As ageing of the population progresses, long-term care becomes a more pressing health issue. In Japan, the gap between healthy life expectancy and average life span is expected to grow; therefore, it is necessary to extend healthy life expectancy while minimising the need for long-term care. The effect of indoor air temperature on the health of the elderly has recently attracted attention. Thus, in this study, we clarify the relationship between the indoor thermal environment and the care requirements of the elderly.
 This research was conducted as a field study comprising actual measurements of indoor thermal environment, questionnaire surveys, and data collection from face sheets in 2014. The study area was Senri New Town, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Participants were elderly residents (65-91 years) who were using a day service facility. The indoor air temperature 1.1 m above the floor was measured over approximately 2 weeks in the living room, bedroom, corridor, and dressing room at 5-min intervals. Relative humidity was also measured in the living room and bedroom concurrently. Questionnaire surveys regarding personal factors and housing were distributed. Data about health conditions and diseases requiring care were also collected. Data about care level, date of care certification, and care certification period were collected from long-term care insurance cards.
 Regarding the frequency of feeling cold in each of the rooms, participants who answered “1) Frequently” and “2) Sometimes” were assigned to the high-frequency group, whereas those who answered “3) Seldom” and “4) Never” were assigned to the low-frequency group. Mean living room and dressing room temperatures were significantly lower in the high-frequency group than in the low-frequency group (p < 0.01). Mean room temperatures were also compared between houses with different insulation performance. The mean room temperatures in the corridors and dressing rooms were lowest for “Pre-1980 standards” households, and highest for “Over 1992 standards”.
 The results describe the differences in room temperature between the frequency of feeling cold in dressing rooms, which is affected by low insulation performance, and verifies the association between indoor thermal environment and long-term care through subjective evaluation. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was used to analyse the speed of certification for the participants' long-term care needs. The age at which half of the group was certificated was 76 years in the high-frequency group and 80 years in the low-frequency group (p < 0.05). The chi-square test showed that there were no significant differences in personal factors between the two groups, confirming that the result in KM method could be explained by the difference in the thermal environment in the dressing rooms.
 Our results suggest that it is necessary to maintain an appropriate indoor thermal environment to prevent the need for long-term care, especially the indoor thermal environment in rooms other than the living room, such as the dressing room. The results of this study are expected to promote improvements in the indoor thermal environment, thereby contributing to care prevention among frail elderly people.

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 A survey was conducted to gather data for an assessment of the vocal noise level from children playing in nursery schools or other similar facilities. Ten nursery schools were surveyed; 5 locations in Setagaya Ward, Tokyo and 5 in Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture. The surveys considered two cases: the noise levels while the children were playing in the yard, and those while they were playing inside. Measurements were taken over 10-minute intervals and the variables analyzed were equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level ( called equivalent continuous noise level ), maximum noise level, percentile noise level, and frequency (1/1 and 1/3 octave bands). Additionally, at the first nursery school surveyed, a continuous measurement of the noise level was conducted for 24 hours to examine the conditions of measurements and the length of the analysis period.
 The noise level was found to be approximately 20 dB higher while the children were playing in the yard or in the pool than during other times of day, and that was about 30 dB louder than at night. In the nursery schools where the measurements were taken, the noise levels were also about 5 to 7 dB higher while the children were entering in the morning, which was not a dramatic difference.
 The equivalent continuous noise level measured 10 m from the center of a group of children playing in the nursery school yard was about 62 dB when there were 10 individuals and 74 dB when there were 100 individuals. However, it was possible for the noise to momentarily reach levels over 90 dB. The mean level of the vocal noise also increased by about 10 dB during music classes and when a microphone was being used.
 The frequency analysis of vocal noise from children indicated peaks of around 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz. There were linear decreases from these peaks at other frequencies. These values were higher than the pitches observed from conversations involving only adults.
 The effectiveness of a noise barrier installed within the nursery school grounds was estimated using the above results. Four cases were considered, where the height of the wall was varied from 2.0 m to 3.5 m. The wall was estimated to reduce the noise by 15 － 20 dB, which was considered to be sufficiently effective.

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 We have developed a high-sound-insulation double floor structure using Helmholtz resonators, along with a two-particle theory to predict the vibration characteristics of the structure. In this paper, experiments using a small unit structure partially taken out from the whole double floor structure were performed as a first step to thoroughly grasp the actual vibration phenomenon. Helmholtz resonators were made of square lightweight steel pipes and particle boards. The main findings obtained through the experiments are summarized below.
 To obtain clear two peaks and one dip in the vibration transmissibility as calculated from the two-particle theory, the following items are important.
 (i) The rigidity of the resonator walls should be sufficiently large.
 (ii) The excess damping in the resonator necks should be restrained by some measures such as increasing the number of the necks.
This excess damping in item (ii) is probably due to the short distance between the opening of the resonator neck and its facing wall.
 Regarding other factors affecting the vibration transmissibility, the following items were confirmed.
 (iii) The horizontal displacement of the resonator necks hardly affects the vibration transmissibility.
 (iv) The vertical displacement of the resonator necks hardly affects the vibration transmissibility when the resonator walls are sufficiently large.
 (v) The effects of other factors such as the neck length and neck number are qualitatively predictable by the two-particle theory if the above-mentioned items (i) and (ii) are satisfied.
 In addition to the experiments, to improve the predictability of the vibration characteristics by the two-particle theory, various damping effects in the double floor structure were investigated through identification of the effective values of the damping coefficients used in the two-particle theory. The findings are summarized below.
 (vi) The calculation results with the identified values and the measured results were consistent well.
 (vii) The identified values of the damping coefficients for the vibration-isolating rubbers and resonator necks were several times larger than the theoretical values. When Helmholtz resonators are used for vibration control, it should be noted that the damping effect is different from that for sound absorption use.
 (viii) As for the damping coefficients for the perimeter of the double floor structure, large differences in the identified value were observed among the unit structure samples. It is important to stably control the construction conditions for the perimeter of the double floor structure.
 (ix) All identified values of the resonator neck end correction were 0. This is probably because the distance between the opening of the resonator neck and its facing wall is too short and the movement of the air mass in the neck is considerably restricted.
 In future works, we will investigate various effects caused by the spread plane floor, i.e., the effects of the natural vibration and bending of the floor slab and the upper floor structure on it.

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 This study shows the evaluation method about the thermal performance of the building thermal storage materials applying Phase Change Material. Firstly, the authors invented the interior building materials mixing micro-capsuled PCM (mPCM), and measured the basic thermal performance in a constant temperature chamber. PCM is expected to reduce the energy consumption of the heating and cooling system, providing a comfortable environment for residents.
 We focused on mPCM, which includes n-paraffin at melting points of 20°C and 25°C, around the normal setting temperature of the heating and cooling system. It is estimated that mPCM's are effective for passive thermal storage use all year round. The mPCM contains n-Heptadecane and n-Octadecan. The base ingredient of the interior building material is Ready mix Gypsum Plaster (RGP). The PCM boards are made of RGP, mPCM and water. In addition, another PCM board mixing the two different melting point mPCM (20°C, 25°C: each 50wt.%) was developed and the basic thermal performance was measured. The thermal storage rate and Mass density of the PCM board were revealed to be dependent on the content of mPCM (Table1 and Table2). As a result, the mixing rate of the mPCM proved to be proportional to the comparably high thermal storage performance (Fig. 5, Fig6, and Fig7).
 On the other hand, the thermal storage rate of the PCM boards mixing two different melting points of mPCM (20°C, 25°C: each 50wt.%) turns out to have an intermediate value between two melting points of PCM boards (Fig. 8). Without changing the mixing ratio of the encapsulated n-paraffin in the core portion, potential capability of changing the apparent melting point is suggested from this experimental result.
 Second, the formulation of the apparent specific heat was proposed based on the solid-liquid phase of each PCM board. In previous studies, the method of distribution of the latent heat in the vicinity of the melting point has been shown with low calculation accuracy. Since the specific heat of mPCM varies with temperature, it is difficult to accurately predict the heat flux and temperature fluctuation based on previous unsteady methods of numerical calculation in unsteady state.
 Therefore, the authors defined the specific heat of PCM board as a function of temperature by harmonic analysis (Fig. 10, Fig. 11 and Table3). The result of measurement on thermal storage is approximated in a sixth order polynomial and that equation is differentiated. It was confirmed that the results of the harmonic analysis were accurately approximate to the experimental results at the temperature range 10-40°C. Furthermore, the surface temperature of PCM boards were measured by these heating experiments and the experimental data was used for the numerical calculation of the influx and efflux as a boundary condition (Fig. 9). The measured results of heat flux and thermal storage were accurately approximated by numerical calculation (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13).
 Finally, the room temperature fluctuation with PCM board was estimated by unsteady thermal calculation applying the method mentioned above. The accuracy of the simulation was examined by comparing the calculated results with the experimental results. Room temperature, the outdoor temperature and solar radiation were measured in the experimental modules in winter (Fig. 14 and Fig15). Calculated results have clarified that it is possible to predict measurements in solid-liquid phase (Fig. 17 and Fig. 18). For these reasons, the formulations of specific heat in this study were confirmed to be usable to predict the temperature fluctuation and energy consumption of a room with PCM boards. Further, room temperature difference were observed during intermittent heating (Fig. 19).

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 This paper describes an estimation method of space heating energy consumption, in a condominium and the total amount in all condominium stocks of Sapporo.
 For an estimation of space heating energy consumption, square meters of a condominium thermal envelope and heat loss from them are required. Our method to figure out the square meters of thermal envelope is by using measuring tools on a virtual globe such as Google Earth, besides basic data of the condominium from real estate web sites. Square meters of thermal envelope can be estimated roughly by the perimeter wall length, the building area and the number of floors as shown in Figure 1 and Equation 1. Square meters of windows are set one-seventh, referring to the 28th clause of the Building Standards Law, of the individual ownership space. The heat transmission coefficients for each part of the envelopes are set the values in Table 2 referring to the Energy Conservation Standard for Dwelling in those days when the condominium built. Figure 10 shows 815 samples of estimated heat loss coefficients sampled from the condominium stocks of Sapporo. Table 4 shows the averages of them in the each period that is referring to the former Energy Conservation Standard for Dwelling.
 We made comparison of the estimated values with the actual values by eight actual condominiums shown in Figure 7. Figure 17 shows 95% confidence intervals of the heat loss coefficient average in the each period including the 0.084 error.
 Equation 42 and 43 calculate the estimation of space heating energy consumption in 1.0 of heat efficiency by the unit of watts per floor square meter. Equation 42 is a case of continuous heating. Equation 43 is a case of intermittent heating. The both equations are led from the analysis of the space heating energy consumption results in the actual condominiums. Figure 18 shows the relationship between the monthly average outdoor temperature and the space heating energy consumption. Condominium O is a continuous heating, and the others are intermittent heating. Figure 19 shows the relationship between the monthly average outdoor temperature and the indoor temperature that are led from the space heating energy consumption by Equation 33 in 1.0 of heat efficiency. Equation 34 is an approximate expression obtained from the relationship between the monthly average outdoor temperature and the indoor temperature in Figure 19. Figure 20 shows the relationship between the inverse of heat loss coefficients and the coefficient ‘a’ of the Equation 34 in 1.0 and 0.8 heat efficiency. We led the Equation from 42 to 45 by the coefficient ‘a’ and Equation 41. The space heating energy consumption estimated for 815 condominiums in the unit of annual kilowatt hours per floor square meter are shown in Figure 23. The averages of them in the each period are shown in Table 7. Figure 24 shows 95% confidence intervals of the average in the each period that are calculate from the space heating energy consumption shown in Figure 23 including the 0.084 error.
 The estimated floor space square meters per household for 815 condominiums are shown in Figure 25. The averages of them in the each period are shown in Table 8. Figure 26 shows 95% confidence intervals of the space heating energy consumption average per household in the each period including the 0.084 error. Figure 27 shows the interval estimation of the total amount of space heating energy consumption in the condominium stocks of Sapporo in the each period. The total amount of the all periods are estimated 2.4 ～ 4.8 PJ per annual.

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 Most exterior walls of wooden residential buildings in Japan have a vented air space between the exterior cladding and insulation. This air space is designed to dehumidify exterior walls by discharging humidity to the outside and taking outdoor air into the walls, in order to decrease the risk of condensation on exterior walls in winter.
 Many studies have been carried out on vented air space, and the most effective thickness for dehumidification has been determined. However, most of these studies have only investigated the performance of vented air spaces under laboratory conditions, and the characteristics of vented air spaces in the field have not been clarified. Our previous study clarified the characteristics of ventilation volume through the vented air space based on field measurements. This study continues that work by reporting on the hygro-thermal characteristics of vented air space.
 Temperature and humidity were measured in an experimental house built in Iwate prefecture, and the hygro-thermal characteristics of the vented air space were verified. Temperature and humidity in the vented air space were affected by the outdoor temperature and humidity during most periods of time, except when the wall was exposed to solar radiation. Indoor temperature and humidity had less of an effect on the vented air space, because the walls of the experimental house are well insulated and highly moisture proof. The temperature of the vented air space is 20 or 30 degrees higher than the outdoor temperature when exposed to the sun during the day, and the humidity of the vented air space also rises. It is thought that the rise in humidity is due to moisture desorption from the exterior cladding. The vented air space of the east wall that is exposed to the sun in the early morning tends to have high humidity for a short time because moisture desorption from exterior cladding occurs when the temperature of the wall is low.
 Solar radiation on the wall also produces a temperature difference between the vented air space and the outside that is one of the driving forces of ventilation in the vented air space. So ventilation volume tends to be high when the wall is exposed to the sun, and low at night time. This means that ventilation volume in the vented air space is high during moisture desorption from the exterior wall cladding and low during moisture absorption. As a result, most of the desorbed moisture from the exterior cladding is discharged well by the ventilation, and the absolute humidity in the vented air space is kept lower than that outdoors. Through long-term measurement of the hygro-thermal characteristics of the vented air space, it was shown that absolute humidity of the vented air space is lower on the average than the outdoor air due to daily variation in ventilation volume and moisture absorption by the exterior cladding.
 A numerical simulation was conducted and the results of the field survey were simulated. The hygro-thermal characteristics of the vented air space, moisture absorption by the exterior cladding and drying of the vented air space over the long term were generally confirmed.

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 Realizing a healthy classroom environment is an essential task in sustainable development. In particular, students acquire professional skills at universities and proper design of the classroom environment is important for improving the academic performance of university students. However, there are many cases where the classroom environment is not ideal, such as when doors or windows are not opened.
 Many studies have analyzed the relationships between classroom environment and students' academic performance. However, few have analyzed the relationships between the spatiotemporal distribution of the classroom thermal environment and temporal changes in students' psychological sensations or concentration levels. Therefore, the main theme of this study is the exploration of the relationships between these factors.
 The survey was conducted in a university classroom in May 2013. All doors and windows in the classroom were closed to avoid the effects of ventilation and create the hot, humid condition of an actual classroom. The thermal environment was continuously measured at several points during the 90-min lectures, and students were asked to complete a questionnaire on their psychological sensations and concentration levels every 15 min; this allowed for collection of both physical-psychological data and spatiotemporal data of the classroom thermal environment. In the previous paper in this study (Part 1), the problems of a spatiotemporally heterogeneous thermal environment in a large classroom and students' psychological condition during a lecture were clarified. In particular, the back of the classroom tended to be hot. In this paper (Part 2), psychological questionnaire data were reanalyzed in detail from the perspective of spatiotemporal statistical analysis, which are frequently applied to city-scale studies. Local spatiotemporal autocorrelation statistics (Getis-Ord Gi*) revealed significantly hot and cold spots. The results of the analysis were visualized on 3D spatiotemporal maps.
 The results revealed that the number of cold spots for students' thermal sensation or tiredness level and the number of hot spots for students' concentration level in some seats in the front of the classroom decreased toward the end of the lecture. In contrast, the number of hot spots for students' thermal sensation or tiredness level and the number of cold spots for students' concentration level in some seats in the back of the classroom increased with time during the lecture.
 In conclusion, this paper suggests a new method for extracting features of the distribution of students with good or bad psychological condition via local spatiotemporal autocorrelation statistics. However, further efforts to enhance the validity of the newly suggested analysis method must to examine factors that specifically contribute toward improved academic performance.

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 The effects of air pollution found in indoors and prevention of exposure to hazardous compounds are an important issue in the interest of public health. The overarching objective of this research series (Part 1, 2 and 3) were to develop a comprehensive and universal computer-simulated person (CSP) that integrated two types of physiological models; (i) thermo-regulation model for controlling skin surface temperature and (ii) respiratory tract model coupled with pharmacokinetics, for indoor environmental quality assessment. The previous reported papers (Part 1 and Part 2) of this research series had discussed the detail coupling procedure of virtual manikin and numerical respiratory tract by way of convective heat and moisture transfer analyses and also the improvement of thermo-regulation model by detail numerical analysis in numerical respiratory tract.
 Especially, this paper (Part 3) treats the development of integrated numerical simulation method of Physiologically Based Pharmaco- Kinetic (PBPK) model and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for estimating respiratory tract tissue dosimetry. The PBPK-CFD model was incorporated into numerical airway model that integrated into CSP. Here, inhalation exposure and its health impact were analyzed by using PBPK-CFD-CSP model under the indoor environmental condition with formaldehyde constantly emitted from building materials.
 In this study, in order to demonstrate the performance of PBPK-CFD-CSP method, simple room model with a CSP standing at the center of the floor was set as analytical domain. It was assumed that formaldehyde was emitted from the floor material with constant flux. In order to discuss the impact of inhalation exposure, a numerical analysis was performed under a steady-state condition and hence a constant breathing airflow rate of 7.5 L/min was applied. In the room model, supply inlet opening, which was located at the lower part of front wall of the CSP, was set as the inflow boundary condition at U_in = 0.1 m/s, and the exhaust outlet was located at the upper part of back wall of the CSP with zero gradient condition.
 In this room model, non-uniform flow, temperature and formaldehyde concentration distributions were confirmed. In the viewpoint of inhalation exposure, it was revealed that over 95% of the formaldehyde adsorption flux was concentrated in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Inhalation concentration of formaldehyde at nostril was about 62.7 μg/m³ in this analytical condition. The adsorption flux and air (lumen of respiratory tract)- tissue (epithelium) interface concentration of formaldehyde on the nasal cavity and nasopharynx were transferred as the boundary conditions of PBPK analysis.
 The PBPK model could predict formaldehyde disposition/ pharmacokinetic in the human body in detail. Using this method, formaldehyde concentration distributions in tissue could be precisely analyzed. As a result of the tissue dose of inhaled formaldehyde and its distributions based on PBPK analysis, the order of the rate of saturable metabolic clearance, 1st order reaction and blood perfusion inside a tissue and so on, could be quantitatively discussed.

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 The Great East Japan Earthquake had occurred on March 11th in 2011. There were serious damages in Tohoku and Kanto district, especially seaside cities of the Pacific Ocean in Tohoku district by tsunami. Many people in these areas had lost their houses and more than fifty thousand temporary houses were built in three prefectures of the Tohoku district. Several problems, such as indoor thermal environment and indoor air quality as well as sound environment problems might be occurred in temporary houses.
 This study aimed to investigate the indoor air quality, especially indoor VOC (volatile organic compound) concentrations in the temporary residential houses. In summer in 2011 and winter in 2012, measurements have been conducted in the temporary houses in Sendai and measuring results were compared with guideline value in Japan.
 As a result, the mean concentrations were much less than the guideline values, however acetaldehyde, p-dichloro benzene and tetra-decane concentrations in some rooms exceeded the guideline values. Since p-dichloro benzene was emitted from moth-repellent that the residents used, the concentrations in the houses using moth-repellent might become at high level. The α-pinene and d-limonene are emitted from wood materials along with acetaldehyde. Therefore, the reason why the acetaldehyde concentrations were high in indoor air was the emission from woods used as construction and interior materials in the temporary houses. One of the sources of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in indoor environments is the chemical reaction of the plasticizer contained in vinyl chloride materials. Since the vinyl chloride sheets were used at kitchen floorings in some temporary houses, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was detected in the specific houses.
 TVOC concentrations in every temporary houses exceeded the tentative guideline, 400 μg/m³. Since only about 65% residents of the temporary houses did not generally use the ventilation fans of the toilet or bathroom from the other previous survey, the necessary ventilation air volumes in houses were usually not enough. The acetaldehyde exceeded ratio for the temporary houses was higher than one of the previous survey of newly built houses. The mean TVOC concentration of about 2000 μg/m³ showed higher compared with the tentative guideline value. The shortage of ventilation air volume could be also one of the reasons that the TVOC concentrations were high in the temporary houses. The TVOC in the temporary houses contained not only terpens, such as α-pinene and d-limonene, but also the aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and other many kinds of compounds.
 The mean DEHP concentration in house-hold dust was about 2000 μg/g. In the previous survey of the 30 apartments and kindergartens, an average DBP was 55.6 μg/g, and DEHP was 775.5 μg/g. While DBP concentration was at same level, DEHP was much higher than the previous study. Various materials, such as wooden flooring, tatami, and PVC sheet, are used in the temporary houses, and there were various sources of SVOC. The SVOC concentration in settled dust in the temporary houses could be affected by not only the emission source of interior materials but also the duration of exposure and frequency of cleaning on floorings.

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 Energy consumption for hot-water supply in warm regions in Japan amounts to more than 30% of the whole household. Thus it is essential to save energy consumption of hot-water supply. In recent years, it has been high efficiency by advancing high efficiency hot water supply system and hot water saving faucets. On the other hand, there are few cases studies factor behind using satisfactorily hot water saving shower head.
 In this study, we focus on the hot water saving shower head. The first target is to grasp the relation of feelings and physical properties through some experiments. The second target is to confirm the effect of water saving shower head in actual bathing. Furthermore, we consider the flow rate which can use the shower head not to harm feeling of satisfaction.
 We studied the relation of feelings and physical properties through some experiments in Chap. 3 and Chap. 4. We heard 6 types of feelings (volume, spread, momentum, density, bias of spray range, form of grain) and satisfaction when subjects adjust the optimum flow rate. As a result, feelings of volume and momentum were high relation with satisfaction. Also, we found that low volume and high momentum could be dissatisfied factor. The feeling of volume was a strong correlation with all grain surface area of shower, and over 100 mm² all grain surface area not could be dissatisfied factor. The feeling of momentum was correlation with spray force from one hole of shower head, and under 0.02N spray force from one hole could not be dissatisfied factor. Also, it was revealed that large bias of spray range tend to be dissatisfied factor.
 We conducted an experiment to confirm the effect of water saving shower head in actual bathing. Table 5 shows the experimental method in Chap. 4. As a result of experiment, it was clear that hot water consumption is reduced with a flow quantity reduction effect in the actual bathing without spreading use time by the use of water saving shower head. Also, temperature of hot water did not change. Therefore, using water saving shower head enable us to reduce energy of hot-water supply. Furthermore we compared hot water consumption at every washing act (shampoo, body wash, Facial cleansing, other). As a result, hot water consumption during shampoo was the maximum percentage of all washing act, and second was other act.
 Finally we suggested that we need at least 7.0L/min flow rate if we use the shower head not to harm feeling of satisfaction in Chap. 6.

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 After the Tohoku Earthquake in 2011, energy saving strategies in all fields is has become an urgent issue. It is essential to have drastic overall power savings, including energy saving during peak usage times, continuous less environment impact. Specific examples of energy saving policies in operation such as the decommissioning of equipment and use of low intensity illumination sources have been conducted and effects have been obtained. Another route to energy conservation is the strict temperature control of Air Conditioning (AC) units in buildings. The effects of the increase in temperature during warm weather makes productivity and work efficiency lower, so it is desirable to balance energy savings with worker comfort levels. 40% of the total energy usage in office buildings is consumed by the air conditioning system. Optimizing the efficient use of AC system should result in a stable indoor thermal environment while contributing to energy savings.
 It is very important to focus energy savings on small and medium sized buildings because more than half of the total floor space in Japan is occupied by small and medium sized buildings which are less than 2000m². It is necessary to find out the type of heat generation load at the time of operation for small and medium sized office buildings and determine the optimized AC plan before starting the design of the building. However there are not many cases that measured AC heat generation of each individual room and determined the AC load.
 In this study we looked at small buildings in the Shikoku area which used multi-packaged air conditioners steel framed buildings of similar size and with the same equipment specifications in Kochi prefecture was measured. The purpose of this research is to develop a basic data set that will contribute to the construction of optimal air conditioning designs and operation techniques that lead to energy conservation and cost savings.
 The results obtained in this study are as follows:
 1) The measured value of the indoor temperature is lower during winter and higher during summer when compared to the system's design value. This confirms that the Warm Biz, Cool Biz directives to tighten the office temperature values to conserve energy are being followed. And the CO₂ concentration detected was within the health management standards during both heating periods and cooling periods.
 2) During heating periods there was a large deviation between the designed capacity of the system and the measured value. The integrated value of the maximum amount of heat treatment for heating rated capacity was 158.0kW as opposed to the measured value of the maximum amount of heat was 45.9kw.
 3) During cooling periods, we found that for the AC system rated for 152kw heat storage utilization the integrated value of the measured value of the maximum amount of heat generation was 51.3kW. Even on the hottest day of the year the system was operating with only 30% of the utilization capacity.
 4) We hypothesize that the cause of the difference of the air conditioner heat source capacity and the maximum amount of heat processing in already installed systems is coming from the difference in a given condition of AC load at the time of design. It is necessary to estimate these causes in detail and develop design documents for future guidance.

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 The Active Energy-saving Control System for Air-Conditioning (hereafter called "AECS-AC") was introduced to an office room where there were multiple indoor air-conditioning units and the results of verification experiments conducted in summer and winter with a focus on the thermal environment and the temperature adjustment actions of the people in the room were analysed. This system reduces deterioration of room conditioning by sensing when the occupants switch the air conditioning on and off. Ultimately, the system should satisfy the thermal comfort requests of occupants by feedback of their adjustment behaviour, rather than by collecting the occupants' attributes, thermal and comfort sensations, and psychological conditions.
 The main results are as follows.
 1) In summer (Jul.-Sep.), AECS-AC was conducted at a pre-set temperature of 26°C in an office room with multiple indoor units, which were alternately grouped into two. After the air conditioning mode was stabilized, the mean room temperature was maintained at 26-28°C irrespective of the outdoor temperature. The temperature variation at the sensor positions due to the start-stop operations of the indoor units was 1-1.5°C and the room temperature variation across the office room was about 2-3°C.
 2) In winter (Dec.-Feb.), AECS-AC was conducted at a pre-set temperature of 22°C in an office room with multiple indoor units, which were alternately grouped into two. After the air conditioning mode was stabilized, the mean room temperature was maintained at 22-25°C irrespective of the outdoor temperature. The temperature variation at the sensor positions due to the start-stop operations of the indoor units was 1°C and the room temperature variation across the office room was about 2°C.
 3) In the air-conditioning control according to the number of occupant's switching-on/off actions, the AECS-AC followed the change in the thermal environment caused by the influence of the outdoor temperature.
 4) The number of manual switching-on/off actions varied from place to place in the room and differed between the perimeter side and the interior side. The occupant's preference on the thermal environment could be deduced from their air conditioner adjustment actions.
 5) According to the questionnaire results in winter, almost neutral air-conditioning control could be realized for the occupants based on their answers that 60-80% were neither hot nor cold. Regarding comfort evaluation, about 50% of answers of “comfortable” and “slightly comfortable” were accounted, and it went up to about 80-90% if including the answers of “neither of them.”
 The above results show that the AEC-AC based on the number of people's air conditioning adjustment actions realized air-conditioning control appropriately to the thermal environment of an office room with multiple air conditioners.
 Furthermore, the possibility of personal-like air-conditioning realization was shown by controlling an indoor unit individually.

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 In recent years, performance required for the thermal environment during building is diversified. Along with it, the air-conditioning system is desired with a new value. In addition to the convection air conditioning systems, radiation air-conditioning system has increased. Radiation air conditioning is a system that has a lot of merit. But challenges are many. We were developed a new air conditioning system - convection and radiation air-conditioning system with package air conditioner system - (dual air conditioning system).
 Dual air conditioning system utilizing a ceiling aluminum punching metal. The aperture ratio of the punching metal, to control the two functions (convection and radiation). The system the following characteristics are expected.
 (1)High comfort (2)Powerful heat load processing (3)Control of the fine airflow (4)Prevention of water leakage (5)Early rise of air conditioning (6)Low cost
 We have analyzed by CFD in the design planning stage. We examined the size of the ducts, placement and size of the duct opening, the aperture ratio of the ceiling panel by CFD. As a result, the diffusion of the air flow by punching panel could be confirmed. During the cooling, wind speed is small and the unevenness is a little. During the heating, warm air is lowered to the occupied zone. However, the difference of the blowing amount between the duct front and back becomes a problem.
 We have measured the actual building two times in the summer and winter. During the cooling, room temperature became a target temperature at 30 minutes after the start of operation. Vertical temperature difference between the occupied zone is ΔT=1.0K and small. Although large temperature difference in the ceiling, the temperature is decreased in the occupied zone. This is the effect of air diffusion by punching panel. From thermal image, it was confirmed that the room is uniformly cooled. At the time of the air conditioning operation, PMV is within ±0.2, it mean a high comfort. Ceiling panel functions as a radiation surface. In addition, the panel surface temperature is always greater than 22 °C, there is no possibility of condensation.
 During the heating, room temperature became a target temperature at 70 minutes after the start of operation. Vertical temperature difference between the occupied zone is ΔT=1.0K since the room temperature is stable. The supply air in the ceiling is sufficiently diffused. A large difference between the ceiling panel and the room temperature, a strong effect due to radiation. The rise of the air conditioning early in the effect of radiation. PMV is -0.1 to +0.2, and a high comfort.
 In conclusion, the convection and radiation air-conditioning system, with a simple equipment systems and heterogeneous architectural design, are to form a homogeneous comfortable environment.

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 Time-of-use (TOU) rates are one of the electricity rates designed to encourage consumers to shift their electricity usage from peak hours when the grid electricity demand increases to off-peak hours. Compared with other demand response rates such as critical peak pricing, TOU rates are considered to be more modest and acceptable. To evaluate the impact of TOU rates in Japan, the Japanese government conducted a pilot study that analyzed the amount of electricity saved during peak hours in the summer by using metering data; however, little is known about the impact of TOU rates on the awareness and behaviors of electricity consumers.
 In order to analyze actual behavior changes, we conducted a web-based questionnaire survey of 4,000 households, including those who use and do not use TOU-type tariffs. In practice, there is a non-negligible difference in characteristics such as building and household attributes between TOU users and non-TOU users because of the nature of TOU, for example, TOU users live in relatively larger and newer houses, and the number of households is more than that of non-TOU users. Therefore, we use a statistical method, called propensity score inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimation. This method is categorized as a type of quasi-experiment, which is used when it is difficult to conduct randomized controlled trials. An IPW estimation creates a quasi-homogeneity of covariates, namely, types and ownerships of houses, construction years, floor spaces, satisfaction of insulation property, availability of space-heating by air-conditioners, number of households, and regions.
 The result shows that more than 60% of the households using TOU are aware of some kind of changes triggered by the differences in the electricity unit price between daytime and nighttime. Typical changes are shift of usage hours from daytime to nighttime, and end use with high awareness rate as a whole with regard to air-conditioners, dishwashers, rice cookers, washing machines, etc. In particular, almost half of the households with dishwashers and washing machines with drying functions are conscious of shift in usage hours. Moreover, a comparison of bihourly weekday usage rates reveals the statistically significant differences in the usage patterns of air-conditioners, clothes dryers, dishwashers, rice cookers, and home bakery machines. These changes are positively accepted by TOU users, as compared with the impressions gained from non-TOU users. Meanwhile, there are appliances whose usage is less likely to be shifted, such as TV. The possibility of behavior changes varies depending on characteristics of the way of use and the functionality, such as timer control.
 Moreover, the benefits and limitations of the method are discussed. Although it is difficult to elaborate the amount of electricity saved from the data used in this study, a properly managed statistical tool could provide alternative opportunities to understand the mechanism of behavioral changes by using data obtained from the real world.

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 In the present study, the cost effectiveness was examined of simultaneous implementation of seismic reinforcement and energy-saving renovation, retrofitted in wooden housing that was built before 1980.
 To start with, basic data on simultaneous implementation were examined. As methods that are used separately, a typical seismic reinforcement method (A) was selected, as well as an energy-saving renovation method (A) (outer insulation panels). A second energy-saving renovation method (B) (inner insulation panels) was also chosen, which was thought to have many processes in common with seismic reinforcement method (A).
 The next step was to examine methods for reducing costs, by leveraging the advantages of simultaneous implementation. The combination of energy-saving renovation method (A) (outer insulation panels) was considered, coupled with seismic reinforcement method (B) (seismic reinforcement from outside). The combination of energy-saving renovation method (B) (inner insulation panels) was also considered, together with seismic reinforcement method (C) (seismic reinforcement from inside). Simultaneously implemented, this was the less expensive approach. It was concluded that the comparative examination on cost effectiveness showed that the combination of seismic reinforcement method (C) with energy-saving renovation method (B) incurred the lowest costs, while maintaining the advantages of simultaneous renovation.
 Separately from the above, energy-saving renovation limited to personal living rooms was examined, by clarifying the cost effectiveness of simultaneous implementation of seismic reinforcement method (A) and partial energy-saving renovation.
 Finally, in addition to direct energy-saving effects, the payback time for renovation costs, including indirect benefits, were estimated. To calculate a realistic payback time, factors taken into account were residents' copayments for medical expenses (30%) and a reduced burden on government finances, as indirect benefits which would result from preservation of health through thermally improved environments. In particular, because the elderly incur higher annual medical expenses and copayments, it was concluded that even partial energy-saving renovation in elderly households, limited to rooms used by elderly residents as their living spaces, could produce indirect benefits resulting from preservation of health through thermally improved environments.
 Looking to the future, in the context of the ongoing switch to a stock-type housing market, the market value of properties could be enhanced by the added value that stems from improved housing performance, through the simultaneous implementation of seismic reinforcement and energy-saving renovation as suggested in the present study.

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 The outputs of weather and climate models have been used in various application fields. For example, future weather data for the building energy simulation (BES) can be provided based on a climate model prediction. However, as the model output has systematical errors (called the bias), some type of bias correction is necessary in order to use the model output for an application field. For temperature or humidity, we often assume normal distribution and correct bias using statistical parameters, such as the average and the standard deviation. However, for solar radiation, a bias correction method (BCM) that uses only the average and standard deviation is insufficient and can result in negative values after bias correction. Consequently, the solar radiation bias is often corrected using only its average. In general, climate models can accurately predict the daily maximum amount of solar radiation on clear days at a given site because solar radiation depends mainly on its geolocation (latitude, longitude, and elevation) and the season (solar altitude). However, it is difficult to model cloud physics processes accurately to establish the weaker amounts of solar radiation on cloudy days. As a result, when we correct the solar radiation bias using only the average value, the daily maximum value deviates from the observed results instead of correcting the average.
 In this paper, we present a method called quantile mapping (QM) for the bias correction of solar radiation to provide the bias corrected weather data for the BES. The QM has been developed mainly for the correction of precipitation or temperature biases, although there are few studies that apply QM to the correction of solar radiation. In previous studies, QM was applied to the daily or monthly average. However, for the BES, the daily maximum value is also as important as the daily or monthly average, because the peak energy load depends mainly on the daily maximum. In this study, we also applied QM to obtain the daily maximum amount of solar radiation.
 In addition, we conducted BESs using the bias corrected weather data and evaluated the efficiency of each BCM. From the simulation results, the average energy consumption did not differ according to the difference in the BCM. However, the simulation that used the weather data corrected by only the monthly average could not predict the maximum cooling load; it was underestimated by 12%. Conversely, the simulation with the data corrected by QM, which used either the daily cumulative or the maximum amount of solar radiation, could predict the maximum cooling loads, which were under estimated by only 6% and 2%, respectively.

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