian road) for optimization, the two cases which are different in target area are examined. As a result, the optimum arrangements of the trees are given using GA and simulation for the two cases.

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This research proposes the method of the renewal age prediction for the building equipment system, considering the opinion of professionals who concerns the equipment renewal. Firstly, the survey for the building equipment system was performed, which includes the operating condition and the history of maintenance. Secondly the renewal age was predicted through the Delphi method. These results are combined with an evaluation of the economic life, and the method for the renewal age prediction was proposed. Lastly the case study was performed as a verification.

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A building produces huge amount of environmental load during its life cycle, including building component manufacture stage, construction stage, occupation stage, and demolition stage. In the future, we have to decrease this total environmental load amount to realize the sustainable society. For Life Cycle Assessment of building, it is in common to do quantitative analysis (inventory analysis) of load against environment. Followed by inventory analysis, Life Cycle Impact Assessment will be carried out. In this study, we have carried out a survey with questionnaire to predict category-weighting factors that is needed at aggregation stage of Life Cycle Impact Assessment for buildings. Furthermore, Contingent Valuation Method ; CVM) is introduced in the questionnaire to have the negative social value of constructing and operating buildings in the city.

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This paper describes the static characteristics of a layered arch with fractal geometric form against wind loading. Wind tunnel test is conducted to acquire the wind force coefficient. It can be thought separated flow is found near the top of the structure through the distribution obtained experimentally as a whole. Subsequently analytical results show the stress distribution is similar to other arches that have a same rise angle and a different iterated times. Intensity of the stress becomes large with increase of the rise angle and iterated time. It means the arch with small rise angle have a rationality more than other one with larger rise angle. The above results show the layered arch structure has possibility enough although it has complex configuration affected by wind.

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