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William G. Pichel, Pablo Clemente-Colon, Karen Friedman, Arleen C. Lun ...
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
147-154
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
JOURNAL
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NOAA in partnership with the National Ice Center has constructed a near real-time data deliv
ery system for SAR imagery. One of the principal applications of this imagery is to support the
mission of the NOAA CoastWatch program; i.e., to provide near real-time satellite data to envi
ronmental resource managers, fishery scientists, and environmental analysts. There are two
CoastWatch applications of SAR imagery that are approaching operational status: (1) remote
sensing of ice on the Great Lakes and in Alaska coastal waters, and (2) monitoring of the spring
ice break-up on Alaskan rivers. The status of these applications will be presented. Also, the devel
opment status of other potential applications of SAR data will be summarized, including: (1)
high-resolution wind measurement, (2) mapping of oil spills, and (3) fisheries management.
View full abstract
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Paul A. Hwang, William J. Teague, Gregg A. Jacobs
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
155-164
Published: 1998
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Spaceborne altimeters provide accurate measurements of significant wave heights and wind
speeds. In the Yellowand East China Seas region, there are 17TOPEX/POSEIDON groundtracks
that provide long-term coverage of the area. These data can be used to study the seasonal and
regional variation of winds and waves. The results indicate that the spatial and temporal varia
tions of winds and waves in the region are strongly influenced by major current features such as
the Kuroshio. This implies that the wind and wave parameters derived from the spaceborne altim
eters can be used as tracers to study the air-sea and wave-current interactions on a regional scale
the size of the Yellow and East China Seas.
View full abstract
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J. F. R. Gower
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
165-174
Published: 1998
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Since 1992, a local receiver for NOAA weather satellite (AVHRR) images has been used at
IOS, Sidney, BC to map the sporadic bright patches in western North American (Canadian and
adjacent US) coastal waters, which indicate the occurrence of intense plankton blooms. These
events represent high concentrations of bloom organisms over wide areas, but have gone largely
unobserved and unreported before the start of this program. A test of the software developed for
this work using imagery collected in Korea and Taiwan, detected a similar event in the Yellow Sea
in the fall of 1996. In September 1997, data from Seawifs became available, and are also being
received at the IOS station. This imagery shows the existence of blooms over a wider range of
seasons and in the central Gulf of Alaska. Nature of events is being confirmed by water samples
and in-water observations.
View full abstract
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Chao Fang Zhao, Masatoshi Akiyama, Yasuhiro Sugimori, Jun Suwa, Ming X ...
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
175-184
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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The carbon dioxide (CO2) flux estimation between the atmosphere and the ocean is very im
portant in carbon cycling and climate change research. Generally the carbon dioxide flux is pro
portional to the difference of gas concentration (or partial pressure) and to the gas exchange
coefficient. In this research, theCO2 exchange coefficient is investigated basedon whitecapmodel
assuming thatCO2transfer velocity is proportional to whitecap coverage, which is related to wind
friction velocity.Weestimate the gas exchange coefficient using the relationship between wind
friction velocity and wave age. The gas exchange coefficient and its distribution, seasonal and
annual variation in the North Pacific were estimated based on the modified whitecap model by
using the observations of the scatterometer on the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites, the
Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) on the operational spacecraft of the Defense Meteo
rological Space Program (DMSP) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
on the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration satellites. The global meanCO2 ex
change coefficient is close to the result derived from ,4C data and the global mean value has
shown an increase trend during the period 1991 - 1992.
View full abstract
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Alexander S. Kazmin
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
185-190
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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A global approach to investigation of the large-scale oceanic frontal zones (OFZ), i.e. consider
ation of OFZ as a part of single interconnected global ocean-atmosphere system and coherent
analysis of the variability and frontogenesis over the whole World ocean, is presented. Global
satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data for the period of 1982-97, global satellite phytoplankton
pigment concentration measurements for 1978-86 and estimates of the surface forcing due to
wind stress and net heat flux are used to investigate a global monthly climatology of large-scale
oceanic frontal zones, the variability of SST gradient in several frontal zones, the large-scale me
ridional frontogenesis in the North Pacific and some features of spatio-temporal variability of
pigment concentration.
View full abstract
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J. P. Angell, S. P. Lawrence, D. Llewellyn-Jones
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
191-196
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Data from the first five years of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission are used to investigate the reflec
tion of Kelvin waves from the eastern boundary of the Pacific Ocean. Sea level anomaly data from
TOPEX/Poseidon are projected onto long equatorial waves. If Kelvin waves are reflecting at the
eastern boundary, then their wave coefficients should exhibit high correlation with the Rossby
wave coefficients at the appropriate lag. Correlations are performed with the full Rossby coeffi
cients, and also with Rossby coefficients that have had their annual signal removed. It is demon
strated that certain apparent reflections of Kelvin waves may be due to coincidental timing of the
Kelvin wave with the normal annual Rossby signal, and not due to the production of intraseasonal
waves. The analysis indicates only two examples of intraseasonal Rossby waves produced by re
flection of a Kelvin wave at the eastern boundary. The hypothesis is put forward that some Kelvin
waves do not reflect due to interactions with easterly winds, which modify their strength and shape.
View full abstract
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Ian J. Barton
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
197-204
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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It is now becoming widely accepted that satellite infrared instruments actually measure the skin
temperature of the ocean surface rather than the bulk temperature as measured by in-situ devices
mounted on ships and buoys. Traditional fields of satellite-derived SST have been supplied through
the long-term series of AVHRR instruments either as MCSST or as a product of the joint NASANOAA
Pathfinder Project. Algorithm coefficients have been derived using regression analyses
with coincident satellite and in-situ measurements of bulk-SST. Thus the difference between the
skin (as measured by the AVHRR) and the bulk (in-situ) temperatures has been inherently included
in the AVHRR SST algorithms. In contrast data from the ATSR instruments on the ERS-1 and
ERS-2 satellites have been analysed using theoretically derived SST algorithms and thus provide a
direct measure of the skin temperature. Precise validation of the ATSR SST product has only been
possiblewith the use of surface-or airborne-based infraredradiometers. Before numerical modellers
will be convinced of the need to use skin (radiative) temperatures rather than bulk temperatures in
air-sea interaction processes it is crucial that a globally robust relation or parameterisation between
the two ”sea surface temperatures” is obtained. This paper will suggest and explore the future
directions of investigations that are needed to provide such a relation.
View full abstract
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Kevin B. Smith, Jose G. Rojas, James H. Miller, Gopu Potty
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
205-216
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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During the summer of 1996, the first of two ONR-sponsored shelf break acoustic experiments
was conducted near the Mid-Atlantic Bight off the coast of New Jersey. Vertical line arrays of
receivers placed near the edge of the shelf were used to record the acoustic transmissions of several
sources including air-deployed SUS explosive charges. In between such scheduled transmissions,
the ambient noise field was also recorded. From the vertical coherence of the ambient noise field
and wavelet scalograms of the SUS transmissions, attempts are made to estimate the bottom sound
speed, density, and attenuation. The results from these calculations are then compared to those
values obtained from a genetic algorithm technique in which a numerical propagation model is
employed to produce replicas of the predicted transmission. The results indicate a bottom sound
speed near the surface of the interface of roughly 1565 m/s. However, the SUS data were found to
produce inconclusive density and attenuation results.
View full abstract
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Naoya Suzuki, Naoto Ebuchi, Masatoshi Akiyama, Jun Suwa, Yasuhiro Sugi ...
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
217-224
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Wind and wave data observed at a coastal tower are analyzed to investigate wave dependence
of the sea-surface wind stress. The eddy correlation method is utilized to derive the wind stress
from wind velocity components measured by a sonic anemometer. Only the data which satisfied
criteria for the near-neutral stratification, the local equilibrium between wind and waves, and the
aerodynamically rough flow, were selected.
In a composite data set collected from previous studies, there has existed lack of data at a range
of wave age between laboratory and open ocean waves. It is shown that the present data set fill the
gap and make it possible for us to discuss continuity from laboratory to open ocean. Distribution
of the data points shows consistent trend with the composite data set including data from labora
tory experiments to open sea observations, and also with proposed formula indicating positive
dependence of the wind stress on the wave age. Systematic differences from the formula indicat
ing negative dependence deduced from field data sets by previous studies are discernible.
View full abstract
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Taerim Kim, Masatoshi Akiyama, Yasuhiro Sugimori
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
225-230
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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A directional wave spectrum obtained from SAR image data is compared with a directly ob
served directional wavespectrumfrom buoydata.TheSAR image was taken during winter storms
in 1994, coincidently with the buoy measurement near Marado island which is the southernmost
island of Korea. In order to get a directional wave spectrum, the linear modulation transfer function
is applied to the image intensityspectrumfrom SAR imagery and maximum entropy method to the
buoy data, respectively. The directional wavespectrum from the SAR imagery shows very similar
patterns in main wave system to the directional spectrum from buoy data.
View full abstract
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M. L. Heron, A. Prytz, P. Kalangi
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
231-241
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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HF ocean surface radars routinely map ocean currents at a spatial resolution of the order of 1
km over a coastal area of some 1000 square kilometres with a repeat period of the order of 30
minutes and have become a routine oceanographic and engineering tool. The availability of such
spatial and temporal data allows us to calculate psuedo-Lagrangian tracks for surface particles. It
is now shown that this technology can be used to monitor the spreading of surface particles which
one would encounter in pollution events or dispersion of biological eggs and larvae. This calcula
tion is applied to HF radar data from Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, Australia, using the COSRAD
system. Two case studies are given: one is in an area with a high degree of bathymetric structure,
and the other is in an area with uniform shallow water. We find that the spreading cannot be
explained by eddy diffusion alone but requires the introduction of shears in the tidal flow.
View full abstract
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Leonid Mitnik, Ming-Kuang Hsu
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
241-248
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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The surface imprints of atmospheric and oceanic vortex streets in the vicinity of islands of the
northwestern Pacific Ocean were found in fields of sea surface roughness on radar images. The
images were obtained by an X-band side-looking real aperture radar (RAR) from the Okean se
ries satellites and an S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from ERS-1/2. The broad swath width
(460 km) and a spatial resolution of 1-2 km of the RAR allow estimation of the characteristic
parameters of atmospheric vortices and vortex street evolution downstream. A comparison of
visible/IR images with radar images has shown that sharp gradients of surface winds were ob
served near boundaries of cloud vortices. The detailed structure of the oceanic vortices and vortex
streets formed by the Kuroshio east of Taiwan and tidal currents west of Taiwan was revealed with
ERS SAR images.
View full abstract
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Pablo Clemente-Colon, Donald R. Montgomery, William G. Pichel, Karen S ...
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
249-258
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
JOURNAL
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The North Pacific Ocean supports one of the most productive fisheries in the world. For ex
ample, the highly managed walleye pollock fishery in the Eastern Bering Sea and the Aleutian
Islands region is the most valuable fishery in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Rou
tinely available RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images of the BeringSea are provid
ing indications of ongoinglarge scale fishing activities in the region. Due to the stronghard target
radar return produced by ships, the location of fishing fleets is being frequently determined using
SAR imagery. SAR data also provide additional simultaneous information on oceanographic,
meteorological, and biological processes relevant to local fisheries. Slick patterns resulting from
fishing operations are also detectable by SAR. Extensiveslick patterns are found to be ubiquitous
over trawl fishing areas in both the U.S. EEZ and the Russian EEZ in the Bering Sea. These slicks
are thought to be mainly the result of fish processing residue and bycatch discharged into the
water during trawl fishing and processing operations. Persistence of these features for several
days is observed. Spaceborne SAR is a promising tool for fisheries management and surveillance
as it can provide information on fishing fleet location, ongoing fishing operations, and in some
cases, the location of previous fishing activities inside and outside the U.S. EEZ.
View full abstract
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Yoshiaki Toba
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
259-264
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
JOURNAL
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Although the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was operated for only a rather
short period, from November 1996 to the end of June 1997, a revolution has been initiated in
oceanography using data from ADEOS sensors, such as the Ocean Color and Temperature Scan
ner (OCTS), NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), and Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiom
eter (AVNIR). This paper presents highlights of the new research, citing published references.
View full abstract
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Hui Feng, Janet W. Campbell, Timothy S. Moore
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
265-274
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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A general approach is presented to quantify retrieval errors in in-water constituent concentra
tions induced by uncertainty in inherent optical property (IOP) submodel parameterization. Chlo
rophyll concentrations are retrieved by inverting a radiance model with nonlinear IOP submodels.
We demonstrate quantitatively how uncertainty in the IOP submodel parameterization influences
the accuracy of the chlorophyll concentration retrieval at different chlorophyll concentration lev
els. Two complete sets of simulations were designed and conducted, representing two extreme
cases between which ”real” cases are expected to occur. The simulations show that precise knowl
edge of spectral shapes of IOP submodels is important in chlorophyll retrieval.
View full abstract
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Y. S. Sun, S. D. Hahn, Y. Q. Kang, B. G. Mitchell
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
275-280
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Spring and autumn satellite sea surface temperature observations have identified a recurring
eddy at the terminal end of the East Korean Warm Current (e.g. Huh 1982). During late April,
1997 thermal infrared imagery from the NOAA AVHRR sensor and ocean color data from the
Japanese OCTS sensor, revealed this feature. The cold core had elevated chlorophyll concentra
tions, based on OCTS estimates, of greater than 3 mg/m1 while the warmer surrounding waters
had chlorophyll concentrations of 1 mg/m1 or less. The elevated chlorophyll associated with this
eddy has not been previously described. The eddy is also evident in SST images from autumn, but
the SST in the core is warmer than in spring, and the warmjet flowing to the west of the eddy is
also warmer in autumn compared to spring. The eddy forms at the northern extent of the East
Korean Warm Current as those waters collide with the cold, south-flowing Liman Current over a
topographic shelf about 1500m deep. This region of the eddy formation appears to have a strong
connection with the dynamics of the western part of the polar front eddy field that dominates
surface mesoscale structure in the central East (Japan) Sea. Interaction of the eddy with ARGOS
tracked drifters, and evidence for its persistence are discussed.
View full abstract
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Andrei Yu. Ivanov, Konstantin Ts. Litovchenko, Stanislav A. Ermakov
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
281-288
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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This paper presents the results of oil spill observations using the Almaz-1 SAR collected in the
Norwegian Sea during the Dedicated Oil Spill Experiment in 1991. Three artificial slicks were
released from a vessel on August 1991 and data on the sea and weather conditions near the test
area were collected. The test area was imaged by the Almaz-1 SAR. The analysis of acquired
Almaz-1 SAR images shows that the reduction of the backscatter from oil-covered sea surface
ranged between 4.4 and 6.5 dB. For the first time an effect of an intensification of wind waves
both in the area of the slick and at the windward edge of the oil spill expressed as a magnification
of the SAR image brightness has been detected. The increase of relative backscatter power was up
to 2.0 dB. It is concluded that Almaz-1 was a valuable tool for oil spill detection and localization
but the detectability essentially depended on wind speed, sea state and age of spills.
View full abstract
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Xiao -Hai Yan, Yun He, R. Dwi Susanto, W. Timothy Liu, Hui Lin
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
289-300
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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The variabilities of the western Pacific warm pool, including areas of the warm pool, positions
of the gravitational center, sea surface temperature anomalies, and sea surface height anomalies
are studied using Florida State University wind data. ERS -1,2, and NSCATscatterometer wind
data. Reynolds optimum interpolation and historical reconstructed sea surface temperature data,
and TOPEX/Poseidon sea surface height data.The relationship between the westerly wind forc
ing and corresponding sea surface height and sea surface temperature responses in the tropical
PacificOcean duringEl Ninoand other years are analyzed. Acommoncharacteristic for typical
El Nino events is found and explainedby the westerly wind pattern.Time-frequency analysis of
the Topex/Poseidon sea level deviation time series along the equator using the Empirical Mode
Decomposition-Hilbert Spectrum method is also performed.
View full abstract
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K. S. Prasad, R. L. Bernstein, M. Kahru, B. G. Mitchell
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
301-306
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Relationships between water-leaving radiances (Lwn) in the blue:Green region of electromag
netic spectrum, Secchi disk depth and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (K490) were
examined using data from several CalCOFI cruises (1993-1997). We were able to explain ap
proximately 90% of the variance in Secchi depth and K490 using band ratios of Lwn490/Lwn555.
We present results that support the view that a ratio of Lwns at 490:555 perform better than the
443:550 in explaining the variance of K490 and Secchi depth. We also performed a neural net
(NN) analyses to predict Secchi depth using a combination of Lwn ratios and information from a
series of channels corresponding to SeaWiFS (Lwns at 412,443,490, 512,555 and Lwn ratios at
443/510, 443/555,490/555). The best training set from the NN analyses resulted in an r of 0.91.
A sensitivity analysis using the neural network methodology allowed us to specify the variables
that are most useful in predicting Secchi depth. We present results of predicted Secchi depth and
K490 using SeaWiFS data from Southern California and other locations where water turbidity is
of great interest to recreational and commercial fishing and diving.
View full abstract
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A. M. Zapolsky, V. P. Dzyuba, G. I. Dolgikh, F. A. Zapolsky
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
307-312
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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In this paper one of the kinds of the interaction between hydrophysical and seismoacoustic
fields on the ocean floor is considered. Done in natural conditions, experiments on generation of
hydroacoustic signals in the shelf region and registration seismoacoustic waves, which are exited
in the result of the interaction mentioned above by the laser strainmeters located on shore are
described. For a theoretical study of these pro-cesses method of elastodynamic Green's function
is proposed. Some results of numerical modeling are given. They show agreement with experi
ments. Thus the theory and modeling method, described in this paper, may be useful for investiga
tions of interaction in the sea-land system.
View full abstract
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Yunhe Zhao, Antony Liu, Cathleen A. Geiger
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
313-322
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
JOURNAL
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Wavelet analysis of DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) SSM/I (Special Sensor
Microwave/Imager) 85GHz data from October of 1992 to March of 1993 is used to obtain daily
sea ice drift information for the Arctic region. The derived maps of sea ice drift provide both
improved spatial coverage over the existing array of Arctic Ocean buoys and better temporal
resolution over techniques utilizing satellite data from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). Com
parisons of the derived ice velocities from SSM/I with ice velocities derived from buoys show
good quantitative agreement. Therefore, the ice velocities derived from the wavelet analysis of
SSM/I are suitable for validation of the ice velocities derived from an ice-ocean interaction model
and for data assimilation input to a model. For demonstration purposes, the ice velocities from
SSM/I are compared with the ice velocities derived from a coupled Arctic ice-ocean system with
the comparison revealing the similarities of the general circulation patterns and significant ice
velocity differences between the two. These results indicate where the model results need to be
improved; with the expectation that the data assimilation of the model with ice velocities derived
from SSM/I data would improve the model results. This wavelet analysis procedure is robust and
can make a major contribution to the understanding of ice motion over large areas at relatively
high temporal resolutions and would help to improve our current knowledge of sea ice drift and
related processes through the data assimilation of ice-ocean numerical modeling.
View full abstract
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Yoshiyuki Kawata, Toshiaki Izumiya, Yuichi Takano, Akihiro Yamazaki
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
323-328
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Wemade a cross calibration analysis between the POLDER and OCTS sensors on board ADEOS
satellite in terms of the space reflectance. Space reflectances in the samesea target area were
computed from the POLDER and OCTS data, acquired simultaneously on April 26, 1997. We
found that they are in good agreement with relative differences of less than 10 % in all bands,
when the latest in-flight calibration gain factors for each sensor were used. Then, the aerosol
optical parameter retrieval was made using ADEOS/POLDER's directional reflectance and polar
ization data in 760 and 865[nm] bands. Retrieved results for aerosol's optical parameters were
presented in the form of distribution map in the case of aerosol refractive index of m=l .40-i0.0.
View full abstract
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Bingquan Chen, Knut Stamnes, Banghua Yan, Oyvind Frette, Jakob J. Stam ...
1998 Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages
329-338
Published: 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2019
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Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery is commonly based on the assumption that
water-leaving radiances (Lw) at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths are negligible.To investigate
the validity of this assumption, we carry out radiative transfer simulations using a model appro
priate for the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. In this model both reflection (including total
reflection) and refraction at the atmosphere-ocean interface as well as light scattering both in the
atmosphere and the ocean are taken into account.Weassume that the atmosphere-ocean system is
vertically stratified, and that the effects of wave-slopeshave been removed so as to leave behind a
flat atmosphere-ocean interface. Simulated results show that for common open-ocean aerosol
loadings (aerosol optical depths in the range 0.08-0.11) water-leaving radiances at NIR wave
lengths (e.g., 865 nm) are usually not negligible.
The impact of the non-negligible values of water-leaving radiances at NIR wavelengths on
atmospheric correction depends on (i) the ocean particle concentration; (ii) the scattering charac
teristics of particles in the near-surface ocean water, described by their shape, size, and refractiveindex
distributions, which in turn determine the scattering phase function; (iii) the aerosol optical
depth; and (iv) the sun-satellite geometry. Our simulations demonstrate that a new approach to
atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery is needed to obtain reliable and accurate results
for open-ocean waters when particle concentrations are high. This is particularly important when
the aerosol loading is low because then the contribution from the water-leaving radiance to the
total radiance received by the satellite sensor is relatively larger, and will if ignored introduce
significant errors in atmospheric correction.
View full abstract