In order to consider the effect of sprinkler systems and to reduce the amount of workload in the verification for evacuation safety in fire room, the specifications of a room that ordinary detail verification is not needed to be applied were determined based on framework of risk-based design method for evacuation safety in building fire. In this paper, the maximum value of room floor area to omit the ordinary verification was derived from the rate of hazardous fire occurrence and the density of occupant load. Even in case of a room which has larger floor area than the above value, the evacuation distance and width of the door to omit the ordinary verification for room evacuation were calculated according to the value of the acceptable evacuation risk. In a small room, the effect of the sprinkler system was not taken into consideration since the sprinkler system would not activate before completion of evacuation.

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As the appearance of space is essentially important both for task and ambient lighting which can offer energy efficient lighting, and for architectural aesthetic design, a design method utilizing appearance reproduction image, which is named as real appearance image, is proposed. The real appearance image was generated to agree brightness values in two brightness images, one converted from the luminance image in the real environment, and the other converted from the luminance image in observing environment. A practical procedure to generate the approximate real appearance image was then proposed, because the original method contains convergence calculation. The experiment where the appearance of approximate real appearance image on a display was compared with the real scene appearance by 10 subjects, showed that about 70% of the appearance could be reproduced on the display. Finally some examples to make use of this real appearance image, based on 3 dimensional computer simulation, are illustrated.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the advancing and receding effects of colors on apparent distance to a front wall interior. The relationship between apparent distance of the wall and apparent volume of the interior space was also examined. Two presentation methods for subjects, CG images and scale models, were adopted.
The results are stated as follows.
1) The effects of colors on apparent distance to the front wall were clearly shown.
2) The close correlation between apparent distance to the front wall and volume of the space was found.
3) The CG images were shown to be adequate as the presentation method.

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Various static electricity countermeasures are taken in clean rooms，for preventing the pollution caused by particle adhesions. For working out a countermeasure，it is important to give consideration to the generation mechanism，characteristics and electrical charge of charged particles. However，it can't be said that the measurement and evaluation method of charged particles in clean rooms have been established. Moreover，monodisperse and multi-charged particles are important as test particles for the basic study on their transport mechanism and deposition process. But，there are few studies on the charge control of these particles，those are relatively coarse and produced the manufacturing process.
In this paper，the method for generating monodisperse and multi-charged particles is proposed，and the neutralization process of multi-charged particles is clarified. The measurement system of particle's electrical charge，which can be utilized in an existing clean room，is also presented. It will be shown that the monodisperse and multi-charged particles can be produced with the proposed method，and that，by employing the DMA，multi-charged particles can be classified by their charges. The distribution of particle electrical charges after the neutralization corresponds well with that of equilibrated charges evaluated by the aerosol theory. The distributions of particle electrical charges in the atmosphere are also shown，that are measured with the presented system.

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In order to evaluate the cooling and heating effect of underground pit as one of the Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers for diurnal cycle, unsteady CFD simulations for the pit of an office building in summer and winter were carried out using the results of one dimensional heat conduction analysis for underground in vertical direction as initial condition. The following results were obtained: 1) Outlet air temperature, cooling and heating performance of the underground pit system were predicted approximately in this CFD analysis. 2) The contribution ratio to outlet air temperature fluctuation of bottom surface in the pit was the largest in summer and winter. Especially in summer daytime, since warm outdoor air flowed along with the upper part of the pit, the contribution ratio of bottom surface became small. In winter, contribution ratios in the pit hardly changed all day long. 3) The relative humidity in the pit of summer was high and the difference of air temperature at inlet and outlet was small from midnight to morning. During daytime, the difference became about 7.5-8.0%. The dew condensation did not occur on these analysis conditions.

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The Revised Law Concerning Energy Conservation Law was enforced, therefore it is necessary for convenience store (CVS) to reduce primary energy consumption. The aim of this study is to clarify the indoor thermal environment and electricity consumption characteristics of CVS in snowy and cold regions. The effects on temperature distribution by the differences in each temperature settings for merchandise management or air-conditioning system, etc. is analyzed. Ratio of electricity consumption and annual energy consumption per unit area are shown, and the valuation method of energy efficiency applicable to CVS is proposed.

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There had previously been many studies about displacement ventilation systems, but only a few cases mentioned mechanism of heat emitting. Therefore, this study presents the effects of adjusting heights and air volume of heat emitting to the indoor thermal environment by experiments of the model and the factory installed a displacement ventilation system. As results of them, adjusting heights and air volume of heat emitting avoids rise in temperature at the low level in the room. And it was suggested that a normalized temperature can be given as an unique function of the Archimedes number.

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In Tokyo, there are 21 incineration plants which can be considered as unutilized energy sources. However, in many cases, these unutilized energy sources and thermal demand locations are widely separated. Therefore, in order to harness unutilized energy, heat must be transferred to distant demand locations by some form of transportation. As a solution to such spatial restrictions. this study proposes the consolidation of incineration plants to enhance the effective utilization of waste heat. Specifi cally, 15 incineration plants in Tokyo are consolidated by the consolidation process, the amount of utilizable waste heat from the consolidating incineration plants in the Tokyo bay is calculated. and Improvement of effi ciency in waste heat utilization for district heating and cooling by consolidation of incineration plants is estimated.

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This paper compares the effect of energy conservation measures between two buildings on university campus in northern China. The paper also presents for the first time the detailed hourly energy consumption characteristics and composition of such buildings in this area for the year of 2010. Compared in buildings, ‘A’ is near to the average electricity consumption unit of the investigated buildings while ‘B’ includes energy conservation measures. Firstly, variation of heating/cooling load and electricity consumption unit has been analyzed. Then averaged electricity consumption unit with different usage like air conditioning system, lighting were examined at different periods. The indices of daily electricity consumption were figured out. Furthermore, energy conservation measures were evaluated to discuss the energy conservation effect.
Based on the investigation results, the heating load index per floor area of building B was found to be 40% of building A while the cooling load index per floor area was 30% of A. Air conditioning system accounted for 64.8% in building A and electrical socket accounted for 61.8% in building B of the total electricity consumption. Average daily electricity consumption ratio of building B is 5.1% higher than building A indicating possibility of energy conservation in building A. Finally, from the calculation based on actual data and simulation results, it is worth noting that overall energy consumption in building A can be reduced by 38% and individually heating and cooling loads can be cut down 57.8% and 61.5% respectively.

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In the present study, glossiness and contamination levels measured with the device to detect ATP values on the surfaces touched by washroom user's hands were measured while order levels in the washroom were subjectively evaluated. The results showed that the floor surface became dirty and order was smelled as number of washroom users increased. At the same time, number of bacteria (NB) on the surfaces was also measured. Both ATP value and NB on the doorknob and the water tab increased as number of washroom users increased simultaneously. This relationship was confirmed experimentally on the door knob touched by hands that were contaminated at the same level. The effect of elimination of contamination materials on the doorknob was then tested with dry or wet cleaning materials, e.g., towel and micro cloth etc. As a result, both ATP value and NB decreased more effectively by wet materials than dry ones.

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