Drywall assemblies that composed of light gauge steel studs and panels like gypsum boards or fiber reinforced cement boards are common in buildings because of high construction efficiency. The fire resistance of the walls is ordinarily designed and ensured by adding the thickness of boards. The drywall assemblies have been mainly used for partition elements of a building. Fire resistance of compartment elements mainly depends on the thermal tolerance of protection materials at high temperatures and increased gaps or cracks in the wall. Among fire protection materials, gypsum board products have relatively high fire resistance, and commonly used for compartment elements such as walls and floors. The purpose of this study is to grasp the influence of fire severities, thermal decomposition and degradation of gypsum boards, and thermal deformation of light gauge steel studs on the fire resistance of compartment elements. In this study, a series of fire resistance experiments of drywall assemblies were conducted from bench scale specimens to mid-scale specimens. Main parameters of the experiments were fire severities and specimen size. The fire severities ranged from α = 350 to α = 650, including the standard fire exposure.
 The fire resistance of GB-F(V) is dependent on the endothermic reaction during thermal decomposition of crystal water in gypsum boards of which CaS0₄ 2H₂O is the main ingredient. A large amount of water vapor is generated during the thermal decomposition of crystal water, and it moves to the unexposed side of boards in lower temperature through micro-cracks or pores in boards. The water vapor to condenses through the board with lower temperatures, and then evaporate again. This phenomenon increases the latent heat of evaporation. The experimental results showed that increase in the latent heat of evaporation significantly greater when a thickness of board are greater than 10mm. When the thickness reaches 15mm, the effective specific heat increases by ΔH = 236 [kJ/kg] of latent heat of evaporation in calculation.
 In addition, when the drywall assemblies of lightweight gauge steel studs are exposed to fire, the out-of-plane and axial deformation of walls caused by the thermal expansion of the steel. It was found that the stud’s length and the temperature difference between heating and non-heating sides of steel studs affected was the main factor of out of plane deformation. The thermal deformation coupled with the thermal shrinkage of gypsum boards also caused greater boards cracks or joint gaps. Then the inflow of hot gases from furnace through the joint gaps and cracks caused a rapid increase in the temperature of air cavity in walls. The thermal deterioration of gypsum boards overlaps with the thermal deformation of steel frame, resulting in a substantial reduction in the fire resistance of walls.
 Finally, the effective thermal conductivity of gypsum boards considering the joint gaps and cracks was calculated by heat transfer analysis through a series of the experimental results in different fire severities. The identified effective thermal properties and specific heat gave a good agreement with fire resistance tests.

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 In the psychological measurements of subjective responses to vibration, the category rating scale method has been adopted in previous studies. Since the rating scale methods ask judgment with adverbial expressions used in daily life, it is generally said that respondents could make judgement relatively easily. On the other hand, since the degree of sensation represented by semantic labels used for each category in the scale is often not clear and vary between individuals, a selection of semantic labels for categories in the scale can result in unclear boundaries between categories and unequal intervals between categories on sensory scale.
 This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 23 kinds of adverbial expressions that could represent subjective responses to vibrations. Those expressions were selected with reference to previous studies on noise. From the results of questionnaire survey, appropriate adverbial expressions were then selected for each category in 5- and 7-step rating scales. In addition, an experiment involving human subjects was carried out using an electrodynamic shaker in a laboratory to investigate relationship between vibration intensities and ratings measured with the scale developed from the conceptual questionnaire.
 The questionnaire survey investigated adverbial expressions representing the degrees of three kinds of subjective response to vibration, i.e., "Magnitude", "Concern", and "Discomfort". The number of categories in the scale was set to 5 and 7 steps. An internet survey was conducted all over Japan regardless of gender, age, etc. The number of respondents in this survey was 1,700 for 5- and 7-step scales in total, of which the number of effective respondents was 851 for 5-step and 857 for 7-step. In accordance with the criteria for the selection of expressions suggested by ICBEN (International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise) Team 6, the adverbial expressions for 5 and 7-step were selected. The effects of age, gender, area of residence, and experiences of building vibration exposure on the rating scale were investigated statistically. It was found that, although there were statistically significant differences in the interpretation of some adverbial expressions between different groups of respondents, those differences were not sufficient to give any effects on the orders and intervals in the scale developed.
 In the complemental experiment, the method of adjustment was adopted to measure the subjective intensity produced by vibration corresponding to adverbial expressions of 23 kinds directly. In the experiment, "Magnitude" and "Concern" only were investigated. The amplitude of sinusoidal vibration at a frequency of 4 Hz was determined for each of the 23 adverbial expressions by adjustment method. The frequency was set to 4 Hz which is often found in the horizontal first order natural frequency of a steel-framed residential building to represent a horizontal vibration inside building. The experimental results showed a reasonable relationship between vibration intensities and the degrees of sensation determined by adverbial expressions in the questionnaire conceptually. The regression line between conceptual strength of vibration sensation and physical quantity of vibration indicated a logarithmic law.

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 Light control systems using motion sensor save energy consumption in office efficiently. It is also known that rapid change of illuminance might cause unpleasantness to workers. To solve this problem several researches studied the relation between workers' perception and the way of dimming of luminaires around workers, however they did not focus the effect of the light source color. Although there are many discussion and doubt, Kruithof curve is a famous theory, that there are pleasant or unpleasant combination of illuminance and color temperature. Here our question arises that workers' perception on the change of illuminance might be influenced by the impression of the combination of illuminance and color temperature before and/or after the fluctuation.
 Thus, we conducted three experiments in an experimental room, focusing two points. The first was perception of different color temperature in a room with achromatic, that is white wall, and the second was with different color temperature and chromatic wall color. The size of the room is W3.5m x D3.5m x H2.7m. In the achromatic phase, three color temperature, 3000K, 5000K and 6500K were presented by LED luminaires on the ceiling. In the chromatic phase the same three (or two of 3000K and 6500K) color temperature were combined with four wall color, orange, pale orange, blue and pale blue, covering existing white walls with color cloth of 1.5 m height from the floor. In one session of the experiment color temperature and wall color were fixed to one and illuminance was fluctuated several times with different ending level and speed randomly. Starting illuminance was fixed to 750 in this research, and ending illuminance and speed were decided according to the existing research. 20 students participated at every experiments. During the session, participants were doing a task to search about one question with a laptop PC and write down the findings on a paper, and also instructed to fill the questionnaire every time they perceived the change. Dimmed illuminance recovered to the starting level with longer seconds. At the end of the experiment, participants evaluated the pleasantness of the room with each of the all combination of wall color, color temperature and illuminance at the stating/ending time of the change.
 The results show that with white wall the perception ratio is statistically lower at 5000K than at 6500K. There is some tendancy that the perception ratio is relatively higher when the color of lamp and wall is similar ones, that is, blue wall and 6500 K or orange wall and 3000 K, though this tendency was not found when the color of wall was pale, whitish one.
 Finally, participants' evaluation of pleasantness on each combination of wall color, color temperature and illuminance before and after the change were compared to the perception ratio of the experiments. It was found that negative subjective impression of the combination before/after the change leads to higher perception and positive impression show the opposite results.

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 In this study, we clarified the indoor environment of traditional dwellings of the gers in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia through questionnaires and measurement. Questionnaires were conducted for 59 gers and 10 of them were selected for measuring indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentration. The ventilation rate estimation of the gers was based on the indoor CO₂ concentration during 4:00 - 6:00 when the ventilation rate was most stable. Indoor air temperatures of the gers change significantly throughout the day. The indoor environment of the gers is uncomfortable according to the ISO7730 standard due to high or low air temperature and low relative humidity. The heat loss coefficient of the gers is between 1.31 W/(m²K) and 3.96 W/(m²K) based on coal consumption in the gers.

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 Radiant air conditioning systems have attracted many people's interest due to the high capabilities of energy saving and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment at the same time. There are two types of radiant air conditioning systems, water type or air type. It is usual to use water as refrigerant, but it is difficult to install this system and maintain system performance, so the number of introduction example using air-type has been increasing lately. There is also a problem about the drought from diffuser of air conditioning system, so some researchers use textile and provide low velocity supply to prevent drought.
 In this study, the authors suggest a new radiant air conditioning system, ceiling radiant textile air conditioning system with package air conditioner (Package Air Conditioner). In a room with PAC installed, we introduced the textile layer covering the ceiling below the PAC. By using existing PAC, the complexity of installation will become lower compared to the typical air conditioning system. The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal environment when operating the new radiant system and to develop an optimal method of using this system. This system controls the indoor environment utilizing the radiant effect of textile and the airflow through textile.
 In order to clarify the actual phenomenon, we conducted several experiments under 6 conditions, changing the supply airflow angle, pre-set temperature of PAC, airflow rate from PAC or heat generation rate. We also set up a "guide" below the inlet of PAC which prevents supply air from being drawn into the inlet of PAC and is made of non-flammable corrugated carton. Moreover, in order to increase the airflow rate through textile, we cut the part of textile under the guide and made an opening. Experiments in a total of 18 cases were carried out and compared under three conditions, "no guide", "guide on textile" and "guide with opening", combined with previous 6 conditions, thus we conducted the experiment in 18 cases. In this study, the temperature, concentration of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas, and heat transfer rate by radiation were measured. Airflow rate through textile is calculated by tracer gas method.
 In all cases, the temperature difference between FL+100mm and FL+1700mm is less than 3°C, which meets the recommendation in ASHRAE 55, and the temperature in Indoor space is close to pre-set temperature of PAC, so the cooling effect is biggest in the cases of “guide with opening” condition. In “guide with opening” condition, temperature distributions were almost same without in Case4, pre-set temperature of PAC was different, so PAC can be operated according to heat load in Indoor space. As for radiant effect, the average temperature differences between the textile surface and room air were compared, and the radiant effect is larger in the cases of “no guide” and “guide on textile” conditions.
 Estimated exchange airflow rate are doubled when using guide, and increased by five times when the opening was provided below the inlet. The effect of opening at the bottom of the guides was larger than that of only using guide because the pressure loss across the textile was significant and its supply airflow rate decreases due to the resistance of textile. In “no guide” condition, the correlation coefficient between airflow rate and temperature difference between attic and indoor space was 0.91 (Q₁) and 0.88 (Q₂), which shows that the correlation between exchange airflow rate and temperature difference is stronger for “no guide” condition, compared to the other conditions with that resulted in smaller correlation coefficient.

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The authors have proposed a new regenerating method for desiccant air conditioning system, “energization-regeneration,” where joule heating regenerates a dehumidifying element comprising conductive polymers with honeycomb core structure. The method controls positional-and-temporal partial heating regeneration for the element. This study first adjusted the element’s conductive polymer compositions and configuration to improve dehumidifying performance; then, the input energy was controlled according to positions and time to improve energy efficiency, thereby clarifying the optimal conditions of the element and energization control. The results showed that this method is capable of presenting greater dehumidifying performance and energy efficiency than conventional regeneration methods.

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 Many studies have been conducted on PCMs' material character, thermal comfort, and energy savings. However, PCM is more expensive than most sensible heat storage materials (e.g., water and concrete). Thus, it is necessary to develop a relatively cheaper solution.
 A floor heating system is developed using PCM and an under-floor chamber. A home air conditioner or a pneumatic solar thermal collector is used as a heat source. By sending warm air into the insulated under-floor chamber, heat is transferred to a storage tank adhered to the flooring material. The heat storage layer is composed of PCM on the flooring side and a water-filled layer on the chamber side. A spring-effect heat-conductive metal plate (SHP) adheres the heat storage layer to the backside of the flooring material. Made of an inexpensive sheet metal bent into a certain shape, the SHP realizes a spring effect with the strength needed to ensure adhesion. By installing this system between floor joists, it becomes possible to install a heat storage layer adhered to the backside of the floor without changing the ordinary floor structure.
 In addition, we present a simulation and a diagram for design purposes. A floor, composed of phase-change materials and a water pack, is represented using a mass-point model. The model formulated with differential equations is solved using the backward difference method. For the four cases, time-series fluctuation of heat storage and heat release is simulated. Regarding the phase change material, we express the nonlinear tendency of heat release and storage.
 Line charts for the proposed system are presented. We define system optimization, which is to maximize the length of time the floor surface temperature is stably maintained with respect to the unit heat storage amount. By conducting simulations using the model of Chapter 3, we develop diagrams that derive the PCM specifications (i.e., phase-change temperature and thickness) based on the designed room temperature and the floor surface temperature lower-limit value.

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 In this study, the error of a conventional simple pump model that approximates the resistance of a piping network using a linear or quadratic equation of flow rate was evaluated. For this purpose, a new water circuit model that can easily construct a parallel flow network of free depth without convergence calculation was developed. As shown in Fig. 7, due to a non-uniform distribution of load, it is possible that an error of several tenths in energy prediction should occur in the conventional simple pump model. The magnitude of this error could be higher than the magnitude of the error that is influenced by various parameters, such as the pressure and flow rates of the pump and the pump efficiency, which many previous traditional programs have attempted to precisely represent. Therefore, the resistance curve must be set appropriately by capturing the load distribution characteristics of the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system. By considering the heat load characteristics that many conventional heat load calculation programs can express, such as the difference in orientation or the difference between the perimeter and the interior zone, the annual operating point of the pump is predicted, as shown in Fig. 8. In the conventional simple pump model, if the resistance of the water pipe network is represented by a quadratic equation of flow rate, the energy prediction obtained is too small; if the resistance is expressed by a linear equation, the energy prediction obtained is excessive. Compared with the calculation result of the detailed water circuit model developed in this study, the annual error rate of conventional simple pump model was 30~60%, which is not small. For the pump model considered in this study, many operating points were lined up between the two assumed resistance curves represented by linear and quadratic equations. If the resistance of the water pipe network is proportional to the 1.5^th power of the flow rate, the error is less than 10%. The chilled and heating water network to be calculated in this study is not complex. It must be confirmed whether characteristic of being proportional to the 1.5^th power of the flow rate can also be applied to a complex large-scale building, where there is an extensive merging and branching of pipes. As a result of integrating the model for heat generation due to tenant activities, and the variations in air conditioning operation times, into the aforementioned heat load calculation model, the annual operation point of the pump changed, as shown in Fig. 10. Even when the load on a building as a whole was low, the required minimum differential pressure was high because the load on a specific tenant was large. Thus, the resistance curve shown in Fig. 11 was obtained. Compared to the results of the simulation where the uncertainty of tenants was not considered (Fig. 8), the resistance, according to solid line in Fig. 11, tended to increase at low loads. In actual tenant office buildings, there are uncertainties that cannot be expressed in the model; therefore, the tendency to increase in case of low load is expected to further increase.

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 This paper describes development of the energy demand estimation method for non-residential buildings and the demand analysis in Japanese business area by using this method. We developed a method to estimate demand of electricity and heat (heating, cooling and hot water) of non-residential buildings for one year. And we provided useful knowledge about distributed introducing energy supply system from demand analysis in business area by using this method.
 1st chapter describes a background of this paper. The urban energy supply systems are changing to distributed energy supply systems according to the spreading of renewable energy. In order to effectively arrange and operate distributed energy supply systems in the city, it is necessary to (1) estimate energy demand for each use in each building, (2) consider on operation technology such as interchange or storage, and (3) study in a city scale rather than a building scale. Therefore, we developed a method to estimate each demand of non-residential buildings to calculate the optimal energy supply system with renewable energy.
 2nd chapter indicates the analysis of measurement data. From these analyses, we confirmed that demand fluctuations at minute intervals are large in power demand and heat demand even for non-residential buildings. So we grasped fluctuation of demand as a random variable from analysis and developed a method to reproduce realistic fluctuation of demand using random number.
 3rd chapter is the development of the demand estimation method. This method estimates demand of electricity and heat (heating, cooling and hot water) of non-residential buildings for one year. This program makes fluctuation in demand by 5-minutes intervals depending on the type of buildings (office, hospital, hotel, store, restaurant and school), total floor area, outdoor air temperature and so on. The standard demand amount of each type of buildings is based on statistical data and measurement data about energy consumption of non-residential buildings in Japan. And the fluctuation method of the demand incorporates random number simulation and probability distribution to reproduce the actual fluctuation.
 4th chapter describes case studies. We estimated and accumulated the demand for hundreds of buildings by two districts for the demand analysis in the whole district. One of these analyses showed that there are the large fluctuations in demand of each building, and these fluctuations get to small by grouping the buildings in the block.
 Moreover, we analyzed surplus power of solar panel, and a gap of peak demand between aggregated individual building and district. These analyses provided useful knowledge about solar power system and district heating system.
 5th chapter is conclusion. It summarizes the main points so far and shows future issues.

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 Many of the district heat supply systems in Japan (133 districts, as of end of March 2017) were installed in the 1990s and have been in use for over 20 years. Therefore, improving system efficiency is a goal as the time for renovation approaches. Further, in the context of the Great East Japan Earthquake, in addition to energy conservation during normal times in cities, business continuity performance in the regional units during emergencies has become necessary. From the above two points, it is expected that the plan for renovation and new installation of Cogeneration Systems (CGSs) in the district heat supply system will increase. Hence, understanding the form of the district heat supply system that utilizes the existing CGSs and the details and effects of its renovation, are considered important.
 Therefore, in this study, First of all CGS installation utilization patterns in the district heat supply system are categorized. Nextly, the form of 24 existing district heat supply systems utilizing CGS in the metropolitan area were investigated, and the CGS installation utilization patterns for 17 systems were identified. Subsequently, among the 17 systems, the details of renovation and new additions in 9 systems, in which CGSs were renovated or recently added, were examined. Further, to examine the effects of renovation, the energy consumption of the heat supply system before and after renovation was investigated. Finally, the effect of CGS renovation was evaluated by setting up index. The efficiency of the heat supply system was utilized as the evaluation index. From the above survey analyses, the following three findings are presented.
 By combining the 3 types of heat supply system plants and the 7 types of destination facilities of the generated power supply, 10 types of CGS installation utilization patterns emerge. Further, from the actual survey results, there were 12 districts that consumed generated power in the CGS installation buildings, and there were 3 districts that supplied generated power to the outside of the CGS installation building.
 Based on the results of the survey on the renovation details of 9 districts, there were a total of 6 cases of CGS renovation, namely, new installation for the plant, new installation for the consumers, transition from individual reception to collective power reception, change in the installation site, change in the supply destination of generated power, and addition of emergency response.
 Among the 9 districts surveyed for cases of renovation, there were 5 districts where the energy consumption of the heat supply system could be investigated. The heat supply system efficiency and the emergency power supply rate of these districts were calculated. The power generation efficiency tended to improve, and the overall efficiency showed a trend of slight decrease or an increase of 4 to 6 points. Further, the heat supply system efficiency tended to improve by 1.1 to 1.4 times in all the surveyed districts before and after renovation.

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 The cooling load of an underground train station in recent years has been much lower than what was assumed when designing the ground station 30 years ago. This is because the heat from trains has been declining because of improved train weight and power efficiency, and the groundwater level has increased in urban areas of Japan. When considering the updated design of an underground station, it is important to estimate the cooling load accurately.
 It is necessary to develop a calculation method for air-conditioning load that alleviates calculation load, eliminates the output difference due to the skill of the designer as much as possible, and changes the amount of ventilation. In this research, a block model was used to satisfy the necessary specifications. Next, the input parameter values necessary for load calculation were estimated. Furthermore, the calculation accuracy of this simulator compared with the air-conditioning processing load at seven underground stations was taken into consideration. Another reason why the cooling loads of underground stations have been much lower is that the heat release from train brake systems and car-cooling systems has decreased because of improvements in train mechanics.
 In a previous report, the pressure loss coefficient of the tunnel was identified from the train wind speed measurement result at the edge of the platform, and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis revealed the air volume at each station and the domestic influence coefficient of the train wind.
 In the previous report, the measured air temperature of eight tunnels over two years was presented and studied. Subsequently, a simple estimation formula using several parameters was proposed to predict the tunnel temperature based on the local outside temperature data. The predicted tunnel air temperatures were compared with measured ones, confirming the prediction accuracy.
 When using a general-purpose simulator for load calculation, a difference can result from the skill of the designer, and it is likely that excessive heat source equipment capacity will be designed to ensure safety. Furthermore, according to the conventional calculation method, it is impossible to predict the load of each zone and the differences of the air-conditioning system, so it is difficult to investigate in detail the energy conservation of underground stations. Therefore, a station should be designed to reduce the difference in output resulting from the skill of the designer as much as possible and to easily compute the breakdown of sensible heat and latent heat for each type of air-conditioning load when conditions, such as the ventilation air flow rate and air-conditioning system, change for the underground station air-conditioning load simulator.
 In this research, a block model is used to satisfy the necessary specifications. Next, the input parameter values necessary for load calculation are estimated. Finally, the calculation accuracy of this simulator is compared with the air-conditioning processing load at seven underground stations.

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The Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook suggests countermeasures for the residential sector such as making an energy efficiency standard compulsory for newly-built houses, installing high-efficiency water heaters. The Japanese government estimated reduction effect obtained by thesecountermeasures and asserts that the target value of CO₂ emission reduction can be achieved. However, the estimation is based on a quite simple method, which is multiplication of reduction effect per unit by the installation number. In this study, a bottom-up simulation model verifies the reduction effect considering the difference caused by various factors such as climate condition, family composition, and building specification.

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 Over the past few years, reducing energy use and reducing the environmental impact of buildings have become major issues. As the push for zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) has progressed, energy consumption during building use has decreased. The environmental impact during building construction and maintenance accounts for a large portion of the environmental load during a building’s entire lifecycle. Therefore, energy consumption and CO₂ emission during the manufacturing of building components and the construction of a building have become issues.
 Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions are collectively known as the embodied impact. Energy consumption is referred to as embodied energy (EE) and CO₂ emissions are referred to as embodied greenhouse gas emissions (EG). The current study calculated energy intensity and CO₂ emission intensity based on the 2011 Input-Output (I-O) Tables for Japan, and it compiled those values into an intensity database. This database included 393 industrial sectors, and intensity was indicated per producer price and consumer price in units of one million yen (Tables 5-7).
 This study analyzed the EG of the Japanese building and construction sectors, and the following findings were obtained:
 1) Research on EE and EG (EEG) has been conducted by the IEA EBC Annex 57 project. Those results have been published as reports and guidelines.
 2) EG by the construction sector accounted for 14.2% of total CO₂ emissions in Japan. EG decreased every year from 20.3% in 1995.
 3) EG by the building sector accounted for 4.4% of total CO₂ emissions in Japan, EG decreased every year from 7.5% in 1995. The main cause of the decrease was a decrease in building area, and the environment efficiency of buildings and materials has not improved.
 4) CO₂ emissions by buildings were determined by floor area (kg-CO₂/m²) as an index of environmental efficiency. This index increased starting in 1995, except for the wooden residential construction sector.
 5) CO₂ emissions from cement production decreased after 2000. However, CO₂ emissions by energy sources in sectors such as steel manufacturing, power supply, and gas supply increased.
 6) CO₂ emissions by the construction sectors (including EG and practical energy use) accounted for 48.3% of total CO₂ emissions in Japan. CO₂ emissions increased from 1995 to 2005 but decreased in 2011. This decrease was presumably caused energy conservation after the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake in March 2011. In other words, energy consumption during building use tended to increase. There were pushes for reduced energy consumption prior to 2011, but they had no substantive effect.
 7) Energy consumption during use has decreased as more ZEBs and zero-energy homes (ZEHs) have been built, but EG by construction will proportionally increase in the future. Measures must be taken to reduce EG, such as reviewing the processes for the manufacturing of cement and steel and examining methods of transporting resources.

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 In this study, the energy harvesting system for public toilet was constructed that stores electric energy recovered by micro hydropower generator equipped in tap water supplying pipe into battery. This system uses high-efficiency charge / discharge circuit and Purkinje effect visibility adjusted ultra-high-efficiency LED lighting. ZET system was installed to the toilet of disaster affected Tohoku University and confirmed the influence on the lighting energy balance and excretion behavior by demonstration experiment.
 As a result the following knowledge was obtained.

 1. In the gents' toilet despite that the consumption amount is larger than power generation amount, if the number of users and the consumption amount satisfy the predetermined conditions, the lighting energy of zero balance can be achieved by the power generation of additional flashing for cleaning. That is, the balance depends on the relationship between the number of users, how it behaves, and the number of automatically self-flushing.
 2. Regarding the frequency of use of urinal, the closest to the entrance was most frequently used and the fewest were next to the urinal nearest to the entrance. Frequency of use of urinal is not dependent on the distance from the entrance, and there is a strong tendency for the users to act not to be next to each other. Regardless of gender, it was confirmed that toilet booth closest to the entrance were frequently used, especially for Ladies' toilet, the trend is remarkable.
 3. Gents’ toilet has maximum 240 erroneous detections of LED lighting motion sensor per day without excretory activity, and for Ladies toilets as well. In female toilets, unnecessary detection lights due to lost stances due to booth selection and reconfirmation action after use were found. The toilet plan / equipment plan affects energy consumption of LED lighting.
 4. By combining reduction of erroneous detection of entry, reduction of wasteful lighting at the time of use, and controlling how to turn on/off the lighting, the gents' toilet got a prospect that zero energy balance can be achieved even if no daylight use toilet.
 5. As a result of utilizing daylight, reduction of erroneous entry detection and wasteful lighting reduction, the energy balance rate of gents' toilet improved significantly. This tendency is the same for ladies' toilet.
 6. In ladies' toilet, consumption by lighting in the booth was much larger than that for gents', and it became clear that there is a difference in behavior between male and female. Female tend to turn on the LED lighting continuously during use.
 7. Calculation confirmed that the number of maximum capacity of users can be further improved by the storage battery operating conditions and the storage battery capacity in emergency.

 In the following research, verification corresponding to changes in the size of the toilet will be continued and both an effective toilet plan and equipment layout methods that contribute to energy consumption will be examined.

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 The purpose of this study was to examine animal-raising spaces in accordance with present issues in schools.
 Animals raised in elementary schools are relevant to several subjects in the curriculum, with educational goals classified into three elements: 'life dignity', 'nature providence', and 'kindness to animals'. Outside the curriculum, raising animals in schools is increasingly necessary because of changes to children's social circumstances, such as the decreasing number of siblings and the reduced number of animals being raised at home due to changing house environments. These circumstances make it difficult to provide children with opportunities to help and be kind to others.
 Although the need for raising animals in schools is recognized, more schools are no longer raising animals because of several problems, such as the increased number of children with allergies, the care that is necessary during school holidays, and the severe climate during hot summers.
 Most schools raise animals in fixed spaces like hutches that sit alone outside. Their history dates back to 1909, and they were originally built so that children could become familiar with the natural world. However, considering the changing social circumstances of children, an animal-raising space that is more suitable for educating about 'life dignity' and 'kindness to animals' is required, where children can feel the dynamism of life and more easily get close to animals in daily life. Under such circumstances, some schools have recently shifted to portable spaces using small cages.
 We compared and evaluated the value of these two uses of space. Our research was performed in four schools: hearing and site investigations took place in three schools, which had shifted from fixed to portable raising spaces; and a portable-space introduction experiment was done in one school that had been raising animals in a fixed space for a long time.
 The hearing and site investigations revealed that the three schools selected their animal-raising space based on curriculum programs, temperature conditions, and relationships with the children. These investigations also found that portable raising spaces are suitable for managing the raising of animals, are easy to clean and can lead to children-animal relationships in positive directions. A portable cage reduces the problems associated with raising animals.
 The portable-space introduction experiment revealed that children stayed longer in portable spaces than in fixed ones, and they demonstrated a variety of positive behaviors such as sketching and talking about animals. Furthermore, a questionnaire that the children completed made it clear that a portable raising system is preferable to a fixed one for observing, getting emotional support from and having pleasant interactions with animals.
Although there are common tendencies, child-animal relationships differ for each situation in which a portable raising system is set. A portable raising space is useful in looking for a place where children can easily interact with an animal.
 These studies show that the portable raising system is a useful solution to the problem of finding an appropriate space to house animals. The portable system is superior in educational effectiveness versus the fixed one. However, many of the problems associated with raising animals in elementary schools are still left unsolved. It will be necessary to examine a next-generation breeding system in the future.

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