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Article type: Cover
1976Volume 240 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1976
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Article type: Cover
1976Volume 240 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1976
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Article type: Index
1976Volume 240 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1976
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Article type: Appendix
1976Volume 240 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1976
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TOMOZO SOSHIRODA, TAKAO IGAWA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
1-8
Published: February 28, 1976
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In the previous papers, the structural anisotropy of concrete relative to the casting direction has been characterized by tensile tests and the effects of the internal defects shown by tensile anisotropy such as the fissures under aggregates or bleeding channels were discussed. In this paper, the bleeding characteristics of fresh concrete presumed as the main cause of the anisotropy and the defects brought about by it were investigated. The conclusions obtained are as follows : (1) The quantity of bleeding water that reached the surface was less for concrete than for the mortar within the concrete. It seems that this reduction was the total amount of the internal bleeding water that never reach the surface as being disturbed by coarse aggregate particles. So this reduction-the total quantity of the internal bleeding-can be an indicater of the defects under aggregate in concrete. (2) The quantity of internal bleeding tended to increase with increasing bleeding of the mortar within concrete, with increasing volume fraction of aggregate, with increasing size of fine aggregate and with decreasing percentage of solid volume of coarse aggregate. (3) Channeled bleeding caused by heavy bleeding formed open channels in hardend concrete or mortar, and these channels more influenced the tensile behavior perpendicular to the casting direction. (4) Channeled bleeding in mortar tended to increase with increasing water/cement ratio and with decreasing sand/cement ratio.
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SEIKI NAGAMATSU
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
9-19
Published: February 28, 1976
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In the previous paper, two theoretical probability functions for bending and compressive strengths of mortar or concrete have been derived by considering fracture processes of those. Therefore, in order to make it clear that the value of the parameter β named "coefficient of uniformity" which is common to the two probability functions changes or does not with the properties of mortar or concrete, and also in order to make it sure that the equatons for the theoretical relationships between β and coefficient of variation are experimentaly correct, or not, the measurments about statistical distributions of bending and compressive strengths have been performed. The following results were obtained, (1) The values of β, V_b and V_c were nearly independent from the following four factors in mortar or concrete, watercement ratio, volume of gravels, size of gravels and curing ages. (2) The theoretical expressions of V_b, V_c as the functions of β were verified experimentaly. (3) The mean value of β was 23.55, that of V_b was 4.99%, and that of V_c was 3.29%.
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YOSHIO KOSAKA, YASUO TANIGAWA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
21-29
Published: February 28, 1976
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This paper describes the theoretical and experimental studies on the following three items : 1) the measuring methods of mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate embedded in concrete, 2) the effect of aggregate strength on the relationship between the compressive strength and the age of concrete, and 3) the effect of aggregate properties on the fracture process of modelled lightweight aggregate concrete. Main results obtained are summarised as follows : (1) The compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus of lightweight aggregate (10〜15mm in diameter) used in this investigation are about 420kg/(cm)^2, 10kg/(cm)^2 and 1.8×(10)^5kg/(cm)^2, respectively. (2) The compressive strength of lightweight concrete with higher strength of mortar matrix than that of aggregate increases with lower rate than that of normal weight concrete, with the lapse of age. (3) According to the results of finite element analysis, the fracture process of lightweight concrete with lower strength of mortar matrix than that of aggregate is similar to that of normal weight concrete, that is, 1) bond failure at the interface between coarse aggregate and mortar matrix, 2) initiation of tensile crack in mortar matrix and 3) local compressive failure in mortar matrix. On the other hand, the order of fracture of concrete with higher strength of mortar matrix than that of aggregate is as follows : 1) bond failure, 2) tensile cracking in aggregate and mortar matrix and 3) local compressive failure in aggregate. These theoretical results are in good agreement with the test results in the previous papers.
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TATSUO OKAJIMA, MAMORU KIMURA, TOSHIRO SUZUKI, KENJI OKADA, YUKIO IZAK ...
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
31-38
Published: February 28, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Stress and strain of thin-walled tube of structural metals under combined torsion and axial force were obtained experimentally. Material selected were three types of low carbon steels (SS-41, HT-60 and HT-80) and two types of structural aluminiums (6061 S-T 6 and AC 4 C-T 6). The results indicate that stress and strain of these materials under combined stresses can be obtained from the equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain of pure tension and from Prandtl-Reuss' equation.
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MINORU YAMADA, HIROSHI KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
39-50
Published: February 28, 1976
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In this report, an Ultimate State Aseismic Design Method is proposed with criticism against the two kinds of Specifications for Seismic Loading, No.1 by Building Research Institute and No.2 by Profs. Kobori and Minai proposed and discussed in the committee of A.I.J.. It is pointed out that both the proposed Specifications for Seismic Loading, No.1 and No.2, are composed on the basis only of the abstract and digital results derived from elasto-plastic response analysis without reference to the Ultimate State of real structures. The Ultimate State Aseismic Design Method proposed here by the authors is, however, based on new fundamental aseismic concepts, i.e. Resonance Capacity (Eq.6 or 13) and Spacial Characteristics of Resonance Capacity (Fig.5), which are induced through the synthesis of the physical phenomena and characteristics of real structures and structural members, i.e. fracture, fatigue and hysteretic damping, and of the fundamental vibration phenomenon, i.e. steady-state resonance as the Ultimate State of structures.
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HARUO TAKIZAWA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
51-62
Published: February 28, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The paper (Part I) discusses several basic problems concerning nonlinear modeling techniques of structural constituent members, which will be followed by another paper (Part II). These constitute a basis for idealizing a planar R/C frame as a nonlinear dynamic system for the purpose of simulating its inelastic behavior and further pursuing its dynamic collapse process during severe earthquakes. Specifically intended are these modeling techniques to bridge a fairly large gap lying between restoring force characteristics of each member under simple loading condition, which is directly estimated by experimental means (represented, for example, by a group of empirical equations), and those under more complicated condition in an actually loaded frame, which must be evaluated successively at each stage of structural analysis based directly on member-level properties. With the aid of these techniques, one can fully estimate the instantaneous nonlinear characteristics of overall structure, and trace the damage process of each constituent member under a given groudmotion disturbance by computational procedures. The discussions herein are developed with the main emphasis on the so-called 'inelastic beam model', which plays the most important role for attaining the above purpose.
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MASAHIDE TOMII, TETSUO YAMAKAWA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
63-70
Published: February 28, 1976
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YUTAKA YAMAZAKI
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
71-77
Published: February 28, 1976
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Vibrational properties of structures subjected to earthquake ground motions have been investigated by utilizing the concept of random vibration. The theory of random vibration for dynamic responses of structures is based on the stochastic point of view that earthquake ground motions can not be essentially predicted as deterministic phenomena and that vibrational behavior of structures during earthquakes must be grasped stochastically. The non-deterministic phenomena of earthquake ground motions are going to be treated essentially by the application of the theory of random vibration to the earthquake engineering. However, it is also true that a structure cannot be handled as a deterministic system, because the variables on dynamic properties of an actual structure, such as the masses, spring constants and damping constants, can not been evaluated deterministically when the structure is designed. Hence, a structure must be designed by considering the non-deterministic properties of the structure as well as those of earthquake ground motions. In this thesis, a theoretical treatment of earthquake response problems of a structure with non-determistic variable has been discussed and a reasonable idea to design a structure with safety has been suggested.
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HIROYOSHI KOBAYASHI, SUMIO NAGAHASHI
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
79-92
Published: February 28, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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YOSHIMI URANO, HITOSHI YAMAZAKI, MASARU NISHIDA, TOSHIYUKI WATANABE, N ...
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
93-102
Published: February 28, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In the study on air distribution of ventilated room space, we have obtained the numerical solutions and the experimental results. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the comparison of the numerical solutions with the visual flow patterns obtained by experiments. In our method of numerical calculation, we used the vorticity transport equation based on Navier-Stokes equations and an equation of continuity. Calculating ∂^2Ω/∂T^2 by partial difference of the vorticity transport equation with respect to dimensionless time T, we obtained a higher accuracy of ∂Ω/∂T. We used these finite difference equations and obtained satisfactory results. The shape of the room model was square, putting an inlet at the top of the left side wall and an outlet at the bottom of the same wall. Computations were solved with a 40×40 mesh. An isothermal, incompressible and viscous fluid was assumed, and a flow was two-dimensional. Visual experiments were made to examine these numerical solutions. Water was used as a fluid in these experiments, and Alminium dust was used to make the flow visible. We conducted these experiments under the same boundary conditions as those of the numerical calculations. Numerical solutions of R_e=100 were compared with the experimental results of the patterns of the main flow, dominant vortex and corner vortices. These numerical solutions agree qualitatively with the experimental results.
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Article type: Bibliography
1976Volume 240 Pages
101-
Published: February 28, 1976
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TOSHIO OJIMA, TATSUO OKA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
103-111
Published: February 28, 1976
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Heat generated near ground is diffusing into atomosphere and make some thermal environment as heat-island is found in a urbanized area by decreasing cooling ability and the great heat generation in comparison with those of the green belt. In this paper, fluid flow equations are theoretically investigated for this problem, and numerical methodlis used with a computer for a solution of finite defference approximation to the primitive equations of thermal diffusion and atomosphere motion caused by the heat-island in time dependent three-dimensional. Thermal environment, which is represented by temperature distribution and wind velocity variations caused by the heat-island, is described for an example of a small town and the out-skirts.
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YOSHICHIKA UCHIDA, HIDETAKA UNO, HIDEO NAOI
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
113-120
Published: February 28, 1976
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This paper, as part 2 of the research, includes report on two researches and conclusion of existing state of accidents. Main results of this whole research are as follows : 1. Aspect of accident is affected more essentially by type of building element rather than by type of building. 2. Total deaths caused by accidents in houses and buildings are 3500〜4000 annually in Japan. This amount is four times as large as that by building disasters such as fires or earthquakes. But this enormous number of deaths is only a little portion of non-fatal accidents. 3. In recent years, accidental death rate is rather increasing in Japan. 4. Accidental death rate is affected by age ; high at very young and old age groups. It is not affected by sex in Japan. 5. As a result of the research, 21 types of accident are listed up covering 80% of all, and graded according to their relative importance. And their typical mechanisms are also listed up, which will give fundamental information to studies to be continued.
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SABURO HORIUCHI, MASAMI KOBAYASHI, YOICHI NIMURA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
121-126
Published: February 28, 1976
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In this study we aimed at a regression analysis of "The density of fire occurance in urban areas" through Multivariate Technique. We applied "The density of fire" as the criterion variable and as the predictor variables, we applied some items that were supposed to represent the characteristics of sample zones. By using these items, we tried not only to get an estimation of annual fire frequency, but also to examine the method to lower fire hazard when we make city planning. In our research we chose the city of Kyoto as an objective area and the following four items were the data we could obtain for the zone characteristics : 1) land use pattern 2) population density 3) building volume 4) percentage of fire proof buildings. Among these items, land-use pattern was given in nominal scale and so, we made the regression analysis by the theory of quantification I (HAYASHI MODEL) as the basic model.
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TAKESHISA KOTERA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
127-134
Published: February 28, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In this (3), which is to follow the previous parts (1) and (2), the formation of urban space "Machi", which was to become an unique space of Japanese cities, is discussed. The "Machi", a loose municipal community, seems to have deen established in late Muromachi period also as a closed urban space which enabled each "Machi" to resist land lords and powers. Considering such demand of "Machi" and inhabitants, centralized powers of Hideyoshi set Kyoto free from feudal lords. It resulted remarkable development of "Machi" and "Machiya" (houses for inhabitants of Machi), but at the same time they have been organized in strict system of the city administration by the centralized powers. At the end of this study, Kamakura which was another important city in middle age of Japan is argued in comparison with Kyoto.
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Yoshio TAMAKOSHI
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
135-141
Published: February 28, 1976
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In der ungewohnlichen Situation des Rituals im oder um das Wohnhaus zeigt sich die Grundstruktur der Wohnung als Aufenthaltsort in der Welt, weil darin die Welt in das Chaos aufgelost und wieder neu aufgebaut wird, wodurch die Ordnung neu gestarkt wird. Der Zweck des Rituals kann durch die Formanschaung, deren Wesen Ewigkeit anstrebt, erreicht werden. Dieser Sachverhalt wird in dieser Monographie an "SEIRYODEN", der alltaglichen Wohnung des Tenno in der Heian-zeit, untesucht. Dieses Haus wird grundsatzlich durch zwei Raumtypen dem offenen und dem umgeschlossene, gebildet. Durch das Ritual wird in diesen Raumtypen die Ordnung des Lebensraums erkennbar. 1. Yoru-no-otodo (Schlafzimmer, umgeschlossener Raum) und die Finsternis. Im Yoru-no-otodo steht ein Bett mit Vorhangen und Baldachin, das Micho. Auch das alltagliche Schlafen auf dem Micho wird gegen die gewohnliche Nacht durch verschiedene magische Handlungen geschutzt, weil man glaubt die Finsternis der Nacht stelle die bose Geistigerwelt dar. 2. 1. Gu-shobu (Darbringung von Kalmus). In diesen Ritual wird der Dachrand des SEIRYODEN in der Nacht mit Kalmusblattern bedeckt und am nachsten Morgen werden Kusu-dama (Kusu=geheim, Tama=Kugel, Seele) an den zwei Zaulen vor dem Hirunomicho (Micho fur den Tag, im offenen Raum) aufgehangt. Dieses Ritual stellt das zuruckkehren zur anfanglichen Situation nach der ungeordneten Nacht dar und den Wiederaufbau der Saulen der neuen Ordnunmg. 2. 2. U-zue-no-koto (Darbringung von Holz am ersten Tag des Hasen (U) im neuen Jahr), Das Holz (Ugi) wird an die Saulen vom Hiru-no-micho gehangt. Dadurch werden Frontalitat und Zentralitat des Hiru-no-micho verstarkt. Da das Hiru-no-micho inder Ritualsituation das Symbol des Yoru-no-otodo ist, wird durch diese Zeremonie die Ordnung der Wohnung gegen die Unordnung der Nacht geschaffen. Fortsetzung folgt.
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HIROYASU YAMADA
Article type: Article
1976Volume 240 Pages
143-151
Published: February 28, 1976
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Contents, 3-1 The distribution of average number of house complex members. 3-2 The relationship between average house complex numbers and economic statuses. 3-3 The distribution of the size of Sugoyo parts 3-4 The distribution of the size of Tsunoya additions and Tsuno-Zashiki. 3-5 The distribution of the size of Dozo and Koya. 3-6 The proportion of Sugoya part's plans. 3-7 The floor and column construction systems of Sugoya and Tsunoya houses.
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