To predict the rate of thermal outflow including unburned gases from the opening of a compartment, it is necessary to determine the mass burning rate of the fuel as well as the total mass loss rate of the fuel. Then the rates are dependent on the thermal and chemical environment inside the compartment. Therefore, a zone model considering the following two concepts is developed.
1. The predictions of temperature, density, volume and pressure in zone considering the changes of the specific heat on temperature and the pressure transient, dP/dt, term.
2. The prediction of the rates of fuel mass loss and fuel mass burning considering the changes of physical properties, including temperature, density, the mass fraction of chemical species and wall temperature, in upper- and lower-layers.
The prediction results are compared with the previous experiments to validate the model. Overall, the calculations of the model agree well with the experiments of the mass loss rate, the temperature in the compartment and the heat release rate.

抄録全体を表示

This study aims to assess the influence of the combination of the illuminance and the color temperature of the task and ambient lighting to the working efficiency, the subjective assessment, and the satisfaction. The subjects simulated the office work by using the task lighting which includes six combinations of illuminance and color temperature, under the two patterns of the ambient lighting. As a result, the desired task light color was ‘neutral’ under the neutral-color ambient light. Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient was found between the self-reported working efficiency and the degree of satisfaction with task lighting.

抄録全体を表示

Thermal behavior of a window of a building affects indoor thermal environment, especially affects heating and cooling loads significantly. And heating and cooling loads of a window is a major elemental part of whole of loads. Changes of heat transfer reflects the heat load calculation for moment to moment. The authors used multiple units of the experimental apparatus and collected data in short time intervals by the latest high speed data logger to analyze the measured data theoretically. Temperatures at 6 experimental apparatus were measured. Then, examination using the LESCOM simulation program was conducted. The measurement discovered that the indoor thermal environment was improved substantially. It was also found that figures gained from the measurement agreed well with those calculated from the LESCOM program. Climate change nowadays is saying extraordinary. The authors executed heat-load simulation with weather data of the last decade which is considered prefers to that of standard. As the results, we concluded that the simulation with the last decade is important, since it is able to evaluate standard heat-load according to annual difference.

抄録全体を表示

The phase-change characteristic of PCM and the influence of phase-change thermal storage on indoor thermal environment and heating load were examined with the aim of effective utilization of solar heat by model experiments, outdoor experiments and numerical simulation. The main results obtained are as follows. In the model experiment, the basic data on PCM amount and construction area to keep the room temperature constant are obtained. In the outdoor experiments, the heating load during the night was reduced by up to 9.6% in sunny day by apparent effects of heat storage on PCM constructed in the floor of test house. In addition, the horizontal distribution of room temperature was moderated by relieving cold drafts from windows with temperature rise of the PCM constructed floor. It was confirmed that the simulation software ‘THERB for HAM’ can accurately calculate the actual indoor thermal environments through the comparison with experimental results. Sensitive analyses on heating load for a single-family house utilizing THERB and multiple linear regression analyses with calculation results clarified that the construction area of PCM, the temperature difference between melting point of PCM and heating preset temperature, the heat loss coefficient of buildings, the constructed amount of PCM have a profound effect in sequence on the heating load and then those contributory factors are crucially important in the development of PCM building materials and solar heat utilization houses.

抄録全体を表示

For merging of mesoscale/regional meteorological models and engineering large-eddy simulation (LES) models seamlessly, to generate appropriate velocity fluctuations at the inflow boundary (inflow turbulence) for engineering LES models is a very essential issue. In this study, we introduced three artificial generation methods of inflow turbulence based on the Cholesky decomposition of Reynolds stresses in the LES analysis of a plane boundary layer flow, and assessed the performance of those methods by comparing their results with those froma LES computation with periodic inlet-outlet conditions. In particular, we investigated the effects of space and/or time correlations of the generated inflow turbulence on the downstream turbulence characteristics.

抄録全体を表示

In order to reduce energy consumption and control indoor humidity in the buildings, separated sensible and latent air-conditioning systems have been suggested and applied. The advantage of these systems via the use of separate cycle is saving energy by raising the evaporating temperature of the sensible cooling process. Moreover, the system using cogenerated hot water may be expected to reduce energy consumption in the building. Authors proposed a new desiccant air-conditioning system using cogenerated hot water and cool water from cooling tower. This paper describes a computational energy simulation study of the technical feasibility in the proposed system from the point of view of energy consumption of office building. First, to evaluate the proposed system performance, the case studies were conducted by TRNSYS17 which was compared with the various ventilation systems, such as a general ventilation system, a heat exchange system, a desiccant air-conditioning system using heat pump. The calculation results show that the proposed system was more energy efficient compared with the other systems for control thermal indoor environment.

抄録全体を表示

A numerical model of the natural ventilation rate based on thermal and air flow network analyses was proposed for a building with flow control inlets and outlets. The prediction accuracy of this model was verified through a comparison with field measurements of a hybrid A/C system in an existing office building, which was being broken-in during the pre-acceptance phase. Moreover, the influence of the flow control function at the inlets and outlets on the natural ventilation rate, and the contributions of buoyancy and wind forces to the natural ventilation rate, were clarified by applying this numerical model to a case study. The following results were obtained: 1) The calculation errors in measurements of natural ventilation rate were less than 10%, and so predictions by this model with flow control had sufficient accuracy. 2) Flow control functions provided a considerable contribution to the ventilation rate, in particular the backflow control function of the outlets was influential. 3) Buoyancy force caused by internal heat load also provided a considerable contribution to the ventilation driving force, and the contribution became especially large under calm outdoor conditions.

抄録全体を表示

Future projections of thermal and wind environments in the summers of the 2030s, the 2050s, the 2070s, and the 2090s in the Nagoya metropolitan area were carried out by using a regional atmospheric model, WRF. In the future projections, the pseudo-global warming method proposed by Kimura et al. (2007) was introduced to consider the effects of global warming as background data. Here, we used IPCC SRES A2 and B1 scenarios to represent the effects of future global warming. We also performed a present prediction (2010) and compared the differences between the present and future projections. Furthermore, the differences between the results obtained with IPCC SRES A2 and B1 scenarios were investigated.

抄録全体を表示

The number of commercial buildings in Japan is estimated over 10 million and these buildings are considered to emit large amounts of CO₂. However, environmental load for commercial buildings has not been fully researched and those researches done in the past have focused on limited subjects or areas in Japan. This research aims to develop a nationwide database on CO₂ emission and water usage of commercial buildings which can be used by researchers, policy makers and business people.
This paper reports the outline of this database and the specific primary energy consumption, which was developed centrally by 33 universities. The data was collected through questionnaire surveys which was conducted between 2007 and 2009, and a total of 40,085 building data was collected, of which 27,902 were disclosed. The collected data was divided into 23 uses and primary energy consumption intensity for the disclosed database were calculated by areas, gloss floor area and year of completion.

抄録全体を表示

This mechanical sweeping method for measuring sky radiance distribution has the problem that sky conditions change several minutes. An electronically sweep-type measurement equipment equipped with 145 ea. of erythema ultraviolet sensors was developed, and it has become possible to measure the total sky in only two seconds, that is, only a fraction of the time required in the conventional way. This research aims to measure the erythema ultraviolet radiance distribution under condition of clear sky, not only on the horizontal surface, but also the vertical surface with sea sand reflection, using this equipment in Ishigaki Island.

抄録全体を表示