Persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in immunocompromised patients (ICPs), particularly those with hematological malignancies receiving immunosuppressive therapies, presents serious clinical and public health challenges. This review summarizes key findings from our recent clinical and basic virological investigations into prolonged infections in this vulnerable population. Prolonged PCR positivity and the presence of infectious virus were occasionally observed, particularly among patients with profound immunosuppression. Marked depletion of CD4+T cells and exposure to chemotherapeutic regimens involving bendamustine and anti-CD20 antibodies were strongly associated with impaired viral clearance. Among ICPs with antiviral treatment failure, sequencing analysis of viral isolates revealed mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene that are associated with reduced susceptibility to remdesivir. By using recombinant viruses, we demonstrated that while these mutations induced antiviral resistance, they also reduced viral replication efficiency and pathogenicity, suggesting an inherent fitness cost. Persistent infections were characterized by high levels of intra-host genetic diversity, reflecting ongoing viral evolution under selective pressure. Additionally, co-infections with opportunistic pathogens, including cytomegalovirus, were more commonly observed in ICPs than in immunocompetent individuals, complicating clinical management. These findings underscore the need for individualized clinical approaches for ICPs, incorporating close immunological monitoring, rational use of combination antiviral therapies, and adapted vaccination strategies. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between host immune dysfunction, antiviral resistance, and viral evolution is essential for improving patient outcomes and limiting the emergence of resistant variants in immunocompromised populations.