The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of optimum acoustic condition for an orchestra conductor on the stage. In this paper, as the first step of this study, by using model sound field, experiments to measure the subjective easiness of conducting were carried out and following results were obtained. 1. Easiness of conducting is influenced by reverberation time and the optimum value is different from performer and audience. 2. Easiness is also influenced by long path echo (LPE) and easiness is reduced by the detectability of echo. But some conditions can be accepted despite detectable. 3. In the combined condition of reverberation and LPE, LPE dominantly influences on the easiness. 4. Performer and conductor differently evaluate the easiness in the same stage acoustic condition.

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This study aims to reveal how, depending on the horizontal distance, a sense of perspective is created based on the roughness of the luminance variation in an image. More specifically, we attempt to determine what sizes of the luminance variations in the light and dark portions of a building, when it is observed from a horizontal distance, in comparison to the sizes of the light and dark portions of the facade components, make it easy for viewers to discern a sense of perspective for the facade components. We carried out an experiment by using a 1/50 scale model of this building. In the experiment, subjects were placed in a darkroom, and the model was lit up using optical fibers that were illuminated by halogen lamps. The items evaluated were the discernment of a sense of perspective for four facade components: the column, capital ornament, wall surface, and opening periphery. As the results are following; (1) The result of the filtering analysis revealed that the sizes of the light and dark portions on the facade surface with the maximal luminance ratio are determined by the size of the facade component and the illumination method. (2) The observed sizes of the light and dark portions with the maximal luminance ratio, for which the highest evaluation was obtained, change mainly with the component size. A sense of perspective can be easily created at a size of 0.5-2.0deg (0.5-1deg in the vertical direction of a column capital and horizontal lattice and 1.5-2deg in the horizontal direction of a cylinder.) (3) In the evaluation of the sense of perspective for the facade components of a lit-up building, it appears effective to use the observed size of the light and dark portions with the maximal luminance ratio observed when a viewer looks at an object from a horizontal distance.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of the ratio of blind slats luminance to outside luminance on occupants' satisfaction with outside view through blinds. In order to decide experiment condition, using the Expanded AMeDAS weather data, the frequency of the blind slat angle and the range of blind luminance are calculated. A subjective experiment using PC display is conducted. The subjects decide the slat angle so that they can be satisfied with a view. The result of analysis of variance shows that the slat angle, which gives the subjects satisfaction with outside view, depends on the blind luminance and the outside view luminance. In addition, based on the results of the subjective experiment, a computer simulation is conducted to predict annual frequency of the time when occupants are satisfied with a view through the blinds.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify influence that flow of air and quantity of heat gives heat environment in residence region. The air flow characteristics and heat load characteristics at the temperature boundary layer of a glass surface that was achieved by conducting experiments using a full-scale model. The experiments were carried out in an indoor climate laboratory in the summer, winter and intermediate seasons. Based on the measurement of temperature distribution, calculated the thickness of temperature boundary layer, air flow through the boundary layer, and the sensible heat load used air flow through the boundary layer. The relation between heat load and temperatures fluctuation of indoor and outside was clarified. And the over-all heat transfer coefficient of the conventional design(9W/(m^2・K)) was investigated by comparing the corresponding values of the coefficient calculated from Newton's law of cooling, from the thermal equilibrium equation at the indoor-side glass surface, and from the sensible heat load through the boundary layer. The three values were almost the same.

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Covering rooftops and walls of buildings with plants is attracting attention as a means of controlling the heat island effect. This study compared thermal performance between a porous base planted with sprinkler-irrigated sedum and an unmodified rooftop. The following results were obtained: (1)There was a maximum difference of 40℃ in rooftop temperature between treatments. (2)The applied water converted a maximum of about 680 W・m^<-2> into latent heat. (3)The total electricity consumption for air conditioning in August was reduced by about 25%. These results show that a porous base planted with sprinkler-irrigated sedum on the rooftop is effective at reducing temperature.

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To evaluate the thermal comfort of traditional narrow alleys, thermal environment measurements and a thermal comfort survey of 546 pedestrians were conducted in narrow alleys, middle-sized streets, and wide streets in Nishijin district in Kyoto during winter, spring, and summer. Window-opening behavior was also surveyed in spring for residents of houses facing streets. The results revealed the following: 1) Daytime air temperatures of the narrow alleys were 0.4-2.3 K lower than those of middle-sized streets and wide streets in all seasons. 2) The proportion of thermal comfort votes in the narrow alleys was 10-30% higher than for other streets in spring and summer. Middle-sized streets were the most comfortable in winter. 3) Neutral SET^* was 24.4℃ in winter, 27.1℃ in spring and 31.8℃ in summer in the narrow alleys. The comfort range of the narrow alleys was wider than those of other streets. 4) The ratio of window opening was the highest and increased most steeply with temperature for houses facing narrow alleys. Residents preferred to introduce outdoor air into their homes because they felt that it was thermally comfortable. The findings reveal the possibility that narrow alleys moderate urban warming and make the area comfortable.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced around Japan for the energetic, economic and ambient benefits, and expected to be diffused more and more. The nation target for PV capacity in Japan is 4.82 GW in 2010. To achieve the target, several support programs, such as subsidization to capital cost, green credit and electricity buy-back, have been already introduced. Carbon tax is still under consideration, but there have been several researches about its feasibility and viability. Ministry of the Environment said in a statement that the tax should be 2.4 Yen/kg-C. In this paper, five scenarios with various carbon tax rates and electricity buy-back prices for the adoption of grid-connected PV system in residential buildings have been studied. A previously developed evaluation model MinSC has been employed for analysis. The effect of carbon tax and electricity buy-back price on economic benefits of PV system in residential buildings has been discussed. The result indicates that there is an optimal PV capacity for a certain scenario when considering the minimum annual energy cost. And both carbon tax and electricity buy-back stimulates the adoption of PV system. However, the carbon tax makes the PV system better off in a relative sense and results in absolute cost increase.

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Recently, theoretical analysis and investigations have begun to evaluate that some free radicals are generated by chemical reactions. The free radicals and other products of reactions are often more irritating than their precursors. Especially, the products of ozone/terpene reactions cause greater airway irritation in mice than would be predicted based on the known response of mice to ozone or terpenes. This paper presents an analysis of chemically reactive pollutants in indoor air and describes the development of a cylindrical test chamber that can be used to obtain second order rate constant (k_b) for bi-molecular chemical reaction of ozone and terpene in air phase. Ozone and terpene were introduced into the supply air at a constant concentration in the cylindrical test chamber and the reduction in the ozone and terpene concentrations were measured after they had passed over the distance of cylindrical test chamber. To directly estimate the second order rate constant (k_b) of bi-molecular reaction of ozone and terpene, a theoretical analysis was conducted using a fundamental chemical reaction model based on rate constant.

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It can be said that to improve energy efficiency of a room air conditioner is effective to reduce household energy consumption for heating and cooling, and CO_2 emission. However, many problems have remained unclear such as part load characteristic of air conditioner, or the relation between outdoor temperature and COP. In this paper, we conducted COP measurement in various conditions (heating/cooling load rate, outdoor temperature, indoor humidity etc.) in the artificial climate chamber. The measured COP was compared to the theoretical COP calculated from the measured refrigerative temperature. We clarified the mechanism that COP and the heating/cooling capacity changed by outdoor temperature, indoor humidity and part load ratio. The COP curve which fluctuated according to the outdoor temperature etc. was shown based on the measurement result and the prediction formula.

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Hot water occupies one third of total residential energy consumption in Japan. Development of high efficient hot water system is strongly needed, but it is known that its real efficiency depends on actual usage. In this paper, hot water consumption was measured in 74 houses, and analyzed especially about average volume and seasonal, daily fluctuation. The followings are main result. 1. Daily average volume (40deg) is 186.8 L in 1 person household, 267.4 L in 2,399.4 L in 3,446.9 L in 4. 2. Daily fluctuation might be approximated by "Normal distribution" and "Gamma distribution" in many houses. 3. Degree of Seasonal fluctuation varies in houses. These results might be useful for development of high efficient hot water heaters and new test standard for its efficiency.

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The authors developed a pilot plant of rainwater reclamation system consisted of a under ground reservoir, filter stratum of sand and rainwater catching greenbelt of lawn. Porous concrete blocks and effective materials for the water purification are placed in the reservoir. Rainfall on the greenbelt is stored through the filter stratum in the reservoir. The rainwater is circulated to the filter stratum. This paper deals with the evaluation of performance of the pilot plant. It is evident from the inspection data that the developed system keeps good quality of the rainwater for long periods.

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In resent years, booster pump system has increased as water supply system. In this system, it is estimated to have many hours for pump operation. Therefore we have some concerns about excessive energy consumption caused by this pump system. In this paper, we measured the volume of supply water by booster pump system in an office building, and also we clarified about the condition of pump operation and the amount of electric power. In addition we estimated the volume of supply water and the amount of electric power by simulation technique. As a result, we showed that it was possible to hold down the increase of the consumption of electric energy by using the suitable water supply system on the basis of the high accuracy for water supply demands estimation.

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The authors investigated the behavior of school children in the toilet of their school, and researched their requests and impressions to the toilet by the questionnaire methods. The following results were obtained. 1) School boys had been standing in front of urinals, but school girls had been waiting outside of toilet in the case of full use. 2) The waiting space for comate had crossed over the queue for fixture use of school girls. 3) The wash stand space should be divided by the wall from the toilet.

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Light artificial soil planted with sedum is commonly used in thin green roof units today. This paper shows the effects of the percentage of water content and some meteorological data on the evapotranspiration rate in summer. From a field measurement and multivariable analysis, the evapotranspiration rate could be well estimated in the form of a nonlinear regression model in the daytime. Here, the explaining variables are the water content rate and the total solar radiation. Next we simulated the effect of watering schedule on the evapotranspiration rate with METPV meteorological data. Then the adequate watering could lead the latent heat loss equivalent to half of the total solar radiation.

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Authors conducted the case studies that residents' association moved into actions for living environment improvement. Based on data such as living environment maps provided by measurements with residents' participation, they assessed the actual states of living environment and discussed for its improvement in meetings held in the final stage of the activities. This paper aimed at examining a supporting way for the residents' discussion through considering residents' remarks with comparison of case studies in 4 residents' associations.

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The aim of this study was to acquire information for safely managing the work of removing sprayed asbestos-containing material (ACM). We carried out experiments on the environmental management of work to remove sprayed ACM at an actual building. The building was constructed in 1975 and has a large area as typically seen in Japanese factories. The building has a complex configuration, with 23 areas of different shapes where asbestos is to be removed. This sprayed ACM contains about 4% chrysotile. The removal work was managed by the ASP method which is authorized in Japan for removing ACM, especially sprayed ACM. From the results of our experiments, we drew the following conclusions: 1) The ASP method complies sufficiently with Japanese environmental laws, especially the Air Pollution Control Law. 2) The concentration of fibrous asbestos in the worker's breathing area is the highest when the worker is brushing away the rest of the sprayed ACM. 3) More than 80% of the worker's time is taken for creating the isolation area including the decontamination area and removing ACM.

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In this paper, I define "shape element" just like a element of naural language. I propose a processing how to discover the architectural shape element based on conceptual KDD. That processing have some steps. Those steps are plan selection, making pre-data, using bipolar-scopically converting method, discovering algorythm of architectural shape element, interpretation/evaluation. There for, I explain about how to make the pre-data, about bipolar-scopically converting method, about how to discover the wall element. For get reliability to discovering algorythm, I verify by using conceptual N-gram. N-gram is used at study of natura language analysis. I verified as comparing with "static" and "dynamic". I propose a expression for calicuration perprexity. It is value of decision difficulity. perplexity=[summation the AND area of N-area]/[summation all N-area] I verified that perplexity by using 8 houses designed by Marcel Breuer. I got a result that "dynamic" is better than "static". I got good result from case study. I'll think the algorithm is to need to add script somewhat case of wall gathering status.

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