日本建築学会環境系論文集
Online ISSN : 1881-817X
Print ISSN : 1348-0685
ISSN-L : 1348-0685
82 巻, 736 号
選択された号の論文の13件中1~13を表示しています
  • 茶谷 友希子, 原田 和典, 土橋 常登
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 491-499
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     To construct large-scale buildings, principal construction elements such as beams and columns shall be fire resistant. In case of timber structures, fire resistance is needed so that construction element shall withstand the heating by fire for a specified time and so that the self-burning shall be stopped until the elements are cooled down to normal ambient temperature.
     To clarify the self-extinguishing conditions and the rate of char oxidation of glued laminated larch timber material, heating experiments were carried out using a cone calorimeter. The density and water content of the specimens were 514 to 613kg/m3 and 9.4 to 16.6 % by weight, respectively. Specimens were heated either in the plane parallel or perpendicular to annual rings. Each specimen was heated to be ignited and burn. After char layer was formed at heated surface and after the surface flame has extinguished, the occurrence of glowing, char oxidation and smoldering combustion were observed. The heating intensity was varied in the range of zero to 50 kW/m2. In case of small heating intensity, typically below 15kW/m2, heating intensity was adjusted by using a stainless wire mesh placed between cone heater and specimen surface. Total mass of the specimen was recorded by a load cell equipped with the cone calorimeter. The surface position of the heated surface was continuously measured by two laser Doppler displacement meters. Surface temperature distribution was measured by an infra-red thermal image camera. After testing, all the specimens were cut at center. The positions of burnt surface, charred surface, charring surface and coloring surfaces were identified.
     The moving velocity of burnt, charred, charring and coloring surfaces varied with heating intensity. As the heating intensity is decreased, the velocities were decreased especially at 8.7kW/m2, which is below critical heat flux for ignition. During glowing and smoldering combustion, the surface temperature was kept above about 400°C. Char oxidation started at temperatures above 366°C and stopped between 166 and 360°C.
     The rate of char oxidation reaction was estimated by three methods. Method 1 is based on the heat and mass conservation of total specimen, considering the heat absorbed by water evaporation and thermal decomposition of volatile components. The method 2 deals only with heat conservation of specimen surface assuming that all the oxidation process takes place close to heating surface. The method 3 is a conventional way where reaction rate is calculated simply by measured mass loss rate excluding the effect of mass loss by evaporation of water and decomposition of volatile components using fractional ratio of constituent material. The results by three methods agreed fairly well and the rate equation was established in the form of Arrhenius type rate equation. The frequency factor was 0.015 kg/(m2·s) and the activation energy was 22.1 MJ/(kmol·K).
  • 澤島 智明, 松原 斎樹
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 501-511
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In recent Vietnam, the ownership rate of air-conditioners and the number of units owned has broadly increased in accordance with a rise in standards of living due to economic growth, and the increase in energy used in air-conditioning has become a problem. This study aims to consider ways of living and residences capable of suppressing rising of energy consumption in the future by understanding the current state of cooling and air-conditioning of homes in Vietnam.
     Interviews with residents of stand-alone homes built in Haiphong City in northern Vietnam were carried out and room temperatures were taken. The interviews were carried out in August of 2014 and questions were asked about (1) air-conditioner and electric fan usage status, (2) indoor space usage status, and (3) the degree of hotness and coolness indoors. The rooms subjected to temperature measurements were decided from the results of the interview and measurements were carried out in 10 minute intervals in July of 2015.
     Three of the four target residences were so called pencil style residences with narrow entranceways, great depth, and three or four floors. The other residence was a single story farmer's residence. All four residences were structures combining reinforced concrete construction with brick walls that were built without insulation.
     The three pencil residences had air-conditioners installed in the private rooms of the intermediate floors which were used for approximately 10 total hours for naps and going to sleep at night. The room temperature was maintained at around 28°C and many residents gathered in the cooled room before sleeping and then slept there together. Outside of the cooling period the first floor dining room (or living room) had the lowest natural room temperatures indoors. The residents spend most of their time in this space when not sleeping and carried out various daily activities here such as eating, family socializing, breaks, and receiving visitors. The highest floors on the other hand had exceedingly high temperatures. Consequently, the private rooms on the highest floor are mostly not used during the summer and daily activities on the highest floors are limited to drying laundry.
     As stated above, the first floors of pencil residences are the coolest place indoors and are a low priority for air-conditioning while the highest floors are exceedingly hot which leads to the assumption that the air-conditioning efficiency will be poor on the highest floors. Air-conditioners are installed in private rooms on the intermediary floors as a result. Furthermore, along with the phenomenon of there being a persistent high demand for air-conditioning for sleeping periods, little psychological resistance to sleeping with multiple people in the same room, and a poor partitioning between staircases and public spaces such as dining rooms and living rooms which leads to poor air-conditioning efficiency, there is an established way of living where the private rooms on the intermediary floors are cooled and slept in together by the family. The residents of course also consider the heat characteristics of the spaces on each floor at the time of air-conditioner installation and flexibly change where the family stays as necessary. One could say that they have mastered each floor space of the pencil residence.
     In the farmer's residence the daytime maximum temperatures are kept low during the day due to the light shielding effect of the plants which cover the garden. In addition, it's also easy to get ventilation since the flat residence is almost like a one room space and there is currently no air-conditioner installed.
  • 海塩 渉, 伊香賀 俊治, 大橋 知佳
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 513-523
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In Japan, the total financial loss caused by sleep disorders is estimated to be about 3.5 trillion yen annually. Chronic sleep disorders are a factor in lifestyle-related diseases and can affect life expectancy. The Japanese government has set guidelines for improving sleep-related problems (e.g., Healthy Japan 21). However, the goal for improvement of sleep-related problems, —a reduction from 18.4% in 2009 to 15.0% in 2022 in the percentage of people who do not receive adequate rest from sleep—remains unachieved, and the percentage has actually increased (20.0% in 2014).
     Thus, the effect of indoor environment on sleep has attracted attention, as it greatly affects sleep quality, especially in summer and winter. However, studies of the effects of the indoor thermal environment are relatively scarce in winter compared with summer. Additionally, most winter studies are field surveys of daily life, so it is difficult to clarify the exact relation between indoor temperature and sleep quality while accounting for differences between individuals. This study therefore aimed to clarify the impact of indoor thermal environment on sleep quality by focusing on changes within individuals before and after moving to houses with high thermal insulation performance.
     Follow-up investigations on sleep quality and indoor temperature were conducted in winter (2014-2016) before and after moving. Sleep quality was measured by subjects with non-contact sleep-monitoring equipment, which observes sleep/waking and sleep depth by detecting body movement using an electric wave sensor. Indoor temperature at 1.1 m above the floor was measured in the living room, bedroom, bathroom, and dressing room at 10-min intervals. During the survey periods, subjects recorded their waking time, bedtime, and whether they consumed alcohol in a daily diary. Questionnaire surveys on personal characteristics and housing were conducted. Questionnaire surveys on housing were also distributed to building contractors to receive reliable answers.
     Thermal insulation performance of houses before moving were found to be at “pre-1980 standards” or “1980 standards” levels, whereas that of houses after moving satisfied “1999 standards”. There was little change in total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, but the frequencies of feeling cold in bed and difficulty falling asleep and were significantly decreased after moving, as were amount of clothing worn to bed and number of comforters used. Average daily outdoor temperature before moving (6.2 °C) was nearly equal to that after moving (6.4 °C). However, bedroom temperature when going to bed was higher after moving (17.1 °C) than before moving (15.8 °C), and the bedroom temperature when getting out of bed was significantly higher after moving (15.9 °C) than before moving (13.8 °C).
     In the surveys before moving, measurement data were consistent with questionnaire responses. Sleep latency was significantly longer in subjects who reported difficulty falling sleep than in others. The observed number of nighttime awakenings was significantly higher in subjects reported nighttime awakenings than in others. Subjects who reported feeling cold in bed had lower sleep efficiency and more nighttime awakenings compared with subjects who did not feel cold. Multiple linear regression analysis found that sleep efficiency increased by 0.73% and number of awakenings decreased by 0.18 occurrences per 1 °C increase in indoor temperature during sleep. The results indicate that to obtain high-quality sleep, simple behavioral thermoregulation such as adjusting clothing or bedclothing is insufficient and that it is important to maintain an appropriate indoor temperature during sleep.
  • 山本 健太郎, 西名 大作, 田中 貴宏, 徳本 冬華, 田中 新大
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 525-533
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    When a sudden heavy rain occurs, the Semi-Outdoor space such as the entrance of the building has a very useful for temporal evacuation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between Psychological Evaluation and volume on Semi-Outdoor space with “AMA-YADORI”. The psychological experiment was carried out by full-scale models of Semi-Outdoor space and a rain simulator. The subjects were asked to evaluate the Semi-Outdoor spaces with the various sizes while taking the shelter from rain. As a result, the people’s perception of the AMA-YADORI Spaces related to ‘the depth’ and ‘the ceiling height’ of the space, and there are differences of the perceptions depending on their height and gender.
  • 床構造仕様別の床衝撃音遮断性能改善方法に関する実験的検討 その1
    阪本 一生, 井上 勝夫, 秋本 恭平
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 535-542
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     This study was carried out for the purpose of improving the heavy floor impact sound insulation performance in a wooden building. Performs a real-scale experiment of long-span structure wooden construction with a large cross-section laminated lumber, we have proposed a floor cross-section specifications of each heavy floor impact sound insulation performance rank from the result.
     This study, supported specifications that can achieve the L-60 with high rigidity system in, which is same performance of heavy floor impact sound insulation performance 3rd rank for RC structure. In addition, to achieve the more improved performances, L-55 can perform by vibration-proof system with wooden structure.
     Moreover, to the sound-absorbing ceiling space, increasing the ceiling mass, and to damping the ceiling has been found to be effective. These performance measures to improve, it was found that the floor impact sound insulation performance sufficiently comparable to the concrete can be realized.
     In the future, in the high rigidity structure system, we want to advance the research of better adhesion method of the members and the panel integrated construction method. Also, in the vibration-proof structure system, we want to further advance the study of the selection of the buffer material and the setting of natural frequency. Then, conclude the floor structure specification list for achieve stabled better performances.
  • 田中 学, 村上 剛士, 笠井 祐輔
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 543-550
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In order to improve the floor impact sound insulation of a cross laminated timber (=CLT) floor slab, several variations of double ceiling systems with cross laminated timber panels of its thickness 90mm were attached under the CLT floor slab. These floor and ceiling specimens were installed in the laboratory, and their floor impact sound levels were measured. Results of those experiments are as follows.
     (1) In case of attaching a double ceiling system of CLT panels of panel thickness 90mm with its air back cavity thickness 120mm and closed, heavy/soft floor impact sound levels didn't increase in 63Hz band. This result is different from the case of the common double ceiling system with gypsum boards. In this case, heavy/soft floor impact sound insulation performance was almost the same to that in case without a ceiling system. On the contrary, about 10dB improvement was observed in light floor impact sound insulation performance.
     (2) As for the same CLT panel double ceiling system, in case of attaching a double ceiling system of CLT panels with its air back cavity opened to the sound receiving room in the lower side, air pressure increasing in the back cavity and vibration of ceiling panels were suppressed. However, both heavy/soft floor impact sound level and light floor impact sound level in the sound receiving room became higher than that of the case mentioned above with its air cavity closed. Therefore, to make the air cavity opened to the sound receiving room is quite inadequate for the purpose of floor impact sound insulation.
     (3) In case of attaching a double ceiling system of CLT panels with its air back cavity (thickness 158mm) closed to the sound receiving room in the lower side but opened to horizontal direction, air pressure increasing in the back cavity and vibration of ceiling panels were suppressed. In this case, heavy/soft floor impact sound insulation performance was improved.
     (4) Further, by loading weights of several sand bags on the upper surface of CLT ceiling panels with its air cavity thickness 196mm and doubling the air opening surface to the horizontal direction, heavy/soft floor impact sound level index (= L number) decreased by eight points from the case without a ceiling system.
  • 谷口 智子, 岩田 利枝, 佐藤 祐寛, 本間 睦朗
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 551-559
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     For Energy-saving by using daylight, automated control systems of venetian blinds have been widely used in office buildings in Japan. For controlling blind slat angle, not only sun-cut strategy but also algorithms based on various factors (energy consumption for both lighting and cooling/heating, special brightness, glare prevention, or contact to view) have been used. Previous studies conducting questionnaire surveys in offices with automated blinds controlled by such algorithms showed that the office workers were distracted by the change in brightness of the window caused by the movements of the blind slats. The purpose of this study is to reduce discomfort caused by the change in the brightness of windows by changing the speed of the slat rotation.
     In order to identify the degree and the frequency of the change in luminance of the windows with blind controls, a numerical simulation was carried out by using weather data, which includes global illuminance and sky illuminance measured on the roof every one minute for 184 days (July 1 to December 31, 2015). For blind control, glare prevention strategy based on PGSV is used. The control intervals are three minutes and ten minutes. The results show that the maximum change of the window luminance ranges from 900 to 2800 cd/m2 when the slat angle decreases. That ranges from -3600 to -1600 cd/m2 when the slat angle increases.
     In order to identify the effect of the change in the window brightness on the subjective response, an experiment was carried out in a test chamber. It has an artificial window (width: 2000 mm, height: 1200 mm) with venetian blinds of 0.69 of reflectance. Maximum window luminance of the artificial window without a blind is 18,000 cd/m2. Based on the simulation results, 24 conditions were tested in the experiment; they included six different slat-rotation speed (2.2 degrees/s - 37 degrees/s) and six different window luminances (1000 cd/m2 - 6400 cd/m2). Twenty-nine students (with an age range of 18-23 years) participated as subjects. In the waiting room, the subjects adapted to 450 lux at eye level for ten minutes. Subjects entered the test room and each took a seat. VDT task was carried out on the desk for four minutes. During the VDT task, the blind slats moved to prevent the discomfort glare from the window. After that, the subjects were asked to rate “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” and “acceptability of the change in the window brightness”. The results of the experiment showed the effect of slat-rotation speed and the change in window luminance on “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” rated by the subjects. It was expected that the higher the slat-rotation speed, the higher the “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness”. However, “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” shows a peak. When the slat-ration speed is slow, “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” is low and when the slat-ration speed is fast, “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” is also low. Also the results showed the strong correlation between “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” and “the acceptability”.
     In this study, the method for determining slat-rotation speed of blinds was proposed based on “Discomfort caused by the change in the window brightness” obtained from the subjective experiment.
  • ビルグーン ブヤントゴトフ , 張 晴 原
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 561-568
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In this study we developed a solar model to estimate hourly solar radiation on horizontal surface using dry bulb temperature increase, relative humidity and total cloud cover. The developed solar model for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia was verified by comparing the estimations with observational data of 2015. Estimated hourly global solar radiation was separated into direct normal and diffuse components with Gompertz function after examining its applicability for Ulaanbaatar. The Typical Meteorological Year is developed for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia using observational data except solar data which is estimated with the developed solar model for the period of 2006 - 2015 in this study. The TMY contains hourly data totaling ten main weather elements such as dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, global solar radiation on horizontal surface, direct normal solar radiation, diffuse radiation, wind direction, wind speed, total cloud cover and atmospheric pressure.
  • - 中高一貫校における中庭及び隣接屋内空間の年間利用実態調査 -
    坂口 武司, 山中 俊夫, 甲谷 寿史, 桃井 良尚, 相良 和伸
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 569-578
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Not only spaces of study, such as, a classroom and a library, but also those for informal communication in lunch time and after school, such as, courtyard and entrance hall, are one of the most important factors for campus planning. To say about communication spaces, the environment and its influence on the state of mind and the behavior of the students must be different between the indoor communication space where the thermal condition is controlled by artificial devices, and that of outdoor where the thermal condition changes naturally. But, few studies are found from the viewpoint of thermal condition and usage of those spaces. The purpose of this study is to figure out the thermal and architectural influences of the indoor and outdoor community spaces of the junior and senior high school buildings on the state of mind and the behavior of the students through the year. The research of the thermal environment, the observational survey and the questionnaire survey have been done in June, September, October, November, and February, in the junior and senior high school.

     The results are shown as follows.

     1. Both the result of the observational survey and the questionnaire survey shows that students stay hall and courtyard having a lunch and chattering in lunch time, then, after school, they were mainly studying in the hall, chattering and having rendezvous with friends in the courtyard. The staying time is longer in the hall than in the courtyard. So, it found that students chose which to stay depend on the staying time and purpose.
     2. The research of the thermal environment and observational survey show that there was no correlation between the number of students in the hall or courtyard and the temperature, and also that students kept staying in the courtyard in high temperature as 28 degree centigrade in September.
     3. There was a weak positive correlation between the temperature and the rate to choose staying in the courtyard. In September, in spite of the heat, the rate increased. In February, because of the cold, the rate decreased.
     4. PMV of the hall and courtyard was almost within +1.0 to -1.0 through the year. In June and September, in the courtyard, PMV increased more than +1.0, but the number of the students staying there didn't decrease.
     5. The thermal sense in February shows that the ratio of the sum of the cold and slightly cold in the hall was more than that in the courtyard. It can be inferred that the students' basic metabolic rate is higher than those of the grown-up, and also, that students have chosen to stay outside by themselves, knowing it's cold there.
     6. In the courtyard, there was no correlation between the evaluation of thermal comfort and PPD. One of the reasons is assumed that there are a lot of stimulus in outdoor except for thermal stimuli, one more reason is also assumed that thermal condition such as heat and cold outdoor is tend to be widely accepted compared with indoor.
     7. The students' evaluation shows that furniture and vending machines promote to stay in the courtyard.
     8. The students' evaluation shows that they feel natural factors, such as, “wind” , ”shade of tree”, “sunshine”, and “sky”, more in the courtyard than in the hall.
     9. The students' evaluation shows that there were about 30% replies of the long distance from the classroom to there, for the reason why students don't stay in the hall or the courtyard. But, another evaluation shows there is not obvious relation between the distance and the number of staying students. On the other hand, the reason to stay in the hall or courtyard has a difference by grade.

     Those results are expected to be the basic data necessary for planning informal communication spaces in schools, specially in the outdoor.
  • -土壌熱交換システムの冷却・加熱効果の予測手法に関する研究(その3)-
    塘田 研仁, 牟田 彬俊, 白石 靖幸
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 579-587
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     In recent years, the adoptions of an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) system to many buildings have been increasing. This system is classified into two types of tube system and underground air tunnel system. There is a problem that an underground air tunnel which is the object of this study is difficult to establish the method of performance prediction since it has a complicated structure. Moreover, this system has an anxiety of air pollution derived from occurrence of dew condensation and continuation of high-humidity environment in a system at operational phases. The occurrences of dew condensation have been predicted by the three-dimensional CFD analysis in several studies. However, these studies are limited to steady state calculation or representative points. The verification of countermeasures of dew condensation has not been carried out by long period and detailed predictions. Originally, EAHE systems should be designed after the identification of the high probability parts of occurrence of dew condensation and the estimation of the countermeasure effect of dew condensation by numerical predictions. Moreover, the prediction about pre-cooling and pre-heating effect of introduced outside air should be also carried out.
     The purpose of this study is to establish the design and operation method that can prevent the occurrence of dew condensation and obtain the high pre-cooling and pre-heating effect of the outside air. In this paper, we propose the evaluation method of dew condensation by the unsteady CFD analysis for the existent underground air tunnel. Moreover, we verify the technique of introducing outside air into the system considering the above two purposes of this research.
     We carry out the proposed CFD simulation (uncoupled simulation) coupled with humidity transport equations. After some flow fields depending on introduced outside air volume are obtained in advance for the uncoupled simulation, only temperature and humidity transport equations using these obtained flow fields are solved. Therefore, it can reduce the calculation load for the CFD analysis. The target of underground air tunnel is introduced in the existing office building located in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. Case studies are carried out such as introducing outside air according with the schedule, implementing of the dew point temperature control depending on surface temperature of concrete and dew point temperature, or changing the introduction path of outside air.
     Following results were obtained; if the number of outside air intake (introduction path) was one, the pre-cooling and pre-heating effect was higher than the case of two intakes under the same air volume conditions. It was suggested that there was a possibility of dew condensation in a winter rainy day. Therefore, the restriction of the use of this system is effective as countermeasures in the rainy weather. Even if the introduction path of outside air is complicated, it can prevent to some extent occurrence of dew condensation by the dew point temperature control. Using the dew point temperature control, the pre-cooling effect in the summer was decreased about 10 to 30 percent, but the pre-heating effect in the winter was slightly decreased. Given those results, it was suggested that EAHE systems has the relationship of trade-offs between air quality of introduced outside air and the effect of energy conservation in summer. In the case of uncoupled simulation coupled with humidity transport equations, the computing time was greatly reduced. Moreover, it was possible to evaluate the property of dew condensation in the system and the annual pre-cooling and pre-heating effect in short calculation time by this simulation method.
  • 金 勲, 阪東 美智子, 大澤 元毅, 林 基哉
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 589-597
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Japan has been well on the way to an aging society and entered a super-aged society at 21.5 percent aging rate in 2007, and the facility demand for the elderly is increasing rapidly. More careful control of indoor environment is needed for the elderly, since the autonomous control ability, recuperative and immunological power of them are poorer than healthy people. It is critical to understand the facility managing system and the actual condition of indoor environment in order to improve quality of life such as health and comfort and to prevent infectious diseases in care welfare facilities for the elderly.
     Although the related facilities are in high demand, the actual situation of indoor environment has not been clear because there has not been a regulation and control law at all. Cross-sectional study utilizing the questionnaire survey on special nursing homes all over the country was conducted to clarify the management, maintenance and actual condition of indoor environment and building equipment in 2013.
     Survey results found that average floor area is 3000m2 or more, mean building age is 18 years and facilities of more than 30% have experienced extension and renovation work. While the facilities of conventional type (with multiple bed room) account for more than 60%, unit care type has been popular in facilities built after the 2000s and the hybrid type combined with conventional and unit care type is not also negligible due to consistent high demand for multiple bed room.
     As might be expected, area (climate) and facility age make a difference to HVAC equipment and this study also confirmed it. As the unit care type increases associating with government guidance, the installation of individual air conditioning equipment also expanded countrywide due to the benefits of initial and operating costs, energy conservation and high control performance. While about 60% of facilities have criteria for the air temperature, criteria for humidity and ventilation are in lower proportion. It is certain that facilities are much more taking care of infectious diseases and dryness since humidity and ventilation criteria are in higher ratio in winter season than in the others. Although they have obviously interests in air quality, hygrothermal environment and energy conservation, their recognition of countermeasure and execution seems not to be sufficient. In addition, there was a problem in knowledge and recognition of facility managers for air conditioning equipment, for example since a large difference was observed in the response rate concerning a central type of ventilation and a central HVAC system.
     In order to secure and maintain the favorable indoor environment and hygiene in the elderly facilities, it seems appropriate to remark that a professional administrator should be employed as a facility manager, and they should be educated and provided with the related knowledge and techniques.
  • エネルギー消費量分析結果からみた流通促進策の提案
    紺野 良文, 森 太郎
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 599-607
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     Introduction
     In Japan, vacancy rates has been rapidly increasing. Since provincial cities would collapse if we allowed the situation, various measures are being considered. Among them, one of the most effective measure is renovation for existing houses to continue to live and to be distributed.
     Although many studies about renovation and retrofit have been conducted, there is not many knowledge for renovation with thick insulation. It is essential to improve the thermal environment with thick insulation when we implement renovation in cold climate. Generally, Improvement of thermal performance with insulation is so costly that funding is difficult through the normal scheme. The R housing projects have been conducted over the past decade in Hokkaido. Housings are needed to be renovated with the thick insulation, Q-value is less than 1.6. We are able to use the normal housing loan when we renovate housings under the project. Moreover, it is possible to receive the subsidy. A number of housing in this scheme has been renovated.
     In this report, we carried out the questionnaire survey and numerical simulation to analyze an actual situation of energy consumption and living environment in thermal renovated residential houses. The result indicates that the resale business after renovation is valid as promotion method for existing houses.
     Method
     In this report, we conducted the below survey and analyzed the results.
     1. Questionnaire survey on living environment and energy consumption in the residents built by R housing project. The purpose of the survey are to analyze the actual situation of the living environment and energy consumption in those housings.
     2. Numerical simulation on energy consumption in the thermal renovated houses. The numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the effect of thermal renovation.
     3 Questionnaire survey on optimization of housing allocation by relocation. Another questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the intention how the households living in detached houses manage their own houses in K city, Hokkaido
     Results and Discussion
     The result of former questionnaire survey indicates that even the thermal performance of renovated houses are enough to avoid the dew, some houses have dews and mold problem. The main reason is the difference of the temperature between heating space and non-heating space such as bedroom and bathroom. Households who live in bigger houses than their size heat their houses partially to save the heating cost. Moreover, the thermal performance calculated by the heating energy and the temperature difference were similar with the designed value in the case of Ha and K. Although the relationship did not exist in the case of S that has been used by elderly couple. The house is too big for the couple to keep warm uniformly. Then we recommend sell-redistribution style when we have to renovate housings.
     The results of the numerical simulation indicate that change of wall insulation and window are effective on the reduction of heating energy consumption. The heating energies are about half, when the high performance model is used.
     Finally, we analyzed the intention how to deal their housings in the near future in K city by the questionnaire survey. Fig. 12 and 14 shows that 70% of elderly households want to live their own house in future. The promotion of sell-redistribution style improves QOL of elderly households such as heating cost and indoor environment.
  • -長野市、松本市、安曇野市を対象とした分析-
    髙橋 葵, 高木 直樹
    2017 年 82 巻 736 号 p. 609-616
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
     The increase of greenhouse gas emission from human activities is strongly related to global warming. When considering countermeasures for global warming, it is necessary to look at the emission rate of greenhouse gas. In Japan, all prefectures, municipalities, and companies are required to calculate and report the emission rate of greenhouse gas to the government. The Ministry of Environment has provided methods to calculate the emission rate of CO2 to local governments and demanded them to provide reports of CO2 emission rate as accurately as possible. To calculate the emission rate of greenhouse gas based on standards set forth by the Ministry of Environment, it requires a vast set of data from prefectures and local governments. However, many local governments calculate certain figures over several years using data that does not get updated in real-time. Naturally, the process can be very time consuming. The latest estimation for the emission rate of greenhouse gas in Nagano city, Matsumoto city, and Azumino city were conducted in 2012. The purpose of this research is to formulate a regression formula that can be used to yield estimations for greenhouse gas emission across various categories at an earlier stage, using statistics from the three cities above and multiple regression analysis.
     Furthermore, it is said that unpredictable events such as the Tohoku earthquake of 2011, Tsunami, Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, and global warming can have a large effect on the emission rate of greenhouse gas. To accurately predict the emission rate of greenhouse gas, it is necessary to design a policy that uses greenhouse gas emission data that takes into account the social influences from an early stage.
     This research will analyze the greenhouse gas data and utilize the results to predict the emission rate of greenhouse gas, which will be necessary to provide prompt reports of greenhouse gas emission in designing a new policy.
     This research will target items that are common across all cities under study, have strong correlation with each department, and are up-to-date. This research will study three cities, Nagano city, Matsumoto city, and Azumino city. In this study, the following analyses were conducted. 1) In the fields of business and agriculture, it is possible to predict CO2 emission using moving average method, which is used to predict data from the previous year using data from the past. 2) In the field of construction, there was a high correlation with the statistical data. Therefore, if it is difficult to obtain the latest data, it is possible to estimate the CO2 emission rate by looking at other items that are related. 3) It is possible to estimate the current CO2 emission rate by considering the effects of the temperature during summer/winter in the fields of business, home, and agriculture.
     For the reasons mentioned above, although the CO2 emission of Nagano, Matsumoto, and Azumino are predicted using annual data from 1990 to 2012, there are characteristics that are distinct to the city. Therefore, if this study expands to other cities in the future, the regression formula may change.
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