The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics
Online ISSN : 2186-5477
Print ISSN : 0368-2781
ISSN-L : 0368-2781
Volume 55, Issue 6
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
  • KEIJI MASHITA, NAGAO SHINAGAWA, KOICHI HIRATA, TADASHI KATSURAMAKI, MI ...
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 697-729
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The annual multicenter studies on isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery and their antimicrobial susceptibility have been conducted in Japan since July 1982. In this paper, the results obtained in the academic year 1999 (from April 1999 to March 2000) have been summarized.
    Two hundred seven cases were investigated, and 411 strains were isolated from 169 cases (81.6%). Of those strains, 184 and 227 strains were from primary infections and postoperative infections, respectively. In primary infections, the isolation rates of anaerobes, Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli were higher than in postoperative infections, while in postoperative infections, those of Gram-positive aerobes were higher than in primary infections.
    Staphylococcus aureus were most frequently isolated among Gram-positive aerobes, Peptostreptococcus prevotii among Gram-positive anaerobes, E. coli among Gram-negative aerobes, and Bacteroides fragilis among Gram-negative anaerobes.
    In primary infections, the percentage of Gram-negative aerobes, which gradually increased by the year 1998, decreased in the year 1999. The percentage of Gram-negative anaerobes increased, while that of Gram-negative bacteria was equivalent to that in the last year. In postoperative infections, the percentage of Gramnegative anaerobes, which continuously increased after the year 1990, decreased, while that of Gram-positive aerobes, which decreased in the last year, increased.
    Methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounted for 70.7% of S. aureus (41 strains). Either the number of strain or the percentage of MRSA decreased.
    The susceptibilities of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae decreased against third and forth generation cephems, oxacephems, and monobactams. The susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa to carbapenems tend to decrease after the year1997. S. aureus showed good susceptibilities to the tested drugs including arbekacin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin.
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  • SPECIAL REFERENCES TO BACTERIA ISOLATED BETWEEN APRIL 2000 AND MARCH 2001
    NAGAO SHINAGAWA, KOICHI HIRATA, MITSUHIRO MUKAIYA, TADASHI KATSURAMAKI ...
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 730-763
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Tendency of isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery and their antimicrobial susceptibilities during the period from April 2000 to March 2001 were investigated in a multicenter study in Japan, and the following results were obtained.
    The number of cases investigated as objectives was 234 for one year. A total of 388 strains (136 strains from primary infections and 252 strains from postoperative infections) were isolated from 165 cases (70.5% of total cases). In primary infections, anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria were predominant, while from postoperative infections, aerobic Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Among aerobic Gram-positive bacteria, the isolation rate of Enterococcus faecalis was the highest, followed by that of Staphylococcus aureus from postoperative infections. Among anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, the isolation rate of Peptostreptococcus spp. was the highest from both types of infections. Among aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coliwas the most predominantly isolated from primary infections, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this order, and from postoperative infections, P. aeruginosa was the most predominantly isolated, followed by Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. Among anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, the isolation rate of Bacteroides fragilis group was the highest from both types of infections. There was no vancomycin-resistant S. aureus nor Enterococcus spp. Among anaerobic bacteria, there were many resistant strains against penicillins and cephems with MICs higher than 100μg/ml, and the same trend was observed among other Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp.
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  • SUMIKO HIJIOKA, RYOKO NAKATA, YUKO YOSHINAMI, KUMIKO SUGITA, TADAFUMI ...
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 764-770
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We examined the annual isolation rate, susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and coagulase types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from inpatients in Hokusetsu General Hospital to ascertain the situation of MRSA isolates between 1992 and 2001.
    The isolation rate of MRSA in S. aureus increased annually from 1992, reaching 65.3% in 2001. The isolation rates of MRSA in the inpatients were 3.2 times greater than those in theoutpatients. In the clinical specimens the isolation rate of MRSA from sputum was the highest, i. e., 32.9%. Inrespect of the coagulase types, type II accounted for 85.7% of the all types.
    MIC90 values of arbekacin, sulfinethoxazole-trimethoprin, vancomycin, teicopranin and minocycline were 4.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0, and 8.0μg/ml, respectively.
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  • KAYOKO SUGITA, YASUHIRO KATOUNO, HIROSHI UCHIDA, YOSHIO KOBAYASHI
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 771-777
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Comparative in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against Helicobacter pylori were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against 41strains of H. pylori were determined by using E test. All 41 strains were isolated from gastric mucosa of patients suspected to have gastric ulcer. The ranges of MIC of amoxicillin was from 0.016μg/ml and less to 0.064μg/ml.
    The ranges of MIC of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin were from 0.016μg/ml and less to 64μg/ml, from 0.016μg/ml and less to more than 256, μg/ml, from 0.064 to more than 256μg/ml, respectively.
    The ranges of MIC of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin were from 0.016μg/ml and less to 32μg/ml, from 0.002μg/ml and less to more than 32μg/ml, from 0.002μg/ml and less to more than 32μg/ml, from 0.064 to more than 32μg/ml, respectively.
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  • MINAKO ARAAKE, TETSURO HARA, HIROOMI WATABE, TAKESHI NISHINO
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 778-790
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We compared antibacterial activity of NM394, which is the active metabolite of a prodrug of new fluoroquinolone prulifloxacin (PUFX), against clinical isolates of bacteria with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX), gatifloxacin (GFLX), tosufloxacin (TFLX) and fleroxacin (FLRX).
    1. NM394 showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
    2. MIC80 of NM394 for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis were 0.5μg/ml, 2μg/ml and 4μg/ml, respectively. MIC80 of NM394 for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae was lower than 0.06μg/ml. MIC80 of NM394 for Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0.25μg/ml and 2μg/ml, respectively.
    3. Short-time bactericidal activity of NM394 against P. aeruginosa was stronger than those of CPFX, GFLX, LVFX and TFLX.
    4. Short-time bactericidal activity of NM394 at Cmax concentration against 12 strains of P. aeruginosa was stronger than those of CPFX, LVFX, GFLX and TFLX.
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  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: COMPARISON WITH CIPROFLOXACIN, LEVOFLOXACIN, AND GATIFLOXACIN
    MASAKI SHIMIZU, MAKIKO TABATA, TETSURO HARA, MINAKO ARAAKE, HIROOMI WA ...
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 791-799
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The in vitro short-term bactericidal activity and accumulation of NM394, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, was compared with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX) and gatifloxacin (GFLX), using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Of the 4 fluoroquinolones examined, NM394 accumulated to the highest concentration in all three strains. The order of concentration of the fluoroquinolones accumurated in S. aureus 209P JC-1,E. coli NIHJ JC-2 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were NM394>CPFX>GFLX≥LUFX. The accumulation of fluoroquinolones into bacterial cells correlated with their MICs of the drugs for E, coli and P. aeruginosa, whereas there was no correlation between the accumulation and MICs of the drugs for S. aureus.
    We also studied the reduction of viable cells after addition of each fluoroquinolones to clarify relationship between the short-term bactericidal activity and the accumulation of the quinolones. The hort-term bactericidal activity of NM394 against S. aureus 209P JC-1, E. coli NIHJ JC-2 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were stronger than those of CPFX, LVFX and GFLX when compared at the same concentration.
    In conclusion, the strong short-term bactericidal activity of NM394 may be attributed to its high accumulation in bacterial cells.
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  • KAORU MATSUZAKI, EMIKO WATABE, KANAE YOSHIMORI, MINA SHIKANO, YUMIE SA ...
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 800-807
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Antibacterial activities of gatifloxacin (GFLX) and other antibacterial drugs against various fresh clinical strains (800 isolates) isolated from specimens of patients in 2002 were compared.
    GFLX was more active than levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For these isolates, clarithromycin and azithromycin were less active (MIC90;>16->64μg/mL), GFLX was more active than cefdinir. For Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, three quinolones including GFLX were potently active (MIC90;≤0.06-0.5μg/mL). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infections were resistant to three quinolones including GFLX (MIC90; 32-64μg/mL), however P. aeruginosa isolated from respiratory and otolaryngological infections were more susceptible (MIC90; 0.5-2μg/mL). Quinolones were less active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae as compared with the cephem antibiotics tested, but GFLX was the most active against N. gonorrhoeae among the quinolones tested.
    In this study, we investigated activity of GFLX against fresh clinical strains isolated early in 2002, GFLX is widely and potently active against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and various Gram-negative bacteria.
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  • TOMOMI ABE, TAKASHI FUKUOKA, YUKI SATO, KAZUYOSHI ITO, MASAMI SEI
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 808-826
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As the post-marketing surveillance of panipenem/betamipron (Carbenin®), MICs of panipenem (PAPM) against 1355 clinical isolates of 28 species from 15 medical institutions all over Japan from June 2000 to March 2001 were measured using the broth microdilution method approved by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and compared with those of parenteral carbapenem antibacterials, imipenem (IPM) and meropenem (MEPM), and parenteral cephem antibacterials, cefozopran, cefepime, and sulbactam/cefoperazone.
    The activity of PAPM was comparable to that of IPM against almost all species tested. Compared with MEPM, PAPM was more active against Gram-positive bacteria and Bacteroides spp., and less active against Gram-negative bacteria. Compared with the parenteral cephems, PAPM was more active against most of species tested and its MIC ranges were narrower than those of the cephems as were those of other carbapenems.
    In this surveillance study, the incidence of resistance in various species were as follows: 39.3% for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 47.3% for penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae (PISP), 15.1% for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP), 0.9% for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, 3.4% for ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, 19.2% for β-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae, 24.0% for β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) H. influenzae, and 1.0% for metallo-β-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against these resistant strains, carbapenems including PAPM showed generally more potent activity than cephems. It was noted that PAPM showed the most potent activity against PISP and PRSP, which showed high incidence of 62.4% totally, among tested drugs. Metallo-β-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa exhibited high resistance and BLNAR H. influenzae also exhibited low susceptibility against all tested drugs. But no remarkable change in the activity of PAPM against other species was observed in this study compared with that in the studie sbefore the marketing of Carbenin® Furthermore, it is necessary to pay much attention to the trend of resistant strains such as PRSP, metallo-βlactamase producing bacteria, and BLNAR H. influenzae.
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  • TOMOMI ABE, TAKASHI FUKUOKA, YUKI SATO, KAZUYOSHI ITO, MASAMI SEI
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 827-843
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As the post-marketing surveillance of cefpodoxime proxetil (Banan®), MICs of cefpodoxime (CPDX, an active form of Banan®) against 1090 clinical isolates of 22 species from 15 medical institutions all over Japan from June 2000 to March 2001 were measured using the broth microdilution method approved by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and compared with those of oral cephem antibacterials, cefaclor, cefdinir, cefditoren, and cefcapene.
    In this study, remarkable change in the activity of CPDX was observed in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae compared with the susceptibility in the studies before Banan® was launched. This cause is considered to be the increase in the incidence of the following resistant strains: penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (47.3%), penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP, 15.1%), and β-lactarnase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) H. influenzae (24.0%), which were scarcely isolated in 1989 when Banan®was launched. Other tested drugs also exhibited low activity against these resistant strains. However, CPDX showed comparatively good activity with MIC90 of 2μg/mL against PRSP. Against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, CPDX also showed comparatively good activity with MIC90 of ≤4μg/mL, which was almost equal to that in the studies before its marketing. Against quinolones-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, CPDX showed excellent activity with MIC90 of 0.5μg/mL. Against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae except for Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris, and Morganella morganii, CPDX showed good activity. However, in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. Proteus spp., and Providencia spp., there are some high-resistant strains to all tested drugs including CPDX. Against Peptostreptococcus spp., MIC90 of CPDX was 8μg/mL and its MIC range was widely distributed from 0.03 to 32μg/mL, which were similar to those in the studies before its marketing. In this study, CPDX showed the decrease in the activity against several species as did other drugs tested, but against most of species tested, CPDX maintained good activity. Furthermore, it is necessary to pay much attention to the trend of resistant strains.
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  • OMPARISON OF THE TEST METHODS FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
    TETSURO HARA, MINAKO ARAAKE, HIROOMI WATABE
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 844-854
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In vitro antibacterial activity of fosfomycin was evaluated by various methods. Strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli were much more susceptible when glucose-6-phosphate was added to the test medium, but strains of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not affected. Nutrient agar instead of Mueller-Hinton agar allowed to exhibiting the higher activity of fosfomycin against all the species tested. The activity of fosfomycin was as equivalent or superior to those of cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam and piperacillin.
    The susceptibility of strains isolated during 2000 to 2001 to fosfomycin was almost the same as that of the isolates reported in 1975. Fosfomycin was considered to show high effecacy in several infections, since it has maintained its favorable antibacterial activities against several bacterial species for more than 20 years after the first application to clinical practice.
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  • NAGAO SHINAGAWA, HIROMITSU TAKEYAMA, MASAAKI TANIGUCHI
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 855-860
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A questionnaire survey on antimicrobial chemotherapy for acute peritonitis was conducted to obtain the consensus among abdominal surgeons in Japan in the period from January to March 2002. Forty-one of the 58 surgeons replied, and the following consensus was obtained. Antibiotics should be given as soon as possible the diagnosis of infection in the abdominal cavity is established. When the perforated viscus is demonstrated at operation, giving antibiotic should be reconfirmed whether it covers organisms in the perforated site or not. The ascites obtained at operation should be sent for bacterial culture. When postoperative course is eventful, considering WBC, body temperature and CRP, the drainage fluid should be sent for culture on 4 to 7 days postoperatively. Most commonly used antibiotic for perforation of duodenal ulcer is cefotiam, and it is given 4.1±1.2 days postoperatively. Target organisms at the perforation of the lower digestive tract were E. coli, Bacteroides spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Carbapenems were likely given agents for the perforation of the colon, and they were given 5.0±1.4 days postoperatively.
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  • TAKETO OTSUKA, TAKAYOSHI OKUGAWA, UTAKO KANEKO
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 861-865
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We experienced a case in the infant of the bacterial meningitis due to, β-lactamase negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae (BLNAR) which has increased in recent years. In the present condition, the sensitivity of the bacteria to the antibacterial-drug used as the initial treatment for the bacterial meningitis is sometimes inadequate. If it takes into consideration that BLNAR participates in H. influenzae meningitis, it will be one of the choice to use meropenem with other antibacterial-drug concomitantly.
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  • KEN MORIMOTO, MASAE KOH, HIROAKI KINOSHITA
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 866-874
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Background: We found that once-daily use of ofloxacin is beneficial from the standpoints of economy and patient compliance. Levofloxacin, has twice the antimicrobial activity and same toxicity of ofloxacin. We investigated the clinical usefulness of levofloxacin compared with ofloxacin in breast surgery.
    Method: Between July, 1996 and April, 1999,199 consecutive patients hospitalized in our department for treatment of breast cancer were enrolled in this study with their informed consent and 181 patients were evaluated.
    Results: Four (4%) of the 99 patients in the levofloxacin group had wound infections, as did 5 (6%) of the 82 patients in the ofloxacin group. The median times needed for wound care, with 25th and 75th percentiles, were 13 [9, 16] days in the levofloxacin group and 11 [9, 16] days in the ofloxacin group. From infected wound three strains of Staphylococcus aureus were detected from the levofloxacin group and two strains were from ofloxacin group, but no methicillin-resistant strains were isolated. Multiple regression analysis showed that only wound dehiscence was a significant factor in the occurrence of wound infection and the period of wound care. No signs or symptoms suggesting levofloxacin or ofloxacin toxicity were observed. Laboratory test changes before and after treatment were similar in the two groups.
    Conclusion: It appears that levofloxacin is not superior to ofloxacin in prophylactic efficacy for postoperative wound infection after breast surgery.
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  • HIROSHIGE MIKAMO, MOCHIYOSHI NINOMIYA, TERUHIKO TAMAYA
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 875-881
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seventy-two women diagnosed as parametritis were enrolled in this study and examined on the effective administration method of carbapenems, imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS), panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) and meropenem (MEPM). The total dosage of each carbapenem was 1.5 g/day, and administration frequency was twice a day (0.75g×2) or three times a day (0.5g×3). We reviewed the highest body temperature, white blood cell count and CRP value, before treatment and the fourth day after the start of treatment. Three times a day method was statistically superior to twice a day method in the highest body temperature, and CRP value. When we use carbapenem antimicrobial agents, the basis of PK/PD of time above MIC would lead to the increasing clinical effects.
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  • MARIKO TANI, KAZUNORI MAEBASHI, MINAKO ARAAKE, HIROOMI WATABE
    2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 882-885
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The inhibitory activity of NM394, the active form of the prodrug prulifloxacin, against type II topoisomerase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX)and gatifloxacin (GFLX). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50S) of NM394 for supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase and the decatenation activity of topoisomerase IV were 1.21 and 21.1μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 of NM394 was equal to that of CPFX and lower than those of LVFX and GFLX. The inhibitory activity of the four drugs for DNA gyrase was also corresponding to the antimicrobial activity of the drugs for P aeruginosa PAO1. The IC50S of the drugs tested for the decatenation activity of topoisomerase IV were from 17.4 to 24.2 times higher than those for the supercoiling activities of DNA gyrase. These results show that DNA gyrase is more sensitive to quinolones than is topoisomerase IV and may be a primary target of quinolones in P. aeruginosa. We concluded that NM394 exerts the potent antimicrobial activity through its strong inhibitory activity for DNA gyrase.
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  • 2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages 887-913
    Published: December 25, 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 2002 Volume 55 Issue 6 Pages C3-
    Published: 2002
    Released on J-STAGE: May 17, 2013
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