日本建築学会環境系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-817X
Print ISSN : 1348-0685
ISSN-L : 1348-0685
81 巻, 725 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
  • 糸井川 高穂, 羽山 広文, 山岸 浩
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 573-580
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Introduction: Recently there are two types of air-conditioning system for the hospital, convective cooling system as a traditional system and radiant ceiling cooling system as a lower noise and lower drought than convective cooling system. The skin of the human body is playing the role which adjusts the amount of heat exchange between human body and the thermal environment ranging from the summer hot environment to winter chill environment. In peripheral regions, such as a hand and a leg, blood flow volume and skin temperature change as a thermoregulatory response to keep temperature of core parts, such as an organ and a brain. To evaluate the thermoregulatory difference of the different air-conditioning system for the hospital, experimental conditions should be based on the actual use, and should be around relatively comfortable environment. Focusing on peripheral regions will detect differences between the different air-conditioning systems on comfortable conditions. This paper evaluates the difference between two types of air-conditioning system based on physiological and psychological response of peripheral regions.
     Method: We performed experiments in a controlled environmental chamber at TOYOX CO., LTD. The following conditions of tests are reported here. Subjects. We used 6 subjects, three men and women. Subjects wore the same uniform, practically used in the hospital. We evaluated two types of air-conditioning system, convective cooling system and radiant ceiling cooling system. The chamber was controlled to three specific temperatures, 26°C 28°C and 30°C. At one test, subjects spent 60 minutes in one experimental condition. Measurements. We attached thermocouples to measure skin temperature at 7 locations, tongue and back, and blood-flow meter. These sensors were attached to the subjects in the waiting room controlled by 28°C. Psychological responses were recorded at intervals of 5 minutes.
     Result and Discussion: In the experimental temperature of 26°C and 28°C, skin temperature of hand and foot became lower than the other regions of the body.
     Blood flow volume fell tendentiously in the experimental temperature of 26°C, repeating short-term increase and decrease. Also at the experimental temperature of 28°C, it fell a little. In the experimental temperature of 30°C, although short-term increase and decrease arose, tendentious increase and decrease did not arise.
     Thermal sensation shifted to a cold side tendentiously in the experimental temperature of 26°C.
     Based on covariance analysis, differences between convective cooling system and radiant ceiling cooling system were confirmed on the peripheral physiological responses. On the psychological responses, differences between two types of air-conditioning system did not occur. It indicated that convective cooling system made lower peripheral skin temperature and blood flow volume than radiant ceiling cooling system, at the same thermal sensation.
     Conclusion: Experimental study of the physiological and psychological effects of cooling system on peripheral regions was analyzed on following 4 aspects.
     1. On peripheral regions, skin temperature and thermal sensation are in high correlation.
     2. In the same thermal condition, using convective cooling system (convective system) caused lower peripheral temperature than using radiant ceiling cooling system (radiant system).
     3. In the same thermal condition, using convective system caused lower thermal sensation than using radiant system.
     4. In the same thermal sensation, it is suggested that using convective system caused lower peripheral temperature than using radiant system.
  • 温暖地における木造住宅の小屋裏温湿度形成に関する研究 その3
    松岡 大介, 鉾井 修一
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 581-588
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In this study, a hygrothermal model was proposed for predicting the humidification and dehumidification effects using the measured flow rate through the flow paths of an attic space in an experimental house.
     The space between the ceiling gypsum board and bagged insulation (hereinafter “ceiling air layer”) was set up. The simultaneous transfer of the heat and moisture in the hygroscopic regime was analyzed. The outdoor air and surface temperatures, as well as the absolute humidity of the ambient air in the room, vented wall cavity and the outdoor air measured in our previous paper were used as given conditions after averaging them over 5 minutes. Air flow rate through each part (from vent opening to eaves space, from vented wall cavity to eaves space, form eaves space to attic space, from room to attic space) measured every 2 s was also used as an input. The time interval of the calculation was set to 2 s. The calculation was performed from February 25 to April 1, and before that, a pre-conditioned calculation using input data from February 22 to 24 was performed ten times.
     The calculated absolute humidity in the ceiling air layer agreed well with the measured results by assuming that the air-exchange rate between the ceiling air layer and attic space is 2-20 m3/h (equivalent to 0.2-2.0 times/h air exchange rate in the attic space). The calculated temperature and absolute humidity of the attic, relative humidity of the sheathing boards surfaces, and moisture content of wooden elements were also in good agreement with the measured values, showing the validity of the proposed model.
     By using the model, the following results were obtained;
     1) The absorption by the wooden materials in the attic space increases when the sheathing boards starts desorbing. Then the absorption changes into desorption when the desorption from sheathing boards decreases (when the wooden materials in the attic space become sufficiently warm.), and the desorption rate becomes faster than that of the sheathing boards. Then it decreases. During nighttime, the amount of moisture absorbed by the wooden materials is constant and almost the same as that by the northern and southern sheathing boards.
     2) The amount of moisture desorbed from the sheathing boards and wooden materials in the attic space during daytime has strong correlation with the amount of moisture exhausted by air exchange. This is because the desorption of vapor by the sheathing boards and wooden materials increases the absolute humidity of the attic space, and consequently the humidity difference between the attic and the outdoor air becomes larger.
     3) The amount of moisture absorbed and/or desorbed by the wooden materials in a daily cycle is almost the same as that by each of the northern and southern sheathing boards, and thus had a significant effect. This must be considered when calculating temperature and humidity in attic space.
  • LES(Large-Eddy Simulation)による住宅の自然換気・通風性状に関する研究 その2
    有波 裕貴, 赤林 伸一, 富永 禎秀, 坂口 淳, 高野 康夫, 本田 美穂
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 589-597
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     INTRODUCTION
     Natural cross-ventilation is a complex phenomenon, influenced by the distribution of wind velocity, direction, and total pressure on walls. In recent studies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), steady-state flow fields in a cross-ventilated house model have been studied. Cross-ventilation is not observed using steady-state simulations (e.g., Raynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation); nevertheless it is an actual phenomenon. In practice, a flow field varies depending on the fluctuation of outdoor wind, and cross-ventilation is affected by the wind turbulence around a house. Therefore, replicating actual phenomena using CFD is very important to evaluate the unsteady cross-ventilation performance of a house. Recently, unsteady fluid phenomena has been analyzed using large-eddy simulation (LES).
     In this study, a new evaluation method for natural cross-ventilation that takes flow fluctuation into consideration is proposed. In this method, particles are released at openings and the ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area within the house model is calculated. Ratio of particles entering into the model, ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area, effective ventilation rate and effective ventilation ratio are analyzed for the model. Evaluation results concerning unsteady natural cross-ventilation performance are reported.

     METHOD
     In this study, particles are released based on the results of an LES analysis reported previously. The evaluation area (i.e., the inner half part of the house) is set over the central plane of the model to exclude short circuit phenomena. The ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area is calculated. 100 particles are released from the opening per second. The time-history of the flow field obtained for 10 s are used repeatedly until a steady state is achieved. Next, only the particles that reached the evaluation area are counted as contributing to the natural cross-ventilation. The ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area is computed from Equation (1) and the effective ventilation rate is computed from Equation (2) by the amounts of inflow on the opening and the ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area. Equation (3) shows the effective ventilation ratio based on the results of Case 1 and the other cases.

     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
     The results are as follows;
     (1) The ratio of particles arriving at the evaluation area in Cases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 97%, 42%, 58%, 49%, 57% on an average, respectively.
     (2) The effective ventilation rates in Cases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 10.43 m3/h, 0.98 m3/h, 1.76 m3/h, 1.20 m3/h, and 2.12 m3/h on average, respectively. The effective ventilation ratio is given by Equation (3) based on the effective ventilation rate of Case 1.
     (3) In Cases 2, 3, 4, and 5 the average effective ventilation ratios are given by 0.0937, 0.1685, 0.1154, and 0.2030, respectively.

     CONCLUSION
     In this study, a new evaluation method for natural cross-ventilation with consideration of flow fluctuation has been proposed and evaluation results are reported. Consequently, in Cases 2 to 4 wherein no ventilation occurs in a time-averaged flow field, there are unsteady ventilation phenomena. In cases 2 to 4, the effective ventilation rates under unsteady flow are approximately 10% to 20% of those in Case1.

     The particle animation for this study can be found at the URL below:
     http://tkkankyo.eng.niigata-u.ac.jp/dougainfo/journal/les2015_2/les2015_2.html
  • 在宅介護環境下におけるにおいに関する研究
    村田 順子, 光田 恵, 板倉 朋世, 毛利 志保, 棚村 壽三
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 599-606
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     As post-war baby boomers reach old age, Japan is becoming a super aged society. Under these circumstances, the country's policy on welfare for the elderly has shifted toward the support of home- and community-based alternatives to nursing-home placement. Improving the home care environment is very important for family caregivers in order to lighten their burden.
     The condition of a home environment affects its residents' quality of living. This study focused on the odors of elder care environments, as odors are one of the most important issues in long-term care environments. However, in home care for elderly people, insufficient data exists on evaluations of long-term care environments. The aim of this report is to clarify the actual condition of home care and how caregivers evaluate the care environment.
     From December 2010 to January 2011, we conducted a questionnaire survey of caregivers living together with elderly who use long-term care insurance. Participants were 343 caregivers. The questionnaire was constructed with the basic attributes of the elderly and caregiver, care level and activities of daily living of the elderly person, care burden, odorous environments of the house, condition of the house, subjective evaluations of odors in the home care environment, and so forth.
     The results were as follows;
     1) Nearly 40% of the caregivers were daughters of the elderly; 30% were daughters-in-law. More than 70% of the elderly were over 80years old, and 28% were certified as care level 4 or 5, which means they require substantial care or support in daily life. A total of 52% of the caregivers cared for the elderly without any support from other family members. Despite various services being available, most elderly people used only day services.
     2) Irrespective of the care level, home care for the elderly was a burden to the caregiver. Over 60% of the caregivers thought that it was difficult to contact their friends, maintain their social life, and invite people home.
     3) Among “the evaluation of residence as the care environment, ” the items caregivers were the most dissatisfied with were, in order, “many steps within the house, ” “ease of using bath, ” and, fourth, “the odors in the home.” Regarding the state of the elderly individual's room for the caregiver, the rate of dissatisfaction with the odor in the room was the highest.
     4) Excreta had the strongest and most unpleasant odor of all odors emitted in the home. A higher level of odor discomfort came from, in order, garbage, drainage, mold, and the body odor of the elderly (including hair, sweat, and bad breath). The odor intensity of excreta is related to the levels of certified care needed.
     5) Caregivers considered that urine, feces, and body odors were problematic in the care environment. The higher the care level became, the stronger the odors. Persons with higher care levels have low independence in excreta; this means that they have incontinence or use more portable toilets or diapers. A caregiver's consciousness of odor in the home was influenced by way of excreta.

     This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22360244
  • 菊本 英紀, 大岡 龍三, 加藤 信介
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 607-614
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     When the concentration of an aerial pollutant is detected at some observation points in an urban or built environment, immediate source identification allows for application of effective measures to decrease the concentration of the pollutant and its adverse effects. In this case, source identification involves determination of the source position and source strength from measured concentrations.
     We propose a novel method for identifying the source of an environmental pollutant continuously released from a point source in a turbulent flow field at a statistically steady state. The method employs the analysis of tracer dispersion released from observation points of the pollutant in a reversed flow field (RFF). The RFF is artificially produced from the forward flow field (FFF) in which the pollutant is transported. The direction of temporal progress and velocity vectors in the RFF are created opposite to those in the FFF.
     In a statistically steady turbulent flow and concentration field, the concentration of matter at a position can be expressed as a product of its source strength and expected staying time (EST) per unit volume at the position of a particle of the matter. From the discussion on the probabilistic behavior of a virtual particle in the flow fields, we found that the EST between two related points has an identical value when the release and monitoring points are interchanged in the FFF and RFF. Using the relationship of the EST and the tracer dispersion from the observation points in the RFF, the measured concentration of the pollutant and the EST give the estimated source strength as a function of the position. This property coincides with the duality of the scalar fields analytically derived in the adjoint method.
     When they have multiple observation points, each tracer dispersion analysis gives different distributions of the estimated source strength. However, the source strength has to have a unique point value for physical realizability. This condition reduces candidate positions of the pollutant source. When the dispersion of the pollutant occurs in the n-th dimensional space, the number of parameters is n + 1, which contains n space coordinates of the source position and the source strength. Consequently, n + one observation points allow the determination of all parameters in the source identification.
     This paper presents the basic idea of the source identification method based on physical consideration of the particle behavior in the RFF. An example of the source identification procedure is also presented for pollutant dispersion in a two-dimensional uniform flow field. However, the solution of source identification obtained with the present method can be very sensitive to the errors that are assumed to occur in the measurement or analysis of flow and concentration fields. For practical applications, an additional method to provide robust solutions against these errors are needed and will be considered in future studies.
  • 富樫 英介
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 615-623
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     An adsorption refrigeration chiller has great potential for improving energy conservation. It uses adsorbing materials with low regeneration temperatures that can be regenerated by waste heat from a gas engine or hot water from a solar heat collector. To optimize the operation of an adsorption refrigeration chiller, a performance prediction method is required. In this study, a model of an adsorption refrigeration chiller was developed for annual building energy simulation.
     Models have been developed to calculate the thermodynamic properties of an adsorbent. Many of the adsorption refrigeration chillers currently available in the market use an AFI-type structure ferroaluminophosphate zeolite (FAPO-5) as the adsorbent. As the adsorption isotherms of FAPO-5 have sigmoidal characteristics in contrast to those of general zeolite or silica gel, they were approximated using a logistic function (Eq.(1)). Fig. 2 shows the adsorption isotherms of FAPO-5. To increase the calculation speed, a linear regression model (Fig. 3) was also proposed. The correlations between relative pressure [-], adsorbent temperature [K], and adsorption [kg/kg] were expressed in the model. The relative and absolute error rates of adsorbent temperature were 0.009% and 0.024%, respectively, in the range of applications. To calculate the temperature of saturated water from relative pressure and adsorbent temperature, a linear regression model of saturated water and vapor was also developed.
     The model of the adsorption refrigeration chiller consists of four components: a condenser, an evaporator, an adsorber, and a desorber. Fig. 4 shows the heat balance diagram of the adsorption refrigeration chiller. Heat flow was modeled using cooling water, chilled water, and hot water. Heat flow inside the chiller occurred by vaporization, condensation, desorption, and adsorption of refrigerant water. The heat exchange at each component was expressed with the NTU (number of transfer units) effective method as expressed in Eqs. (15), (22), (25), and (27). The changes in adsorption at the adsorber and desorber were expressed using differential equations as shown in Eq. (18) and Eq. (24). Fig. 5 shows the time series of the adsorption refrigeration cycle assumed in this model. Eq. (18) and Eq. (24) can be solved to Eq. (36) and Eq. (40) by using the linearity assumption of adsorption isotherms. Fig. 6 shows the calculation flow diagram of the model. Three iterative computations were required. The co-efficient of performance (COP) of the chiller was calculated iteratively in the outer loop. The hot water outlet temperature and desorb temperature were calculated iteratively in the inner loop. When the value of adsorption exceeded the linear range in the iterative calculations, the value was corrected as shown in Fig. 7.
     A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the developed model. Fig. 8 shows the results of sensitivity analysis. The cooling capacity and COP were calculated by varying the temperature and flow rate of cooling water, hot water, and chilled water. The plot in Fig. 8 represents the actual measured data from a previous study. The lines in Fig. 8 are the calculated results for the developed model. The solid lines denote the results that have the same boundary conditions as the measured data. The results of the sensitivity analysis on flow rates were consistent with the measured data. Sensitivity analysis on the hot water inlet temperature shows slightly different trends compared to measured data.
     All source codes developed in this study are distributed under General Public License and can be downloaded from the website ( http://www.hvacsimulator.net ).
  • 堀 英祐, 井上 友理, 関野 正人, 長谷見 雄二
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 625-632
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     After the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, the establishment of a regional medical system and a preparation of disaster medical system that is the establishment of the disaster base hospital. Medical facilities are needed to be actuating when the disaster occurs, and varieties of standards and guidelines of architecture and facilities has been established. To enforce medical services smooth enough when the disaster occurs, we need improvement projects that assume disaster medical services beforehand.
     But, at a large scale earthquake such as the Great East Japan earthquake, a case which sufficient medical service was difficult to enforce because of the shortage such as water and fuel due to long-term passage of the lifeline in addition to the damage of building equipment and medical equipment even in disaster base hospital has been reported.
     About the facility requirements that is based on the correspondence of the disaster, it is determined comprehensively based on expenses among the minimum capacity that is prescribed by Building Standard Act/the Fire Services Act and the capacity that is demanded from the activity assumption, but at the time of disaster there are many cases that caused restriction of medical services because of the restriction on use of medical equipment and the capacity lack of the private power generator, so it doesn’t mean that it is always decided appropriately.
     Therefore in this study, we will grasp about the priority of the disaster medical service in the disaster base hospital and the necessary medical equipment and make a survey and analyze about electricity consumption accompanying with it, to estimate the appropriate capacity of a private power generator becoming necessary for correspondence at hospitals at the time of disaster. This study is intended to contribute to the development of the hospital plan which can carry out the medical service at the time of disasters smoothly, by calculating electric power load that is based on the medical policy at the time of a disaster assumed on every hospital.
     In this study, we grasped about the priority of the disaster medical service of 14 disaster base hospitals and the necessary medical equipment and make a survey and analyze about electricity consumption accompanying with it, to estimate the appropriate capacity of a private power generator becoming necessary for correspondence at hospitals at the time of disaster. The obtained knowledge is shown below.
     1. The ratio of the private power generator to the contract demand of the 14 hospitals that the answer to the questionnaire was provided was from 43% to 155%, and considering the margin of the contract demand, most hospitals hold private power generators that has generation capacity of 60% degree of ordinary time.
     2. As a result of the medical equipment load that is assumed by each medical service contents at the time of the disaster calculated by per unit floor space, electricity consumption of emergency patient correspondence and the image diagnosis inspection were big , and the average electricity consumption of 5 hospitals were from 18.95 W/m2 to 22.40 W/m2.
     3. From the results of estimating the medical equipment load corresponding to the priority of medical services, we found that the medical equipment load account for 51.8% to 120.4% of the capacity of private power generator and 44.5% to 86.3% of the contract demand, even performing duties only that has have the medical services also be always performed at the time of disaster.
  • - エネルギー需要想定に向けた小中学校における用途別エネルギー需要原単位 -
    角田 曄平, 金島 正治
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 633-640
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In recent years, energy consumption of the civilian sector has been increased. And after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Japanese government has intensified the effort to safeguards against disasters by creating smart community which is a high energy efficiency and a considering the BCP (Business Continuity Plan). To plan the energy efficient smart communities, it is necessary to predict the energy demand accurately in the community. There are many researches which investigate the energy consumption, but there isn't any reserch for energy demand of educational facilities. The purpose of this study is to clarify the energy demand rate for each usage in educational facilities which are necessary to plan smart community by electricity and gas consumption measurement.
     The subject for facilities of this study is six schools which include four municipal elementary schools and two municipal junior high schools in Setagaya ward, Tokyo (Table 1). In this report, we examined the energy consumption and energy demand rate for each usage from the monthly energy consumption data in the past three years, the annual consumption data of energy and the information from the questionnaire survey. In order to organize the entire energy demand in each school, we collected the monthly energy usage of power and gas from the detailed billing. Gas meters are equipped separately for kitchen, air-conditioning and hot water supply. And in order to analyze the energy demand pattern, we conducted the annual measurement of power per minute and recording of gas meters per hour for two days in every month on weekday.
     The result of organizing the energy consumption data indicates the tendency of larger energy consumption at the schools has large number of students and the newly-built schools (Figure 2). And five schools of six is evaluated as the average energy consumption of the school of DECC energy database (Figure 3).
     The result of organizing the energy demand rate of the lighting and outlet, cooling and heating in the educational facility is confirmed less than “offices”, “hospitals”, “hotels” and “store” of bibliography 1 (Figure 7-14). The energy demand rate except for the hot water supply is equivalent amount of demand rate of the "Housing". The amount of energy used for hot water supply is very low as described in the preceding bibliography 5. The energy demand rate for lighting and outlet tends to increase in proportion to the completion year. And the energy demand rate for heating and cooling tends to increase in proportion to the total floor area. And the energy demand rate for hot water supply of the school tends to increase in proportion to the number of students (Figure15 to 18).
     These results show the energy demand rate for each usage of yearly, monthly and hourly that can be used for demand forecast to plan smart community. It is possible to simulate the existing or new elementary and junior high schools energy demand by these data (Table 4, 6 and 7). On a final note, this study is intended for municipal elementary and junior high schools in limited areas, so further research is regarded to confirm the accuracy of the results.
  • 知的生産性向上を目指した執務空間におけるコミュニケーションおよび環境要素に関する実態調査(その2)
    沼中 秀一, 高橋 祐樹, 杉崎 奈緒子, 菊池 卓郎, 加藤 信介, 天野 健太郎, 谷 英明, 高橋 幹雄
    2016 年 81 巻 725 号 p. 641-650
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     As a technique for verifying the improvement of workplace productivity, behavioral simulation using the multi-agent model is considered to be effective. The purpose of this study is to obtain a contributing knowledge to the study of the workplace productivity improvement by using human behavior simulation. Performing a sensitivity analysis about informal communication can be considered to be meaningful. In this study, analysis tool that simulates the behavior of workers intended for office space has been constructed using artisoc was used. Preliminary calculations were made by the office layout in the actual building. Survey of this building was analysed. The largest amount of informal communication was between sitter and migrant by survey analysis. The amount of informal communication of per person per day between sitter and migrant and between migrant and migrant was 0.75h. Office layout in this actual building was a galleried corridor type. Sensitivity analysis in the standard model plan has been made. Sensitivity analysis target is as follows. Position of the copy machine, the orientation of the desk, the location of the meeting room, the presence or absence of the partition, such as the corridor type of sensitivity.
     This study was obtained the following knowledge. The number of occurrences of informal communication was greater in the case of a galleried corridor type. The cases that copy machine are aggregated in the office floor, it was less the number of occurrences of informal communication. The location of two copy machines were compared aggregate position with segregate, therefore informal communication amount of the segregate position were more often than that of the aggregate. If the movement amount of the agent is increased, it will be suggested to contribute to an increase in informal communication amount.
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