As a study for pedestrian's behavior, course selection behavior have been studied variously so far. However, studies dealing with course selection behaviors have not been sufficiently accumulated. For example, when people read maps, how do they plan the course, what are their strategies for course selection, what kind of street they want to choose. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relationship between street pattern and course selection behavior. Especially, we focus on the shape of streets and street network in different areas, and get these information through a map. We pay attention to the courses planned by people base on a map and the strategies about their selections. It is expected that the results of this study will be used in the following fields. Including the prediction of the behavior of the pedestrians in a city with different street patterns. The creation of street legibility or glamour, etc.
 We chose 12 maps with various street patterns for a course selection experiment (Fig. 1). These were blank maps that consist of only lines showing streets and blocks without buildings and urban facilities. Using these 12 maps, we conducted course selection experiment by a method of drawing on a map. In this study, we used a street unit for analysis, which was defined as a part of street from a center of a crossing to a center of next crossing. We show the knowledge provided from the experiment result below.
 First, strategies can be divided into the following categories. About whole course, such as the distance. About street characteristics, such as the width or the shape of a street. About area, such as the shape of a block consists of a complex number of streets, etc. In addition, according to the different street patterns, people's strategies will change.
 Second, the street units selected as strolling courses are characterized by being short in length, wide in width, and good in connectivity with other spaces based on the average values. However, a tendency concerning with curvature is not seen.
 Third, though the street units frequently selected show similar tendencies basically, the street units that are selected more frequently have different tendencies. The reason is that the streets of low Int.V located complex blocks are easy to be selected. From the results of multiple regression analysis which use the frequency of selection of street unit as an objective variable and the four street unit characteristics as explanatory variables, the width and Int.V show significant influence in almost maps. However, we grasp that the influence of length and curvature is different among the maps.
 Fourth, as a result of applying multiple regression analysis using four indices above mentioned and the frequency of inclusion in interested places as explanatory variables, the latter variable indicates significant influence. However, in the map without conspicuous shapes, the influence of width and Int.V tend to be larger than the frequency of inclusion.
 Finally, the results of course selection and strategies show the same tendency, and according to the characteristics of the street pattern, the results of the two will be changed. If there are some special streets or wide street on the map, people will pay attention to them, make strategies and choose them. If the street pattern lacks characteristics, it is difficult for people to make strategies.

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 1 Introduction The purpose of this study is to verify the applicability of the four-factor prediction model constructed from Shincheon river data and verify the validity of the model by comparing different data based on the Ota river landscape photographs and GIS-based CG pictures.
 2 Outline of the study In this study, we made a pectination of the physical and psychological evaluation data of the above three photos and pictures to grasp the characteristics of the river landscape. Then we used these three data for multiple regression analysis and compared the results. Particularly, we selected the same psychological questionnaire items, and compared the two stages of 「PHe→PSe(items)」 and 「PSe(items)→PSe(satisfaction)」 to test the validity of the multi-level prediction model.
 3 Outline of the subjects Three types of data are used in this study. There are 28 photos of Shincheon river landscape, 48 photos of Ota river landscape, and 48 Ota river CG pictures made by GIS. We extracted physical evaluation values and psychological evaluation values for these three types of data. The physical evaluation used three indicators such as OA, OG, OO, and four elements such as building, green, mountain and sky. The psychological evaluation is based on a questionnaire corresponding to the 4 factors, such as "F2. Openness ", "F3. Complexity ", "F4. Constructiveness ", "F5. Green-visibility ".
 4 Conclusion Major findings are as follows:
 「PSe(items)→PSe(satisfaction)」
 1) At first, representative items of four factors were selected to construct predicting models of satisfaction of three data. The results indicated that it is feasible that satisfaction can be sufficiently explained. About effectiveness of the predicting model of satisfaction, particularly F4 and F5, even have relatively larger contributions of Ota River's two data, which can be inferred by p value of these two explanatory variables. It shows the validity of the predicting model of satisfaction from four factors, and also it is recognized that the CG image has a very high effectiveness in the predicted structure.
 2) Regarding the relationship between representative items and satisfaction, F5, F4 and F2 have similar trends in the three data, but F3 tends to be different. Also, from the multiple regression model, the weights of F4 and F2 are almost the same in the three data, whereas the weight of F5 is different between Shincheon and Ota river, which is shown that the relationship between these two factors and satisfaction more depends on the feature of different cities and landscape types, direction of photography, etc. On the other hand, the weights of F3 are all different in the three data.
 「PHe→PSe(items)」
 3) We examined each of the three kinds of data and showed extremely high commonality regardless of data in F5, and also in previous studies, with no contradiction. On the other hand, different explanatory variables in other factors may give relatively high explanatory power, but also shows that dependence on data due to differences in feature of different cities and landscape types is recognized to some extent.

 In the future, we will try to improve the accuracy of the predicting models with high commonality, and for those with low commonality, we will study the relationship between the features of the evaluation object group and the strong influence factors, to propose new physical indicators with high explanatory power.

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 In this research, we conducted a survey targeting both Professionals and Non-Professionals using group organized method during the month of October 2016 and December 2017. Fifty pictures of living spaces were shown to 39 Non-Professionals (14 male and 25 female) who are 30th, 40th or 60th in in age who are the primary buyers of residential houses, as well as thirteen Professionals (8 male, 5 female) who were involved in interior planning within the 30th-40th age bracket.
 The survey result was analyzed using quantification method type III to obtain the languages that explain the images of “living”. Then we conducted canonical correlations analysis to understand the cognitive dimensions between Professionals and Non-Professionals. Following summarizes our research results:

 1) Almost perfect match in cognitive structure of aesthetic values up to the first four cognitive dimensions. The difference was observed at the fifth dimension.
 2) Different types of languages were used between the two groups: Non-Professionals tend to use emotionally expressive languages, while Professionals describe interior components and details.
 3) The paper categorized cognitive structure by dimensions and identified the concepts used by both sets of the group: high commonality in both languages and cognitive dimensions (e.g., “western vs oriental”, “resort”), different language with common cognitive dimension (e.g., “living feel” and “chromatic sensation” for Non-Professionals, “quality of excellence” and “inorganic feel” for Professionals), rare commonality in both languages and cognitive dimension (e.g., “cheerfulness” for Non-Professionals and “retro feel” for Professionals).
 4) While the language is the main factor causing the differences, the translation methodology (explained in Section 1.2) may be able to resolve the issues in different language with common dimension.

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 In general, simultaneous heat and moisture transfer model in three phases is established as a numerical model to calculate the distribution of ice content in porous materials. This numerical model is based on thermodynamic equilibrium theory that the freezing point of water in pore is uniquely depended on own pore size. However, it is commonly considered that frost damage is caused by sudden freezing of supercooled water, which is a random phenomenon. Because the supercooling phenomenon is thermodynamic non-equilibrium phenomenon, the previous analytical model as the thermodynamic equilibrium model cannot investigate influence of the supercooling phenomenon. Although an establishment of the thermodynamic non-equilibrium analytical model is expected, the freezing point is not determined uniquely since the freezing of the supercooled water is probabilistic phenomenon. Thus, in order to predict the probability of frost damage adequately by using numerical analysis based on physical model, it is essential to build the supercooling phenomenon as a probabilistic event into the analytical model.
 Therefore, the aims of this study are to establish a prediction model for the probability of freezing until any lowest reached temperature, and to obtain the probability distribution function of the freezing point for the proposed analytical prediction model.
 First, theoretical prediction model for the probability of the instantaneous increment of ice content when lowest achieving temperature was known was derived based on these assumptions that building structure is an aggregation of small elements and probability distribution of the freezing point in small elements is independent from each other. The applicability of the proposed model for small continuum will be validated as the future task.
 Next, the freezing point measurement was carried out by using saturated mortar samples as the small element. As the results, it could be found that the first freezing due to supercooling occurred from -4 to -11 deg. C and the maximum probability was appeared at -7.5 deg. C. From comparison between the average increment of ice content based on the measurement result and the 40 % volume of pore water until the thermodynamically-based freezing point, there was a good agreement for both of them. Moreover, the standard deviations were 0.6 % constantly in the measurement temperature range.
 Moreover, the probability distribution of the increment of ice content could be regarded as a normal distribution. And the method that can calculate the probability distributions of the instantaneous increment of ice content for any lowest achieving temperature from pore size distribution was proposed. Because the calculation results of the proposed method had good agreements with the measurement results, it can be concluded that the proposed method has enough validity.

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 In recent years, many large-scale disasters have occurred and life in an evacuation shelter has been the subject of some focus. However, with these facilities an insufficient thermal environment is assumed, which is thought to have an adverse effect on the health of evacuated people. In previous studies, environmental factors were clarified. However, there's no research to elucidate upon the influence on the human body when a person is sleeping in a shelter. Also, until now, research on sleep in summer has been actively conducted, but in winter sleep, the actual state of sleep in a low temperature environment hasn`t been examined due to the influence of bedding etc. Therefore, sleep was investigated in shelter-analogue settings in a gymnasium in our previous study (K. Mochizuki, 2018). In this research, we aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the subjective sensation in evacuation shelters. So two bedding conditions were chosen: a pair of futons and four sheets of blankets for emergency. The insulation of the beddings and clothing were measured using a manikin in a climatic chamber. One night the subject used a pair of futons (3.1 clo : Futon) and on the other the subject used the emergency supplies of four blankets (1.3 clo : Blankets) and a set of portable partitions. Also the subjects slept with their own clothing such as a T-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, underpants, sweatpants, pants, and two pairs of socks (0.76 clo) during the sleep. During the night, air temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured in the area around the sleeping subjects. Sleep parameters were measured by actigraphy, where the microclimate temperature of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects were requested to respond to three questionnaires: before sleep, after sleep, and retrospective sensation during sleep. The questionnaire consisted of thermal comfort, sleep quality, subjective symptom, and fatigue. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from midnight to 7 AM in the gymnasium.
 There were no significant differences in sleep efficiency index, sleep onset latency, total sleep time and total wake time between the Blankets and the Futon. However, numbers of wake epoch and sleep epoch were significantly greater using Blankets than that using the Futon. As a result, length of sleep epoch was significantly shorter using Blankets than that using the Futon. This result means that sleep was disturbed when using Blankets. The subjects felt more coldness on their head and peripheral parts of the body using the Blankets than the Futon during sleep. Moreover, fatigue was felt more on the lower back and lower extremities from using the Blankets than the Futon after sleep. When the relationships between local skin temperature and local thermal sensation were examined, foot skin temperature had a good correlation with foot thermal sensation after and during sleep. The subjective sleep evaluations by OSA questionnaire were compared between the two conditions. The standardized scores of OSA were less than 50 except when subjects were having dreams, which means a worse sleep quality evaluated by subjective sensations. Significant differences were found on the sleepiness, sleep onset and maintenance of sleep, recovery, and the length of sleep period, with which the scores were higher using Futon than using Blankets. However, the sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep evaluation by OSA questionnaire did not reveal any good correlationship. These results show that emergency supplies should be examined for their suitability to provide comfortable and healthy sleep in shelter-analogue settings.

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 To verify the effects of wearing ventilated work wear (VWW) on the physiological and psychological responses of construction workers (CWs), measurements were carried out on workers at an eight-story building in an RC construction in Tokyo from August 3–8, 2017. Air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and black and white globe temperatures were measured on the ground floor, while air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and solar radiation were measured on sixth floor. The heights of the thermo-hygrometer, anemometer, and globe thermometer were about 1.5, 2.0, and 1.0m off the ground, respectively. The study participants were four male form workers and three male rebar placers ranging in age from their 20s to 60s. Their work is basically carried out from 08:00 to 17:00 and is divided into four shifts split up by breaks as follows: AM1: 8:00 to 10:00; AM2: 10:30 to 12:00; PM1: 13:00 to 15:00; and PM2: 15:30 to 17:00. The heart rate (HR) and skin temperatures for the chest, forearm, thigh, and lower leg were continuously measured, and sublingual temperature, body weight, water intake, and psychological responses, such as hotness, comfort, and thirst, were measured before and after each working hour. We defined the evaporation rate (ER) as the sum of the difference in body weight while fully clothed between before and after work and the amount of water intake (WI) per unit time and body surface area. The rate of body weight loss (BWL), defined as the sum of the sweat and evaporation rates by skin diffusion, at the construction site (CS) was simulated according to a regression formula between the ER and BWL obtained from an experiment involving humans in an artificial chamber (AC). We evaluated the effect of wearing/not wearing VWW and working schedule on physiological responses. Air temperature was below and above 30°C until August 4 and after August 5, respectively. The mean overall and both chest and forearm skin temperatures were significantly higher in the workers not wearing VWW compared with those who were wearing VWW. In the AC experiment, no significant differences were observed in forearm skin temperature between workers wearing/not wearing VWW. The lower forearm skin temperature observed among workers at the CS was likely the result of the VWW preventing solar radiation from being absorbed on the skin surface. The HR (101.6bpm) of workers not wearing VWW was significantly higher than that of workers wearing VWW (92.8bpm). No significant differences were observed in the ER or WI between the two groups. On the other hand, BWL (445.6g/(h·m²)) among workers not wearing VWW was significantly higher than that among workers wearing VWW (332.0g/(h·m²)). In addition, wearing VWW at the CS alleviated discomfort. These results suggest that VWW helps prevent dehydration during work because the lower mean skin temperatures resulting from wearing VWW suppress BWL. The mean skin temperatures in the PM1 (34.05°C) and PM2 (33.91°C) were significantly higher than those in the AM1 (33.30°C). The HR of the PM workers was slightly higher than that of the AM workers; however, this difference was not significant. The activity level (2.34METs) in the PM2 was about 5% higher than that in the AM and PM1. The ER (315.2g/(h·m²)) in the PM2 was significantly higher than that in the AM1 (256.8g/(h·m²)) and AM2 (242.5g/(h·m²)). In addition, BWL in the PM2 (435.0g/(h·m²)) was significantly higher than that in the AM1 (355.5g/(h·m²)) and AM2 (347.6g/(h·m²)). Since the thermal environment deteriorates and activity levels slightly increase in the afternoon, CWs in the PM2 may be at a higher risk of dehydration; therefore, to help prevent dehydration, CWs in the PM2 should have a reduced workload.

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 The number of building installing natural ventilation system is increasing. On the other hand, some of them have stopped the operations or regulated the operational periods due to the complaints from the occupants. A mature operational planning at a building design stage is highly demanded to operate the system optimally both to increase the occupant's satisfaction and to reduce the building energy consumption. This study proposes a method to plan the operation scheme at the design stage utilizing an energy simulation combining an airflow network simulation. The results obtained through a case study are as follows:
 · Two causes of occupants' dissatisfactions, cold draft and frequent open and close due to cooling operation during naturally ventilated period, are observed in the case that open and close scheme of the natural vents is controlled only by outdoor climate conditions, e.g. outdoor temperature.
 · The cold draft problem can be avoided by arranging the lower temperature limit of intake outdoor air. The lower limit can be set by utilizing the relationship between outdoor climate and realized indoor climate during naturally ventilated period. However, the arrangement could reduce the total hour of naturally ventilated period through the potential season.
 · The arrangement to control the opening area in two steps is not sufficient to avoid the cold draft problem. However, the measure could work to extend the total hour of naturally ventilated period. The phenomenon can solve the problem arisen in the arrangement of the lower temperature limit of intake outdoor air.
 · A control method combining above noted two measures works effectively to avoid the cold draft problem and the decrement of naturally ventilated period. In this case, a matured feedforward control system is required to determine the daily operation every day. An adjustment utilizing the operational history including Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications have a potential for the improvement of the feedforward control.
 · The natural vents are prohibited to be opened again through the day when it closed due to the cooling operation. But no significant change is observed in term of the total operation hours and energy saving effects.
 The above noted knowledge can be used for generic natural ventilation designs, even though they are outputs from a simulation result using a specific office model and weather data. However minor changes might be observed when the employed natural ventilation strategy changes or when the other weather data is applied. The future study will focus on these topics. Moreover, the application to the real building design is in progress and we are planning to report them in the future reports.

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 This paper describes the relationship between cognitive temperature and the thermal adaptation process of students at a junior high school in summer. This relationship is a key concept for developing methods to support environmental education for healthy and energy-saving lifestyles. The thermal adaptation process consists of physiological, psychological, and behavioral adaptations, and is influenced by personal thermal history and lifestyle. “Cognitive temperature” in this article means a self-reported temperature in response to the question “What do you think the current temperature is?” We call it “cognitive temperature” because our results of structural equation modeling (covariance structure analysis) have shown that each person answers with a value based on cognitive reference to their past experiences and memories in addition to their sensory information from the immediate environment. Thus, it is strongly related to personal thermal history, lifestyle, and region. In this study, we performed field measurements and a survey on the relationship between cognitive temperature and the thermal adaptation process of students.
 The field measurements and survey were performed in 12 classrooms with 377 students in September 2017 at a junior high school facing eastern Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The school is a “super eco-school” and has passive and active devices for controlling the thermal environment in the classrooms. These features include large eaves for solar shading and sliding doors for cross ventilation that allows the wind from Lake Biwa into the classrooms during the day and night. There is also a cool pit underground for passive cooling, although all classrooms have air-conditioning, too.
 The questionnaire asked about cognitive temperature, uncomfortable hot or cold sensations, behavior, adaptive actions, sweating in the classrooms, and the frequency that air-conditioning was used at home during their summer vacation. The air temperature, humidity, and grey-globe temperature on the window and corridor sides of the classrooms were measured.
 Followings are results of the field measurement and survey. 1) During the survey period, for which the maximum outdoor temperature was about 28.5°C, most classes used natural ventilation and only one class used air-conditioning. The maximum indoor air temperature and gray-globe temperature were between 29.2°C and 29.6°C. 2) The cognitive temperature of the students in the naturally ventilated classrooms was more closely related to the outdoor temperature than to the indoor air temperature. The cognitive temperature of 70% of the students was lower than the room air temperature. 3) About 80% of the students felt "not uncomfortable" when their cognitive and operative temperature was 26°C or lower. 4) Regardless of whether they felt "uncomfortable" or "not uncomfortable", the cognitive temperatures of the students who wanted to use air-conditioning was higher than those of the students who did not.

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 In numerical simulation of unsteady flow, since the spatial resolution of the velocity calculated at each time steps depends on the grid resolution, it is impossible to obtain the velocity fluctuation that smaller scale than the size of the calculational grid. Therefore, if the velocity fluctuation affecting the evaluation value such as turbulence intensity can not be resolved since the grid resolution is too coarse, the accuracy of each evaluation value cloud decrease extremely, even if calculation results close to the true values are obtained at all time steps. Considering such this situation, in order to predict the evaluation value with reasonable accuracy, it is considered preferable to understand the influence of the grid resolution on each evaluation value. Although there are many researches[7, 8] about numerical simulation of unsteady flow that targets flow flied around building, the verification of the relation between grid resolution and each evaluation value around roof is not adequate. Therefore, in order to understand the influence of the grid resolution on each evaluation value, we calculated under different grid resolution, and carried validation the power spectrum density (PSD), mean velocity, the square sum of U and W component fluctuation component (u′ ²+w′ ²) and diverging points obtained by Eq. (1)
 The case name and the minimum grid width are shown in Table 1. The analysis region and nesting region in (1/128)H case are shown in Fig. 1, and the nesting region in the other case is shown in Fig. 2. In all case, the velocity data obtained from the calculation that targets roughness blocks is given as the inflow boundary condition. The main concluding remarks that obtained by comparison of calculation results are as follows.
 1) As the grid resolution become coarser, PSD are underestimated above 10Hz. For the frequency side lower than 10 Hz, the influence of the grid resolution is strong on the rooftop inflow side, and relatively weak on the outflow side.
 2) In the case where the grid width is less than (1/64)H, the mean velocity distribution approximately agree with the experimental value. In the case where the grid width is greater than (1/32)H, the accuracy of the low velocity area appeared near rooftop inflow side is not high, however the accuracy of the other area is reasonable.
 3) In the u′ ²+w′ ², the influence of the grid size is strong in the over 0.075 area, and the tendency to underestimate u′ ²+w′ ², appeared as grid resolution becomes coarser. On the other hand, the influence is relatively weak in the under 0.045 area.
 4) In the case of (1/128)H, the local maximum value is confirmed on the inflow side as well as the experimental result. The peak value on the outflow side of the roof appeared in all cases, however in the case where the grid width is greater than (1/32)H, the peak position became the downstream side than the experiment result.
 The relationship between accuracy of each evaluation value and computational grid resolution is clarified by this paper. In the case of estimating computational cost for unsteady analysis, it is considered that this paper is applied effectively.

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 Air fresheners having sensorial deodorizing power with scent have excellent immediate effects on the tobacco odor that permeates a room, and they are used extensively in settings from offices to households. It is not true that substances responsible for tobacco odor are reduced by the sensorial deodorization effect. Therefore, it is difficult to measure by analysis using devices such as odor sensors and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and it is often evaluated by olfactory measurement using human olfaction.
 However, it is difficult to evaluate the sensorial deodorization effect in the actual room. The disturbance of airflow occurs by the entry of the evaluator into the center of the room or by suction of the pump, and it is therefore difficult to conduct a comparative study, because reproducibility cannot be maintained. Furthermore, because it is not possible to evaluate over time, it is easy to assume that it is difficult to conduct the study under harsh conditions in which unpleasant odors permeate the room most. On the contrary, if we can figure out how the tobacco odor and scent of air fresheners spread in the room, evaluation under the same circumstances is possible by reproducing the conditions.
 Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the following four endpoints to investigate the sensorial deodorization effect under conditions that simulate the actual space. This was done by determining the distribution of tobacco odor extensively hanging over a room and the scent generated from air fresheners based on the results of CFD analysis and evaluating the sensorial deodorizing ability under these conditions.
 1. Design of the test system that simulates the actual space using the results of CFD analysis
 CFD analysis was performed on the distribution of acetaldehyde that permeates the room when tobacco is burned and of the scent generated from air fresheners. With this as a case study, tobacco odor for which the dilution ratio was adjusted to maintain the same strength with the odor strength of acetaldehyde and each of three different air fresheners were combined, and “nine-point hedonic scale” and “tolerability” were evaluated in 27 subjects with no olfactory abnormality.
 2. Investigation of sensorial deodorization effects of the scent generated from air fresheners on tobacco odor
 There were significant differences among the effects of making an unpleasant tobacco odor smell pleasant in the presence of air fresheners. This indicates that the samples used in this study have sensorial deodorization effects.
 3. Investigation of differences in sensorial deodorization effects of air fresheners with different scents
 When samples of air fresheners were compared, as there was a significant difference in improvement of pleasantness/unpleasantness, it was revealed that some scents of air fresheners have higher sensorial deodorization effects that make unpleasant tobacco odor smell pleasant.
 4. Investigation of the validity of this study method
 The method suggested in this study showed the same tendency as the results of evaluation by the conventional method. Therefore, the method may be utilized for research on the air sensorial deodorization effects of air fresheners under conditions that simulate the actual space, and it is considered possible to evaluate the difference in the effects of air fresheners with scent.

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 In recent years, temperature rise relevant to global warming and heat island phenomenon is regarded as a serious environmental problem. It is considered meaningful to study a cause of heat island phenomenon. Therefore, in the present paper two following analyses were conducted on 288 locations throughout Japan, among weather observation points by Meteorological Agency. The first analysis dealt with the relationship between the land covering situation and climate change from 1985 to 2016. The second analysis dealt temperature gradient by time. The purpose of these analyses is to clarify the relationship between land covering situation and climate change.
 Calculating the annual average temperature gradient from 1985 to 2016 at each meteorological observation point resulted in the increase in temperature at most weather observation points. Also, with respect to the highest temperature and the lowest temperature, both the highest temperature and the lowest temperature showed an upward trend, but especially the highest temperature rise was found to be intense. Analysis focusing on land covering shows that the lowest temperature is strongly influenced by land covering change. Also, when calculating the temperature gradient over time, it was found that the variation of the temperature gradient by the time zone was large in the city class. The rise in temperature during the day is small, which can be attributed to the expansion of solar shielding due to the middle to high-rise buildings. On the other hand, the temperature rise is remarkable from night to dawn. This tendency is considered to be due to the fact that the heat capacity of buildings etc. are large and the sky ratio is low because the sky ratio is low in the city class with many artificial coverings, the temperature does not decrease at night, and it coincides with the fact that the heat island phenomenon becomes manifest from night to dawn There. It became clear that this tendency is strengthened over time by increasing the ratio of artificial coating. In order to examine it in detail, the situation around the observation point was investigated using "Google Earth Pro" as a detailed analysis of hourly temperature gradient. The temporal change of the temperature gradient at most observation points among the 31 points of the city class showed the time change of the typical temperature gradient of the city. In addition, the daily range of temperature gradient varies from city to city, and land covering change is thought to have a big influence such as the influence of surrounding agricultural land.
 Humidity data accumulated and searched the relationship with land covering situation. Relative humidity tended to decrease nationwide. It was also confirmed that the relative humidity change varies depending on the difference in land covering, and the relative humidity shows a strongly decreasing trend in urban class etc. where the ratio of artificial coverings is large. On the other hand, it was found that the absolute humidity tends to increase with the passage of time. Although it has been reported that it was decreasing from 1951 to 1990, it may be thought that the trend of increase was from 1985 to around 1990. Moreover, the absolute humidity gradient was noticeable by season, and it turned out to be decreasing trend in winter. In other words, in the winter season, water vapor itself is decreasing and it seems that drying is progressing.
 As described above, detailed analysis was carried out to clarify the relationship between the land covering condition and climate change.

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 Recently, increasing urban temperatures due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and Global Warming (GW) have been remarkable in some Japanese metropolises. The UHI effect and GW not only cause temperatures to rise, they also have other diverse impacts on urban dwellers. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of temperature increase on urban dwellers to take action for preventing the occurrence of adverse impact. In this regard, the authors have shown the overall perspective of the effect of temperature change on urban dwellers by relation diagram, and evaluated the influence on energy, resources, health, air pollution etc. as much as possible quantitatively.
 This paper aims to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the impact of urban outdoor temperature change on human health in Osaka Prefecture, based on the data accumulated by the authors and the results of past researches, conducted an annual evaluation from fatal severe to relatively mild impact. Specifically, based on the concept of endpoint-type life cycle impact assessment method, human health impact due to various diseases was integrally evaluated using DALY (disability-adjusted life year). The evaluated diseases were heat / cold stress and hyperthermia as fatal severe effect, infections such as Herpangina as relatively severe effect, sleep disturbance, fatigue and mild heatstroke as a relatively mild effect. The time range of the evaluation was from 1967 to 1977 (1970s) as the base period, from 1987 to 1997 (1990s), further from 2007 to 2017 (2010s) over the past 40 years.

 The results of this research are described below.
 1) With respect to the disability weight that is indispensable for the evaluation of DALY, the value of mild heatstroke was determined by questionnaire survey for 70 physicians with reference to Müller-Wenk's method. The average value was 0.081 for Grade I, 0.237 for Grade II and 0.463 for Grade III.
 2) The average comprehensive value of DALY for annual evaluation was particularly remarkable increase in the period from the 1990s to the 2010s, it was about four times as much as the change from the 1970s to the 1990s.
 3) The maximum comprehensive value of DALY throughout each period was recorded in 1994, this indicate slightly different from secular trend of average value and the influence of sudden and intense heat was strong.
 4) The minimum comprehensive value in the 2010s was almost the same as the average value of the 1970s, this showed that DALY increased steadily and extremely low situation did not occur.
 5) The comprehensive value of DALY increased from May to October due to the temperature change of 40 years but decreased from November to April. In other words, urban temperature change had a negative impact on health from the early summer to the early autumn, while a positive impact from late autumn to spring.
 6) The largest increase of DALY was seen in August, especially deterioration in sleep disturbance, fatigue, death by heat stress and death by hyperthermia showed large impact. On the other hands, the largest decrease was seen in February, mitigation in fatigue and cold stress showed large impact. The annual total value of DALY increased by 2,854 [DALY].
 7) The influence of sleep disturbance and fatigue had a large impact on the change in DALY. Although the disability weight and the disease period are small for these disease, these influences are indispensable to evaluate the entire of human health from the macro viewpoint of urban area.

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