日本建築学会環境系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-817X
Print ISSN : 1348-0685
ISSN-L : 1348-0685
81 巻, 726 号
選択された号の論文の10件中1~10を表示しています
  • 中国人訪日旅行潜在層を被験者として
    高岸 英子, 西名 大作, 吉原 俊朗, 川瀬 功太, 陸 偉 , 金 華 , 田中 貴宏
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 651-660
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this study is to clarify how Chinese tourists evaluate tourism landscape images of Hiroshima, and to obtain the basic data for increase of Chinese tourists who comes to Japan in the future. We defined Chinese students and Chinese ordinary employees as the potential visitors to Japan, and carried out the psychological experiment to ask them to evaluate 40 tourism landscapeimages.Theevaluationtendenciesbytwosubjectsgroupswerecomparedbyfactoranalysisandsimultaneousanalysis of several groups. As the results, the evaluation structure is almost same between two groups. However, in ordinary employees, “Harmony” is more important and “Openness” is less important as the factors of intention to visit compared with students. Furthermore, the higher correlationbetween“Likenessof Japan”and “Inherency”which is the mostimportant factor isobserved in the results of ordinary employees.
  • 環境心理評価における定性調査手法の研究
    彭 博 , 小島 隆矢
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 661-668
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Customer's needs and satisfaction research are very popular in the field of marketing. These kinds of research have gradually come to be conducted in the field of architecture. There are many research methods, but the differences between these research methods are not explained sufficiently in the field of architecture. Today, doing research is conducted not only by experts, but also by general companies and private individuals. Therefore, we need to explain the differences between each research method and make it easier to use.
     This study's focus is on three research methods: evaluation grid method, repertory grid method, or triadic procedure technique, and typical free description. Evaluation grid method was formed in the field of architecture in Japan in 1986. It was developed by repertory grid method. Evaluation grid method is very popular now and used not only in the field of architecture, but also in the field of marketing. Repertory grid method is used in the field of clinical psychology. Repertory grid method has variety of styles but in this study we choose triadic procedure technique to conduct research. Typical free description is used in many fields.
     In order to explain the differences between these three methods, we set two subjects. First, to explain the differences of usability, a comparison on the interpretability of the three research methods was conducted. Second, the classification on the tendency of extracted evaluation terms from the three research methods was conducted to understand the tendency of extracted evaluation terms of these methods. Comparison the differences between the three methods was evaluated by using the same elements in each research method. The elements consist of 26 different illustrations of living rooms.
     This research has three steps. First, do comprehensive evaluation in five grade scores. Second, do evaluation in each of the three research methods. Third, conduct an evaluation with individual scales method in each interviewee. In the third step we make an evaluation sheet for every interviewee. Except for the second step this research is in the same process and the data of the three methods can be compared. We get 614 evaluation terms from evaluation grid method, 430 evaluation terms from triadic procedure technique and 970 evaluation terms from typical free description.
     To see the relation between individual scales and comprehensive evaluation, we used individual scales as qualitative variable to get correlation ratio and used individual scales as quantitative variable to get correlation coefficient. To explain an interpretability of each research method for comprehensive evaluation, we used correlation ratio. The result shows that evaluation grid method is the biggest in the three methods. However, it cannot get the differences between triadic procedure technique and typical free description. In order to know more particularly, it is necessary to classify the extracting evaluation terms of these three methods. To classify every extracting evaluation terms it is necessary to think of individual scales for comprehensive evaluation to factorial effect. There are 6 patterns: one-dimensional quality, attractive quality, must-be quality, more attractive quality, unsatisfied quality and indifference quality. The result shows that evaluation grid method has many one-dimensional, attractive and must-be quality. Triadic procedure technique has many more attractive and unsatisfied quality. Typical free description has a lot of indifference quality.
     From this study it can be explained that evaluation grid method has high interpretability, triadic procedure technique has moderate interpretability and typical free description has low interpretability.
  • 東京の最近50年間よりのオフィス年間冷暖房負荷予測
    磯崎 恭一郎, 武田 仁
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 669-678
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     The large city is said that heat island advances. The authors made weather indexes using weather data in every hour of Tokyo of recent approximately 50 years.
     The near future prediction of the winter weather indexes are for the temperature, the heating degree day Dh18, for the temperature and the humidity, the heating enthalpy day Eh30, for the humidity, the heating humidity day Hh7.6 chose by the evaluation by the residual error dispersion. The prediction is good in the near future using these weather indexes. Every weather indexes decrease in the near future.
     Like the winter season, near future prediction of the summer weather indexes, as for the temperature, the cooling degree day Dc26, as for the temperature and the humidity, the cooling enthalpy day Ec60, as for the humidity, the cooling humidity day Hc12.1. There is the near future of Dc26 and Ec60 in a tendency to increase and Hc12.1 decrease. The weather index to predict annual cooling and heating loads should use these weather figures.
     Then, we calculated annual cooling and heating loads of 50 years using LESCOM program every one minute.
     ·Near future prediction of heating loads
     The prediction by four weather indexes (Dh18, Eh30, Hc7.6, winter season accumulated solar radiation Sow), followed by 3 indexes (Dh18, Hc7.6, Sow) is good for the near future prediction of the heating loads. The heating loads tend to decrease. About 56.9 - 370.9MJ decrease per a year. It is predicted that an annual rate of 0.3-2.5% decrease in 2008. Prediction by heating loads itself about 57~368MJ decrease per a year and an annual rate of approximately 0.3~2.1% decrease in 2008.
     ·Near future prediction of cooling loads
     The near future prediction of the cooling loads have good prediction by 4 indexes (Dc26, Ec60, Hc12.1, summer season accumulated solar radiation Sos) or 3 indexes (Dc26, Ec60, Sos). The cooling loads of the near future tend to increase. About 11.1 - 386.5MJ increase per a year. It is predicted that an annual rate of approximately 0.01% increase in 2009. Prediction by cooling loads itself about 26~326MJ increase per a year and an annual rate of approximately 0.02~0.25% increase in 2009.
  • 井川 憲男, 永村 一雄, ファーナム クレイグ
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 679-685
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     For the high reliable simulation, appropriate meteorological data to reproduce the real phenomenon is essential. However, it is not easy to obtain the actual information about all of the weather elements from the ordinary weather stations. For example, eve n in weather station the solar irradiance has been measured, daylight illuminance and PAR and UV-A and UV-B have not been measured. Therefore, daylight illuminance which is necessary for the planning and prediction of indoor environment is estimated from t he solar irradiance. Also, the relationships between solar radiation and PAR, UV-A and UV-B as high-prediction techniques are not established. PAR is an essential element in such as the development of the plant. The UV radiation is very important environmental factor in relation to biological effects and architectural degradation. The estimation technique leads to accurate environmental prediction or wider target if daylight illuminance, PAR, UV-A and UV-B can be estimated from the solar irradiance.
     The measurement of weather data was started on January 1, 2006 in Osaka City University (34°36’'N, 135°30' E). In this study, 10-minute intervals data was applied. The sky conditions were classified by two indices those are the clear sky index (Kc) and the cloudless index (Cle) defined by Igawa.
     The equations for estimating the daylight illuminances were developed from the solar irradiance based on the measurement data in Osaka. The newly developed model referred to as the Igawa_D was compared with Igawa_C mode l, Perez model and Olseth model using the actual measurement 140722 pieces values obtained from 2006 to 2011. The models used in the comparative study by the MBE and RMSE were confirmed of their accuracy. The MBE and RMSE of proposed Igawa_D were smaller than other models.
     On the basis of the data measured at Osaka in 2008, formulae to estimate the PAR from the solar irradiance were developed. The 68, 400 pieces of the measured data in Osaka from 2007 to 2009 were applied for the validation of developed PAR efficacy equations, and the equations were confirmed of their accuracy.
     It is well known that UV-B on the ground is strongly affected by the absorption of ozone, but it is not easy to obtain the time series data of ozone. Therefore, estimation equations were developed as the parameter of Kc and Cle using the measurement data in 2012. Comparing the estimation vales with the measurement data from 2012 to 2013, the global UV-A, the diffuse UV-A and the direct normal UV-A estimated by the proposed equations are found of their good reproducibility. The equations for UV-B developed here somewhat accuracy is low as compared to UV-A, but is believed to be sufficient for practical use.
     After trying to establish equations to estimate daylight illuminance, PAR, UV-A and UV-B based on the solar irradiance, it seems practically useful to propose these estimation equations. Since the solar irradiance is prepared in the Expanded AMeDAS weather data as a basic data, daylight illuminance, PAR, UV-A and UV-B will be able to provide easily throughout the country based on the solar irradiance data.
  • 権藤 尚, 三原 邦彰, 大山 政彦, 鉾井 修一
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 687-696
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     The author et al. carry on research aimed to establish ways of preventing dew condensation that occurs from time to time on the spandrels of glass curtain walls which have been increasingly used in recent years in office buildings to enhance their aesthetic appeal.
     In the mock-up experiment described in our preceding report, it was showed the direction of measures to take against dew condensation. In the case of actual buildings, however, the said mock-up experimental conditions do not always apply. For example, dew condensation can occur during construction of the building as a result of desorption of moisture from calcium silicate board having high water content. In addition, while the building is in use in winter, a difference between the interior and exterior pressures can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to make a more detailed prediction using a simulative approach.
     In this paper, using our simulation program developed to predict dew condensation on the spandrel of glass curtain walls, it was verified the accuracy of simulation results by comparing them with the experimental results.
     From the verification of accuracy of desorption / absorption and desorption of moisture of calcium silicate board, it was found that the sorption isotherm and moisture conductivity of the material significantly influences the simulation results and that it is important to use the accurate values based on the measurement results.
     From the verification of accuracy of dew condensation tests I carried out an experimental room, we confirmed that our simulation program can be used to evaluate the influence of indoor side interstices in the spandrel, the influence of polyurethane foam on the cavity temperature, dew point, and dew condensation.
     From the verification of accuracy of dew condensation tests II carried out an experimental room with simulated solar insolation, we confirmed that our simulation program can be used to evaluate the influence of outdoor side interstices in the spandrel, the influence of specifications of calcium silicate board, the influence of an aluminum sheet, the influence of polyurethane foam on the cavity temperature, dew point, and dew condensation.
     In the evaluation process, it was found that the rate of ventilation had a marked effect on the dew-point temperature and dew condensation.
     Through verification of the accuracy of a dew condensation test carried out in an actual building, we confirmed that it was possible to reproduce the cavity temperature, glass surface temperature, and dew-point temperature change. However, even in a space enclosed by metallic panels, etc., the dew-point temperature change due to a space temperature change cannot be evaluated. Besides, the error increases when indoor dew-point temperature change is given rapidly, especially for the dew-point temperature change.
     Through verification of the accuracy of the developed simulation program by comparing simulation results with the experimental results, we confirmed that it would be possible to predict effective methods of to prevent dew condensation on the spandrels paying attention to the important points mentioned above.
  • ガラスカーテンウォールスパンドレル部の結露防止に関する研究 その2
    権藤 尚, 三原 邦彰, 鉾井 修一
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 697-706
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Recently, there are a lot of buildings which have glass curtain walls from the design point of view. However, condensation often occurs on the spandrels of glass curtain walls in winter. The aim of this study is to establish measures to prevent condensation on the spandrels of glass curtain walls in commercial buildings.
     The authors' previous study shows the basic concepts to prevent condensation by conducting full-scale experiments for glass curtain walls (T. Gondo, 2011).
     However, in some cases there are differences between experiments and actual conditions in real buildings for example because of the influences of moisture evaporated from the calcium silicate board with high water content in the construction phase and the pressure difference between interior and exterior that occurs due to the temperature difference in winter.
     In this study, case studies are conducted using simulations to clarity the countermeasures to prevent condensation on the spandrels of glass curtain walls both in the construction and operational phases. The results of the study are summarized as follows.
     The conclusions from 1) to 4) are related to the operational phase and those from 5) to 9) are related to the construction phase.
     1) In the standard condition, condensation occurs on the spandrels of glass curtain walls regardless of orientation and floor height. Especially, the amount of condensation is a lot for the cases for the north and with middle and high floor heights.
     2) It is possible to reduce the amount of condensation by increasing the airtightness of the board, e.g., by installing joint gaskets and sealing tapes in the spandrels. However, condensation occurs on the glass of the spandrels due to the influence of moisture desorbed from and transmitted through the calcium silicate board.
     3) It is possible to prevent condensation on the spandrel glass by increasing the airtightness by gaskets and exhausting the moisture from the calcium silicate board by the installation of 4 ventilation openings of 6mm x 60mm at both the upper and lower parts.
     4) The installation of double glazing for the spandrel glass almost prevents condensation. However, condensation can still occur for the cases for the north and with high floor height.
     5) In the cases under construction where the gaskets are installed for the board of the spandrel, condensation temporarily occurs due to the influence of moisture desorbed from the calcium silicate board regardless of orientation and floor height.
     6) The amount of condensation tends to be large for the orientations where sunlight hits the board because the amount of desorbed moisture increases due to the heat of sunlight. In contrast, the amount of condensation is small for the north although condensation is generated for a long period.
     7) It is possible to prevent condensation on the spandrel glass by exhausting the moisture from the calcium silicate board by the installation of 4 ventilation openings at both the upper and lower parts. The installation of the aluminum board, the calcium silicate board with low water content and double glazing are also effective.
     8) The amount of condensation of the spandrel glasses is related to the insulation material behind the calcium silicate board and the paint color of the board.
     9) Since condensation on the spandrel glass under construction is often temporary, it can be a countermeasure to wait until condensation disappears.
  • 竹林 英樹, 妹尾 将司
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 707-713
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In this study, the relationship between urban size and the heat island intensity is analysed by using meso scale Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model, in three cities with different sizes (Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya area). Since the urban area is extended to inland where is potentially likely to be higher air temperature in Tokyo area, higher air temperature is recognized in inland area. When urban area is increased, higher air temperature area is increased in inland area, since the urban area is likely to extend to inland area. Therefore, indirect relationship is confirmed between the spatial average air temperature in urban area and the urban size.
     If the urban form such as building coverage ratio and building height is the same, air temperature rise in urban area is not confirmed when urban size is expanded. Therefore, it is considered that there is no relationship between urban size and the heat island intensity. However, the spatial average air temperature in urban area rises when urban size is expanded, since higher air temperature area increases in inland. In the case of calculating the heat island intensity using the spatial average temperature in urban area, the heat island intensity is related to urban size.
     When calculating the heat island intensity by a conventional manner, if selecting a representative temperature in urban area near the coast or inland, the heat island intensity varies significantly. Therefore, the heat island intensity should be calculated based on air temperature distribution which was gained by repeatedly movement measurements intended for several urban areas as performed Sakakibara et al. or by meso scale model as in the present study.
  • 矢ヶ崎 和貴, 浅野 良晴
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 715-721
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Review of the calculation methods of CO2 emissions have been carried out, one of which is the handling of harvested wood products (HWP). These arise from end of Kyoto Protocol First Commitment Period. HWP utilizing wood fixed carbon play a role as carbon fixed locations has contributed to the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere. There is a movement to evaluate the carbon fixed effect of HWP from the above reasons.
     Lumbers, wood-based panels and papers, which are produced from forests, are managing the domestic forest, become the calculation target of HWP. There is FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certification as to assess that the forest management has been carried out properly.
     Wooden buildings occupy an important position as a fixed place of carbon. This study estimates the carbon fixed effect of wooden houses in The Japanese Alps Area with a focus on Nagano Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. In consequence of this study revealed the carbon stocks at the moment in central mountain range, the transition of carbon stocks amount in the case of the wooden housing start has remained as-is, the amount of carbon wooden houses is released by being dismantled.
     We estimated the stock number of wooden houses from the remaining function of wooden houses and the number of future new wooden construction work starting. In addition, we have calculated the timber stocks. To work out it, we multiply by the number of wooden houses to average floor area and wood usage per unit area. We forecasted the number of new wooden housing starts which takes into account the population and economic situation by reference to NRI's study. We used the Weibull cumulative distribution that was revealed in Oikawa et al study as the remaining rate function.
     Estimates of wooden housing stock amount reveal wooden housing stock of Nagano Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture continues to decrease, during the 30 years from 2014 to 2043. The carbon fixed amount of The Japanese Alps Area in 2014 is 950,000 tons, while that in 2043 is 660,000 tons. In this study, we examined the carbon stock fixed in wooden houses when the domestic timber utilization increased to 60%. As a result of the verification, we got the consequence of carbon stock would increase the domestic timber utilization of wooden houses increased. When the domestic timber usage grows, the CO2 provision of Nagano and Gifu in 2043 is 1,020,000 tons.
     It is important that we grow the domestic timber utilization for wooden structure, with an eye to the augmentation of the carbon stocks in HWP of wooden houses. Furthermore it is significant to raise the use of appropriate woods that have been produced in forest management, and certified by the common agreement such as Forest Stewardship Council. The future tasks of this study are reflecting the concept of long usage, additions and betterments.
  • 尾方 壮行, 飯嶋 美希, 松村 美保, 堤 仁美, 堀 賢, 田辺 新一
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 723-729
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     It is well known that most healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are spread through the transmission of pathogens by contact with hands. In order to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases, health-care workers should use proper personal protective equipment (PPE). They should wash and sterilize their hands before and after caring for patients. Furthermore, they should clean the patients' environment and, as standard procedure, sterilize the equipment used to ensure their own protection as well as that of the patients. The primary prevention of HAIs is through controlling contact and transmission between health-care workers and patients. Guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend cleaning environmental surfaces in hospital rooms. However, there is no clear data on the condition of the environmental surfaces that are subject to frequent hand contact and require regular cleaning and sterilization. Field research is therefore needed to establish an evidence-based standard that enables proper cleaning and prevents the transmission of infectious agents.
     In this study, ten patient rooms were assessed for environmental surface contamination using an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) test kit before and after terminal room cleaning was performed following patient discharge. The degree of environmental surface contamination was evaluated and the effectiveness of cleaning was examined using ATP values. The field measurements were conducted on October 25th, 2014 and November 1st, 2014 in ten patient rooms of a hospital in Tokyo. Ten samples of each environmental surface were obtained before cleaning and ten after cleaning from ten patient beds and their surrounding environments.
     Prior to cleaning, the overbed tables, cabinet handles, light switches, and television remote controls that were thought to be touched frequently by patients, showed ATP values significantly higher than those of the bed rails, partition handles, partition furniture rails, and partition furniture shelves (p < 0.01). After cleaning, the ATP values for the bed rails, cabinet handles, light switches, and television remote controls decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The ATP values found on the overbed tables after cleaning were often higher than those of the same surfaces before cleaning due to a cross-contamination occurred on the same surface. Cross-contamination from surfaces having high degrees of contamination being cleaned just prior to the overbed tables could be also a reason for high ATP values. The nurse call buttons also showed higher ATP values after cleaning than prior to cleaning. It is assumed that the nurse call buttons were cleaned after cleaning the surfaces of items that had been subject to greater contamination. The risk of contagion, therefore, can be reduced by preventing cross-contamination via the cleaning cloth by modifying the following: cleaning procedures for highly contaminated surfaces, cleaning sequences, and timing for changing used cloths according to the level of environmental surface contamination.
  • 張 晴原, 吉野 博
    2016 年 81 巻 726 号 p. 731-738
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In recent years, with the economic development and the improvement of living standards in China, the energy consumption has been increasing significantly. To create a sustainable society, it is important to clarify the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the residential sector, especially that in the urban houses because China is in the process of urbanization.
     Studies on the residential energy consumption in China have been carried out in Japan as well as China. Yoshino et al.1) have made clear the energy consumption of apartment houses for six Chinese cities by surveying; Zhang et al.2) clarified the energy consumption for the capital cities in China in 1997 using the official statistics, developing a model predicting energy consumption in the residential houses in China; Ning et al.3) investigated the structure of energy consumption using the Chinese statistics; Yu et al.4) clarified energy consumption by questionnaire surveying and simulations for six Chinese cities; Ling et al.5) investigated the consumption of electricity and gas for 23 areas in Beijing and made clear the average energy consumption except energy for district heating. All these studies can be classified into two methods: statistical and survey methods. With the statistical method, researches often face the problem of lacking the items needed in their researches; but with the survey method, it is difficult to tell if the results can represent the reality. Because the statistical method is based on large number of residents, it is used in this study. All the studies mentioned above have not been able to make clear the trend of energy consumption in the urban houses, nor the CO2 emissions caused by the energy consumption.
     In this study, based on Chinese statistics, unit energy consumption for 277 Chinese cities is clarified during the period of 2002-2012. The emissions of CO2 caused by energy consumption per household are also analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
     (1) Energy consumption per urban household increases from 12.3 GJ to 23.1GJ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The percentage of each kind of energy was clarified;
     (2) The emissions of CO2 per urban household increases from 1, 689 kg CO2 to 3,559 kg CO2 in the period of 2002 - 2012. The weight of CO2 emissions caused by different kinds of energy resources was made clear;
     (3) Energy consumption and CO2 emissions per household in the capital cities is 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold of the average, respectively.
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