Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies
Online ISSN : 2433-1872
Print ISSN : 0913-7858
Volume 9
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
  • Akira USUKI
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 1-35
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Akihiko YAMAGUCHI
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 37-65
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le 22 janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.
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  • Makoto MIZUTANI
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 67-92
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Gen KASUYA
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 93-116
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper I have tried to analyze the arguments on the Caliphate in Turkey, during the period from the separation of the Caliphate from the Sultanate and the abolition of the latter (Nov.1, 1922) to the abolition of the Caliphate (Mar.3, 1924), and trace how layiklik developed in the Caliphal arguments. In chapter I, I have examined the idea of the so-called "spiritual" Caliphate put forth by the Birinci Grup (First Group), or the Kemalists after the abolition of the Sultanate, saying that a new Caliph, Abdulmecid should not enjoy any political power in the Turkish state and should stay as a purely spiritual dignity in the Sunni world. And I have disclosed the following points: that the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate was a kind of laicism and a romantic (non-political) pan-Islamism, and the controversy over the "spiritual" Caliphate between the Birinci Grup and the Ikinci Grup (Second Group), or the anti-Kemalists, has become a cover for the power struggle between them. In Chapter II, I have investigated the Caliphal controversy which took place in 1923 between the supporters of Hilafet-i Islamiye ve Buyuk Millet Meclisi (The Islamic Caliphate and the Grand National Assembly), who disagreed with the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate, and those of Hilafet ve Milli Hakimiyet (The Caliphate and National Sovereignty), who supported the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. I also examined Mustafa Kemal's speeches made during his political campaign in early 1923 and clarified that Kemal had expressed some views that ran contrary to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate-views which indirectly implied the future abolition of the Caliphate. Chapter III surveys the political situation surrounding the Caliphate during the period from Apr. 1923 to just before the abolition of the Caliphate. I have found that the combination of the Hiyanet-i Vatan Kanunu (High Treason Law) and the Istiklal Mahkemeleri (Independence Tribunals) served to make any free controversy over the Caliphate impossible. In Chapter IV, I analyzed the arguments on the abolition of the Caliphate made in the Grand National Assembly from Feb. 25,1924 to Mar. 3,1924. The ground for the arguments that justified the abolition of the Caliphate was mainly based on the idea of the Islamic state and was contradictory to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. In conclusion, I have pointed out that laicism and the idea of the Islamic state had existed side by side in the arguments on the Caliphate, and that layiklik still remained immature as a systematic thought in this period.
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  • Keiko SAKURAI
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 143-164
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Hirofumi TANADA
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 165-196
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Shozo YOKOYAMA
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 197-239
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Kouichi HONDA
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 241-271
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As a calligrapher of Arabic, I have been trying to discover the elements of beauty which would lie in each of the major styles of Arabic calligraphy; Naskhi style, Ruqua style, Diwani style, Jali Diwani style, Thulth style, Naas-Taariq style and so on. Because every time I was engaged in producing Arabic calligraphic works I felt it necessary to
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  • Hiroshi TARUI
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 273-307
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    'Aziz Mahmud Huda'i is a sufi of the 16/17th century and the virtual founder of the Jilwatiyah Order. He wrote many treatises and poetry of mystical character both in Arabic and Ottoman Turkish. Seed of Love, written in Arabic, is a short treatise on mystical love. This work consists of three chapters, in each of which is discussed the love for God, the Prophet and the family of the Prophet. Each chapter begins with a verse concerning the subject of the chapter. He who loves God, the ultimate lover, necessarily loves the Prophet, the beloved of God. And he who loves the Prophet necessarily loves his family with whom he is tightly connected by blood and faith. On the other hand, he can love the Prophet and attain the love for God by loving his family. There are three kinds of human beings, i.e., the masses, the elite and the elite of elite. The masses are owners of lower soul, and their love has self-interested and temporary nature based on sensual delight and worldly benefit. The elite are owners of a heart, and their love is based on the beauty and the glory of God,but their piety still remains external and they haven't attained the union with God. The elite of elite are owners of spirit, and their love has a spiritual, essential and radical nature based on the eternal harmony of the spirits before the manifestation of the One, the ultimate principle of existence. Human beings can attain the love of God according to their degree of fana', i.e., fana' of deeds, attributes and self.
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  • Kazuyuki KUBO
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 309-319
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Guozhong ZHAO
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 321-332
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Ui-Sup SHIM
    Article type: Article
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 333-336
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Yuriko YAMANAKA
    Article type: Book Review
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 337-343
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Manabu SHIMIZU
    Article type: Book Review
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 345-349
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Susumu FUJITA
    Article type: Book Review
    1994 Volume 9 Pages 351-367
    Published: March 31, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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