日本建築学会環境系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-817X
Print ISSN : 1348-0685
ISSN-L : 1348-0685
73 巻, 628 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
  • 奥園 健, 大鶴 徹, 岡本 則子, 富来 礼次
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 701-706
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    An iterative method is applied to time domain finite element method (TDFEM) to reduce the computational cost. First, eigenvalues distributions of coefficient matrix [A] of linear systems [A]{χ} = {b} arise in TDFEM are calculated to reveal the matrix property for basic sound field analysis. Then, convergence behaviors of preconditioned COCG method are shown for practical sound field analyses. Results show that [A] of [A]{χ} = {b} arise in TDFEM has good property, which leads fast convergence of preconditioned COCG method, and the method converges with about 20 iterations per time step regardless of sound field and degrees of freedom if convergence criterion be set to 10-6.
  • 年齢層に着目したインテリア要素,外壁および単色色票の色彩イメージの比較
    佐藤 仁人
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 707-713
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This comparative study concerning age brackets was conducted to evaluate the color image of the interior elements in a living space, the exterior wall and the monochrome colorchip intergenerationally. From the result of the experiment presented so far, it is clear that psychological factors extracted are stable but that the semantic structures are not the same among the elements. The semantic structure of the colorchip is different from the others. While it is clear that the semantic structure of the aged group is different from the other age brackets. This seems to be mainly due to the less color sensibility or decline of interest in color.
  • その2 夏季の中程度高温環境下における温冷感の男女の差異について
    宮本 征一
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 715-720
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this paper, in order to clear the thermal comfort zone in wearing suits, the evaluation experiment was conducted under moderately hot conditions in the steady temperature and humidity room, assumed office in summer. As a result, it was shown that there was not the gender difference of mean total heat flux, but there was the gender difference of mean sensible heat flux and mean latent heat flux. There was the gender difference of thermal comfort vote when the value of MST was 34.1°C - 35.6°C. And it was shown that natural TSV is represented in SET* of 28.4°C in female subjects. This value was higher than the conventional value. It was clear that there was the gender difference of acceptable rate of thermal environment.
  • -実験室の温湿度設定にステップ変動を与えた場合について-
    松本 泰輔, 松井 勇
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 721-725
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Ordinarily, heating methods are discussed in terms of two polar opposites - convection and radiation. However, we think that the conduction of heat through direct contact between warm objects and human bodies makes the greatest contribution to the resident's thermal sensation. For this reason, using sensory tests in an experimental room where heat was added through the floor, walls and ceiling, we investigated the psychological reaction of heating the soles by floor-heating. The results are as follows;
    The relationship between room temperature and thermal sensation votes was determined. Using a primary approximation line derived from an approximation line formula, we found the room temperatures at which the thermal sensation throughout the body was neutral. This room temperature was 22.0°C when soles were unheated, 20.0°C when soles were heated whether the surrounding walls were heated or unheated. We found that direct contact heating of the soles has a greater effect on thermal sensation throughout the body walls.
  • 岩松 俊哉, 片岡 えり, 星野 佳子, 宿谷 昌則
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 727-734
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this research is to find a distinctive but rather qualitative relationship between the thermal cognition acquired through daily experience in the built environment during summer and the indoor thermal conditions. We investigated the relationship between subjective responses and environmental quantities obtained from two experimental small wooden buildings: one has a radiative cooling system on the ceiling and the other has a convective cooling system. The ceiling surface temperature of the radiative cooling was set up to be much higher than the conventional radiative cooling panels in order to find a critical level of thermal condition. We sorted out 35 subjects into two types of lifestyles, namely, those exposed much to convective cooling and those using natural ventilation for long hours. We also sorted out the same subjects into two types, namely, those prefering to convective cooling and those who dislike convective cooling. The percentage of comfort votes tend to decrease as the indoor radiant temperature or air temperature increases, but there is quite a clear difference between those preferring to convective cooling and those who dislike convective cooling. It suggests that there exists such a thermal cognition built up through daily experience in the built environment, which is different from a group of people to the other, depending on what kind of cooling they are exposed to.
  • 坂口 淳, 赤林 伸一, 長谷川 弘, 浅間 英樹
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 735-742
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study carries out a field measurement survey and CFD calculation about the heat loss of a house when heated by the floor heating and the air conditioning were analyzed in detail. The energy consumption in the actual condition of both the floor heating and the air-conditioning is clarified. The results of the measurement are as follows: (1) In this investigation, the heat load of the floor heating is 421[MJ/day], the heat load of the air-conditioning is 405[MJ/day]. (2) CFD calculation results that SET* is about 22[°C], heat loss of a floor heating is more than air-conditioning. (3) Wall temperature of the floor heating becomes relatively high, the heat losses from a wall become large. (4) Room air temperature of floor heating is lower than air-conditioning, the heat load of ventilation is smaller than floor heating.
  • 室内換気性状の評価指標としての有効換気容積の定義と算定法(第2報)
    近藤 靖史, 阿部 有希子, 吉野 一
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 743-750
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    It is very important to keep indoor air quality good in order to avoid health problems such as Sick House Syndrome occurred in Japan. It is also very important to ventilate indoor spaces efficiently to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission. Ventilation efficiency indexes have been proposed as means to evaluate the efficiency of ventilation systems and these indexes have been taken into account in ventilation design. The previous paper proposed the effective ventilated volume, hereafter EVV, as a ventilation efficiency index and showed a definition of EVV based on the volume integral with a weighting function. The meaning of EVV depends on the selected weighting function, therefore three types of weighting function were examined. In this paper, several case studies on the EVV based on computation fluid dynamics (CFD) are demonstrated. In the cases of office models and factory models, mixing ventilation and displacement ventilation are compared with EVV results. In the house kitchen models, the ventilation efficiency is examined with various positions of supply opening of outdoor air. In the house models, two conditions are studied. EVV is evaluated when 24 hour ventilation system is operated and when the kitchen exhaust system is operated. In the clean room models, the position of exhaust openings is examined. When the exhaust openings are installed at ceiling, calculated EVV is much higher than that in the case of wall exhaust openings.
  • -トルエン濃度低減効果に影響を及ぼす因子の検討-
    徐 長厚, 加藤 信介, 安宅 勇二, 千野 聡子
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 751-758
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The concentration of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in rooms depends not only on emission and ventilation rates, but also on sorption by the room surfaces. The use of sorptive building materials on room surfaces seems effective for decreasing VOCs concentrations that have the possibility of affecting human health. In this study, we evaluated the effects of sorptive building materials with respect to decreasing toluene concentrations in air using a small test chamber. Air containing a low concentration of toluene was supplied, and the decrease in toluene concentration was measured at the exhaust. We examined how the toluene concentration, the air exchange rate of the chamber, the loading factor of the sorptive materials, and the convective mass transfer rate influenced the sorptive performance, which was well reproduced experimentally with the CFD simulations.
  • 業務用厨房における置換換気・空調方式に関する研究(その1)
    荻田 俊輔, 近藤 靖史, 吉野 一, 川瀬 貴晴, 平田 俊明
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 759-766
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In working spaces such as commercial kitchens in which heat, contaminants and odor are generated from cooking, it is important to remove polluted air and heat efficiently and to supply make-up air for the occupied zone. The energy consumption with ventilation system in the commercial kitchen is very large. It is very important to reduce the energy consumption of a commercial kitchen.
    Displacement ventilation system can give a good solution to such situation. However the area of floor and wall in Japanese commercial kitchens is small, so it is difficult to apply a conventional displacement ventilation system to a commercial kitchen in Japan.
    In this paper, two types of displacement ventilation were investigated by computational fluid dynamics (hereafter CFD) simulations and experiments. In case A, conventional displacement ventilation with supply opening installed at the wall was studied. In case B, the supply outlet was installed at the ceiling and indoor temperature and tracer gas concentration were compared to the result case A. In addition, indexes of ventilation efficiency e.g. Direct Capture Efficiency (DCE) and Effective Ventilated Volume (EVV) were calculated on the basis of the CFD results.
  • 藤原 陽三, 絵内 正道, 鈴木 憲三, 羽山 広文
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 767-774
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to search trends in further energy saving in highly insulated and airtight houses in Hokkaido, Japan, an actual-condition investigation on a central-heating system fitted in five such houses, each with different methods of construction, was performed. The results were obtained as follows.:1)The equivalent leakage area value of a steel frame construction was 3.2cm2/m2 that was less than a two-by-four construction(0.33cm2/m2) and a conventional wood construction(1.1-1.7cm2/m2) .It is important to be improved air-tightness of steel frame construction houses by various construction methods. 2) Heat loss coefficient estimated from these experimental results was 0.94 -1.59W/(m2•K). To reduce energy consumption for heating,it will become more important to improve thermal-insulation properties and air tightness.3) The heating-system efficiency obtained from these experimental results was in the range of 72 to 93%. Although the ratio of actual boiler capacity to demanded heat-source capacity extrapolated from actual measurements ranges from two to three times,the effect on system efficiency was less than 10%.However it is necessary to include this 10% in the task of planning a heating system.
  • 水出 喜太郎, 山中 俊夫, 甲谷 寿史, 石野 久彌, 大高 一博, 大原 千幸
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 775-782
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two multi-functional voids were planned to enable total outside air cooling in the building where there is considerable internal heat generation and the cooling period is long by utilizing two multi-functional voids. The voids were designed as ventilation towers for supply air and exhaust air, and planned to install a barrier between the openings of both voids on the rooftop. Two voids were located under consideration of the regular wind direction and the effect of separation flow on the rooftop to avoid short-circuit between supply air and exhaust air. From the result of the air flow analysis using CFD and field measurement, it can be confirmed that exhaust air containing pollutant or tracer-gas from the exhaust air void do not move to the supply air void.
  • 通気弁の通気特性と排水能力への影響
    大塚 雅之, 馬 健, 高橋 雄太
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 783-790
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study discusses the evaluation of influences on the drainage capacity of a drainage stack system with an air admittance valve by means of the drainage capacity prediction method, which was previously proposed by the author, while looking into the effectiveness of the method. The study also aims to propose a method to reduce labour and cost incurred by drainage capacity experiments. To be more specific, through this study, the following two points have been clarified: (1) Vent characteristics of five commonly available air admittance valves were identified using a simple experimental apparatus and the relationship between the airflow rate and the air flow resistance coefficient was acquired; (2) The results acquired from (1) were applied to the previously proposed drainage capacity prediction method and subsequently, it was found that the discrepancy between the estimated value and the actual value remained within ±10%, demonstrating that the method is effective in practical application.
  • 道路舗装面の高反射率化によるヒートアイランド緩和(その1)
    近藤 靖史, 小笠原 岳, 金森 博
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 791-797
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The mean air temperature in urban areas has risen due to a change of urban structure in a long term. High reflective paints can reduce a cooling load of buildings and may also improve the thermal environment in urban areas. In this paper, field measurements were carried out on pavement where two areas of surface were coated with high reflective paint and ordinary material. Then, the heat flux on the urban surface was calculated on the basis of heat budget equation with the measured data, and the result was compared with the artificial heat release from buildings etc. in 23 wards of Tokyo. The results of this paper show that high reflective paint is effective to resolve heat island problem.
  • 田中 英之, 義江 龍一郎, 白澤 多一, 栗田 剛, 小林 剛
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 799-806
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this study, we aimed to provide experimental data to validate CFD for pollutant diffusion around buildings in non-isothermal flow. We developed a system for simultaneously measuring fluctuating velocity, temperature and concentration. The system compensates for the contribution of temperature to output voltage of a split film with a cold wire. We made a calibrator for a split film for different temperatures and proposed calibration equations for it, and it showed good performance. These equations can be used to simultaneously measure wind velocity and temperature around buildings in non-isothermal flow. We used a high speed flame ionization detector to measure concentration simultaneously with wind velocity and temperature, enabling us to provide turbulence statistics such as turbulent heat flux and turbulent concentration flux.
  • -注意概念による考察-
    島田 理良, 松原 斎樹, 藏澄 美仁, 合掌 顕, 飛田 国人
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 807-813
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Regression analysis was applied to the experimental data obtained from the different environmental conditions and procedures to investigate the difference of scales; the dependent variables were thermal sensation vote (specific scale), the impression of hot-cold(unspecific scale) and the independent variable was temperature. The results showed that the slope of regression line of unspecific scale was small in comparison with specific scale in an arbitrary condition, and point of intersection of two regression lines were different according to the environmental factors. The effect of attention was suggested.
  • -室温の違いが作業効率に及ぼす影響(その2)-
    岩下 剛
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 815-821
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The impact of the room temperature on the occupants' recollection of watched video program was studied in three different thermal conditions, i.e., warm condition (29°C), neutral condition (25°C), and cool condition (22°C). After watching 30 minutes video program, the subjects answered the questionnaire, which asked the contents of the program. This test was repeated one month after the video watching and three months after it. It was found that there was no significant difference in the percentage of correct answer even in the rather difficult questions of the above questionnaire between neutral and warm condition. Since arousal sensation for the neutral condition voted by the subjects was close to that for the warm condition, the percentage of selecting the choice of “I do not remember the contents” in the neutral condition might be similar to that in the warm condition. The CO2 production from the occupants was calculated by using the CO2 concentration and the ventilation rate for each thermal condition. The significant differences in the CO2 production per one occupant among three conditions were not detected. The shallow breathing caused by worse air quality was not observed clearly.
  • 田中 昭雄, 久保 隆太郎, 中上 英俊, 石原 修
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 823-830
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this study, we estimate residential energy consumption by region and by attribute, using tabulated data from the family income and expenditure survey by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and computational statistical methods. This study especially paid attention to aging in the single-person household and the senior citizen home, because the ratio of the single-person household in Japan and the ratio of the senior citizen home both reach 30%. The existence of the single-person household and the senior citizen home has an enormous influence on the decision of energy consumption in the home section now. However, these problems of household energy consumption were hardly examined in a current sturdy. As a result of this study, we clarified the energy consumption of a household including the single-person in Japan as 39.1 GJ/house/year. Moreover, the energy consumption of senior citizen in the single-person household is 35% more than that of the young and middle aged persons. However, there was little difference by age in the married couple home. Finally, we forecast that the energy consumed will decrease to 38.0 GJ/house/year in 2025 because of an increase in the single-person household and the aging of the citizens. However, the energy consumed by one person will increase by 5%.
  • 外生的資源制約を課した環境ジレンマゲームの普遍モデルに関する研究 その2
    脇山 宗也, 谷本 潤, 相良 博喜, 萩島 理
    2008 年 73 巻 628 号 p. 831-838
    発行日: 2008/06/30
    公開日: 2009/09/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    A universal model for the Environmental Dilemma Game is established. The model has two features. The first point is that the influence of the environment is treated as an exogenous resource restriction that has own dynamics, which is different from 2-players Chicken game or Tragedy of Commons (N-players Chicken game). The second point is that the game playing among agents is based on various 2x2 games, not a particular game specifically aiming at a certain environmental problem. A series of simulations reveals that a sustainable strategy allowing behavior-shifting to adjust environmental capability has been evolved in several game structures. However, in most game structures, dangerous strategies always trying to obtain resources has been prevailed. Social locality affects to support emerging a sustainable society in some game structure, but in another game structure it devastates existing sustainable society.
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