A physics-based model for post-earthquake fire spread was developed by modifying the prototype model previously proposed by the authors. In the new model, seismic motion and heating of fire are both considered as the causes of damage upon building members. The damage results in the change of fire behavior for individual building and criteria for building-to-building ignition. Indices representing the structural damage of a building are as follow: inclination angle of columns; falling ratio of exterior claddings; and deficit ratio of partitioning walls. Charring of wooden column gradually reduces its bearing capacity along with the decrease in its area of cross section. This may yield buckling of the column as well as collapse of the entire building. As to the falling of exterior claddings and burn-through of partitioning walls, the rates of degradation are assumed to be proportional to the cumulative heat flux received by the building members. The falling of exterior claddings increases the probability of ignition due to external heating, and the burn-through of partitioning walls allows transfer of heat and mass between neighboring rooms. For the verification of the new model, simulation of fire spread which followed 1995 Kobe Earthquake was conducted. Behavior of fire spread obtained by the numerical simulation was compared with the survey data at which reasonable agreement was obtained.

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This is a study on identifying three indicators to evaluate the following senses of physical oppression and of openness in urban spaces—configuration factors, solid angles, and space quantity. These senses of physical oppression and openness were evaluated by residents and students of architecture for nine designated streets and were evaluated by residents for the streets fronting their homes in the Sangenjaya area of Tokyo's Setagaya ward. The results show that first, there is some variation in evaluating the two senses of physical oppression and openness between the two evaluated groups of residents and students of architecture; however, the results of the correlations show value in the indicators used for both residents and students of architecture. Second, these three indicators show high correlations for the nine designated streets but show weak correlations for the streets fronting residents' homes due to residents' subjective impressions. Therefore, these three indicators are valid for evaluating those senses of physical oppression and openness when objectively considering the senses of physical oppression and of openness.

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In order to investigate the effect of indoor sound environment in a classroom on learning efficiency, laboratory experiments were conducted. In the experiment, the percentage of correct answers of each task, subjective judgment on degree of disturbance and the power level of frontal midline theta rhythm (Fmθ) were measured under the three types of sound environmental conditions (no-noise, air-conditioning noise, talking noise) in anechoic room. From the result, it was confirmed that the sound environment condition significantly change the percentage of correct answers, the subjective judgment on degree of disturbance and the power level of Fmθ for listening task and proofreading (under the acoustical condition of signal to noise ratio (SNR) 0 dB). Furthermore, the possibility of improvement on learning efficiency by amplifying speech level was investigated. From the result, it was suggested that the amplification of speech signal level decrease the influence of sound environment in classrooms on learning efficiency.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of LED lighting which show textures of materials. In the first experiment, in order to compare four different lamps, compact fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp, two LEDs (R_a90, R_a65) are compared. Eight texture samples including satin, green satin, lame, leather, fur, hemp, green hemp and wool are illuminated by each lamp. The difference in luminance distribution between the texture is large, while the difference between the lamps is small. The results of the Scheffe's Paired Comparison (Ura's version) show the order effect and the combination effect. Therefore, in the second experiment, LED2 (R_a65) is excluded. As a result, significant effects (1% significance level) of the lamps are shown in Question ”preferable” for satin, Question ”shiny” and Question ”natural” for lame. Subjects identify the difference in the color of light between the lamps. It may be caused by the difference in d_uv.

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In order to estimate the effect of evaporative cooling pavement system on the thermal environment of urban spaces, a heat and water balance model for a thermal environment simulator was developed in this paper. An outdoor experiment showed that the porous pavement surface got moist from evening to next early morning. It was confirmed that the main causes of the phenomenon were capillary condensation on the pavement surface and equilibrating of vertical water content distribution of the pavement inside. Heat and water balance factors on the pavement surface were formulated based on these experimental data, and the calculation accuracy of the model was checked through comparison with the experimental data in summer.

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This paper discusses the relationship between the indoor thermal conditions provided by a high-temperature radiative cooling system mounted on the ceiling and thermal cognition given by the subjects experiencing its thermal environment in an experimental room simulating common living conditions in residential buildings. The subjects accepted the indoor thermal environment with high relative humidity over 70 % provided that both of the mean radiant and air temperatures kept at 29°C and the air movement exceeds 0.15m/s. We also calculated the human-body exergy balance for indoor thermal conditions that the subjects voted most for “comfort”. Under such a condition, the cool radiant exergy received by the human body was approximately 30mW/m² and thereby the warm exergy was emitted efficiently from the human body by radiation and convection into the room space. This amount of warm exergy emissions was are larger than that in an air-conditioned room space. Therefore, radiant cooling is not to provide a large amount of cool radiant exergy with occupants, but to provide a sufficient amount in order for the human body to release warm exergy smoothly from the human body surface; that is for spontaneous entropy disposal.

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Monitor roofs can promote the wind-induced natural ventilation, but they exhibit variable resistance coefficients depending upon a number of factors such as monitor shape, wind velocity, wind direction. To predict ventilation rate through a monitor roof, its ventilation characteristics need to be known in advance, which is expressed as the correlation between internal pressure and flow rate; i.e. p-Q characteristics. This paper focuses on the monitor roof provided for a pitched-roof detached house and aims to arrange the ventilation design data. Therefore, the p-Q curves are created through wind tunnel tests varying the monitor shape and wind direction with a building having a monitor placed alone. Given the residential area, however, the ventilation characteristics could be changed and consequently the p-Q curves are arranged where existence of surrounding buildings, distance between buildings, and height of the next building are taken into account.

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In the present study, a mathematical model that reproduces fungal proliferation and morphological colony formation was developed on the basis of a reaction diffusion modeling approach. In this modeling, fungus was separated into two states, active and inactive, and it was assumed that active fungus moves by diffusion and reaction while generating and producing inactive fungus. The effects of temperature and humidity on fungal growth were explicitly incorporated in the reaction term of nutrient consumption/generation of active fungus in this governing equation. The damping function, which reproduces the effects of temperature and humidity on fungal growth, was developed and explicitly based on the fungal index proposed by K. Abe. The fungal index expresses the growth response of three representative fungi as a function of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity. In order to estimate the sensitivity of the proposed numerical fungal growth model, fungal growth on the surface of building materials was analyzed for four types of building materials, and the prediction results were compared with the results of WUFI-Bio and the fungal index proposed by Abe. In the three prediction models, fungal index expressed high sensitivity for atmospheric temperature and humidity and the prediction results of the reaction diffusion model and WUFI-Bio model were reasonably consistent with each other.

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The present study is aimed to propose the establishment of the plan of the drainage and vent system of the low-rise house and the design method and testing method of flow capacity. It is necessary to attempt the accumulation of the test data that shows a necessary drainage performance to propose the examination method. A concrete research method is as follows. 1) The condition at the edge of the stack vent pipe where it influences the flow capacity for drainage system most is presented. 2) The drainage system influence on the drain load condition is understood. It reports on the result of experimenting on these examining it.

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The purpose of this study is to identify vegetation covers shaded by buildings and other structures in detached-house areas. Based on characteristics of temperature variation of tree crown surface, this paper presents a method to identify evergreen trees in the shade using the remote sensed data of surface temperatures observed in the summer and winter. Vegetation indexes (NDVI, MRVI) were also used to reduce misclassification. It was found that 65-70% of the shaded evergreen trees unidentified by previous methods can be identified using the proposed method.

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The contaminated substances in atmosphere are chemically reactive, and their reactions play main roles in the geneses of atmospheric pollutions. In this study, Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) with a two-dimensional enclosed region are carried out to investigate the influence of chemical reactions in turbulent flow fields. The bi-molecular reactions of Ozone with Limonene or Ozone with nitric monoxide, and wall deposition phenomena of these matters are modeled into the numerical analyses. The calculated results are consistent with experimental data. It is also revealed that the time fluctuation intensities of reactants concentration and their cross-correlations affect the mean reaction rates.

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In Japan, the cooling effect of ventilation path is expected as a measure to mitigate urban heat island especially in coastal cities. In this paper, results are shown from micro-climatological observations performed in and around a small river;”Meguro River”, during summer. Its width is 25 m, and it flows through southern part of Tokyo almost toward east direction and runs into Tokyo Bay at near Shinagawa.
Air temperature at the river mouth was about 4 degrees lower than the city-averaged air temperature around midday on fine days. In the case of narrow rivers, it is possible to act as a ventilation path because the riverside buildings induce the upper layer sea breeze in many places. The depth of see breeze is remarkably larger than that of slope cold air drainage, therefore, it may be good idea to consider the way of three dimensional use of sea breeze in all over the city to mitigate urban heat island.

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In the building field, for the purpose of further energy saving and lower carbon intensity, area-wide energy utilization is expected to play an important role in Japan. But such projects require agreement among stakeholders belonging to the area,. which is one of the major hurdles of the realization. This paper describes the promotion measures to motivate agreement among stakeholders as below;
1. Indicating the further improvement of the cost-benefit ratio (B/C) to be shared among stakeholders in consideration of a variety of non-energy benefit (NEB)
2. Identifying B/C for each stakeholder in consideration of the revert of each cost and benefit belonging to some specific stakeholders
3, Expression of the risk caused by the uncertainty of cost and benefit estimation in the early planning phases of projects, and seeking proper allocation of cost and benefit, depending on the difference of the risk preference among stakeholders
The effectiveness of the concept above is verified through a case study based on an actual project.

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The table of energy consumption and CO₂ emission intensities is calculated, which is based on 2005 IO tables in Japan. In this table, intensities of energy consumption and CO₂ emission are shown as values of MJ and kg-CO₂/million Yen, and each values are shown as based on producer's and purchaser's prices. It can be possible to calculate embodied energy and CO₂ emissions due to constructions of various buildings in Japan. Margins in intermediate sectors and purchaser's are calculated and compared between whole industries and building industry. Margin of purchaser's prices are shown in Japanese IO table, therefore CO₂ emissions due to transportation from the factories to building site can be also calculated. Building industry is adjudged to be large CO₂ emission industry concerning transportation compared with the value of production.

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This study aims to provide basic data for energy management at university campus. Investigating building maintenance logs at each campus of Toyo University, effecting factors on energy consumption are examined with multiple regression analysis. It reveals that the explanatory variables are outer temperature, number of student, duration of school term days and total floor space. This analysis shows each impact of the explanatory factors on the energy consumption as the dependent variable. This paper also compares energy consumption at 4 campuses.

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