Es wurden histologische Veränderungen im hypothalamohypophysären neurosekretorischen System des Hundes im experimentell erzeugten Durstzustand qualitativ und quantitativ untersucht. Das in den hypothalamischen neurosekretorischen Kernen und im Hinterlappen darstellbare Neurosekret wurde mit dem Fortschreiten des experimentellen Durstzustandes immer geringer. Sein nach der Lichtresorptionsmethode ermittelter Zahlenwert betrug im Hinterlappen am 4., 7., 10. und 16. Dursttage 59.5%, 32.4%, 24.4% bzw. 8.1% des normalen Wertes. Die Verminderung des Neurosekretes im Hinterlappen kam zuerst in der Verdichtungszone zutage, dagegen persistierte das im Zwischenstreifen vorkommende perlschnurartige Neurosekret bis in den späteren Stadien relativ reichlich. Auch im Trichterteil war sein Verschwinden relativ spät. Im Durstzustand vergrößerten sich die Kerne der neurosekretorischen Zellen deutlich und zeigten also eine gesteigerte Funktion. Dabei wurden auch die NISSLkörner der neurosekretorischen Zellen ungleichgroß, unregelmäßig gestaltet und verwirrt angeordnet. Alle diese im Durstzustand entstehenden Veränderungen verschwanden relativ schnell, nachdem Wasser gegeben worden war.
Es liegt also die Vermutung nahe, daß das in den neurosekretorischen Kernen des Hypothalamus produzierte Neurosekret die Vorstufe der Hinterlappenhormone, besonders des Antidiuretins, ist, und daß das im Durstzustand nach großem Bedarf zum Hinterlappen gelangte Neurosekret schnell in den Gefäßen abgegeben wird.

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Es wurde die histologische Bedeutung des Sulcus tuberoinfundibularis (SPATZ, DIEPEN und GAUPP 1948) aufgezählt und der Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Anschauung, daß diese Furche oder Linie als die Grenze zwischen dem Tuber cinereum und dem Infundibulum hypophyseos, also die Grenze zwischen dem Hypothalamus und der Hypophysis zu betrachten ist, wurde geliefert.

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Der Nervus hypoglossus wurde bei Kaninchen auf einer Seite durchgeschnitten, und nach Ablauf einer gewissen Zeit wurde die Medulla oblongata nur in Formalin fixiert und in Gefrierschnitte zerlegt. Man färbte die Schnitte mit mittelstark polarem, lipoidfärbendem Viktoriablau, mit schwach polarem, dem Neutralfett verwandte Stoffe färbendem Sudanschwarz B und mit apolarem, Neutralfett färbendem Sudan III und beobachtete die Resultate vergleichend.
Das Cytoplasma und der Kern der normalen Nervenzellen des Hypoglossuskerns führen nur wenig freies Lipoid. Das Cytoplasma ist an fettigen Granula arm. Nach der Durchschneidung des Nerven vermehrt sich die Färbbarkeit des Cytoplasmas mit den obigen drei Farbstoffen, sowie die Zahl der damit färbbaren fettigen Granula im Cytoplasma. Die Färbbarkeit des Cytoplasmas mit Viktoriablau erreicht am 6. Tage den Höhepunkt, und diejenige mit Sudanschwarz B und Sudan III aber erst am 8. Tage. Alsdann vermindern sich die freien fettigen Stoffe in den Zellen. Die näheren Veränderungen der Färbbarkeit der Zellen mit Viktoriablau im ganzen Verlauf sind in 7 Mikrophotographien dargestellt.

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Rats were fed with experimental diet which contained 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% of protein, as represented in table 1 (p. 209), and the functional movements of the minute structure of the gastric gland cells were observed.
In case of giving diet without protein, the peptic cells showed a remarkable inferiority of function and a degenerative structure. The peptic cells showed, contrarily, a marked superiority of function in case of giving diet with 60 or 80% protein (with high protein). However, in this case, the production of secretion granules in the cells surpassed evidently the discharge of them, so that an unbalance of the function took place. In both cases the cells were in abnormal function. These abnormalities increased with prolongation of such feeding.
The peptic cells showed more superior functional figures in 20% and 40% protein diet feeding than in normal case (feeding with artificial food which corresponds to 14.7% protein diet). Hereby the production and the discharge of secretion granules balanced in the cells. On the other hand, in cases of 0% and 80% protein diet feeding, it could be seen not only degeneration of the peptic cells but also ulcerous changes of the mucosa. As the causes of them, the author considered degenerative inferiority, overwork and unbalance of the cell function.
It is concluded that a lack or a surplus of dietetic protein brings about various changes in the function of the peptic cells, injures them and finally degenerates them.

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In the foregoing studies (Arch. hist. jap. Vol. 9, p. 371 and 549), the effects of surplus histamine to the peptic and the parietal cells of rats were investigated. Then ‘productin’vacuoles in the surface-cells of the gastric mucous membrane, to which FUJIE (1952) has called our attention, were observed on the same material.
In normal rats or rats injected with histamine 1 time, ‘productin’ vacuoles were discharged from the surface-cells remarkably during 1-1.5hrs. after administration of diet, then they accumulated again in the cells, as shown in graph 1 and 2 (p. 233, 234). Their discharge seemed to be stormy. However, in rats injected with histamine 15-60 times, the‘productin’vacuoles were generally numerous in the cells after administration of diet, as shown in graph 3, 4, 5 and 6 (p. 234, 235). The discharge of the vacuoles were lower and more durable against the former stormy one. The reason of this irregularity of the endocrine function of the surface-cells has not been understood.
One of the findings in the foregoing studies, a prolonged remarkable production of secretion granules in the peptic cells after an increase of histamine injection and an administration of diet, and the similar results in the parietal cells are understood supposing the“low and durable secretion of productin”. Namely, the accumulation of histamine in the body and the durable addition of‘productin’on it must bring about the phenomena mentioned above.
The other findings, that with the increased histamine injection the discharge of secretion granules in the peptic cells went down and that in the parietal cells was promoted, were not explained at that time. But it is understood, if the observations on the‘productin’vacuoles in this paper are combined with the theory, established by FUJIE, that less splitted products of histamine promote the discharge in the parietal cells and more splitted ones promote the discharge of the vacuoles in the peptic cells, and the theory of the author, obtained in the foregoing studies, that the splitting capability of the body against histamine goes down with the daily injection of histamine. In rats injected with histamine many times, the less splitted products of histamine (which promote the discharging in the parietal cells) increase and accumulate in the body, with the increment of histamine, whereas more splitted products of it (which promotes the discharging vacuoles from the peptic cells) not only increase but also decrease relatively against the increment of histamine in the body.

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Bei 22 Fällen von operativ herausgeschnittenen, frischen menschlichen Eileitern wurde das Epithel der Ampulla cytologisch und histologisch eingehend studiert, um die menstruationscyclischen Veränderungen und die Veränderungen bei der Schwangerschaft sowie Menopause zu erforschen. Dabei wurden Mitochondrien, GOLGIapparat, Sekretionserscheinungen, Fettröpfchen und Glykogen in Epithelzellen gleichzeitig beobachtet. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse werden im folgenden zusammengefasst angegeben.
Das einschichtige Epithel der menschlichen Eileiter besteht aus Flimmerzellen, mit Zentralgeißel versehenen, flimmerlosen Zellen und sog. basalen hellen Zellen, welch letztere im Basalteil des Epithels als kleine, rundliche Zellen verstreut vorkommen. Die Flimmer- und flimmerlosen Zellen werden im Ampullarteil nahezu in gleicher Zahl vorgefunden. Die sog. Stiftchenzellen sind nichts anderes als die pyknotischen, flimmerlosen Zellen, welche infolge der Herabsteigung der Funktion durch benachbarte Zellen gedrückt sind. Im verhältnismäßig hohen Abschnitt des Epithels finden sich öfters die Epithelfalten. Die Flimmer- und flimmerlosen Zellen sind zwei selbständige, besondere Zellenarten, welche jede für sich eine bestimmte, eigentliche Funktion leisten und nie ineinander übergehen. Die flimmerlosen Zellen leisten den ganzen Menstruationscyclus hindurch die sekretorische Funktion, welche sich durch die typischen Bilder der apokrinen Sekretion auszeichnet. Bei deutlich gesteigerter sekretoricher Funktion des Epithels sezernieren nicht nur die flimmerlosen Zellen sondern auch die Flimmerzellen, welch letztere dabei gleiche Bilder der apokrinen Sekretion wie die Flimmerzellen darbieten, so daß dabei der Flimmerbesatz der Flimmerzellen vorübergehend verschwindet. Dies bedeutet aber nicht, daß die Flimmerzellen sich in die eigentlichen flimmerlosen umwandeln können. In solchen vorübergehend flimmerlos gewordenen Flimmerzellen tritt die Flimmerblase auf, welche vom Zentriol abstammt und schließlich den Flimmerbesatz rekonstruiert. Die Annahme, daß die Kerne der flimmerlosen Zellen unter Umständen durch apokrine Sekretion ins Lumen ausgestoßen werden können, konnte der Verfasser in dieser Untersuchung nicht bestätigen.
Im Cytoplasma der flimmerlosen Zellen werden kleine Sekretgranula und Sekretvakuolen nachgewiesen, welch erstere auf Kosten der Mitochondrien gebildet werden und positive Überjodsäure-SCHIFF'sche Reaktion zeigen. Diese beiden Cytoplasmaeinschlüsse treten in die papillen- oder zungenförmigen Cytoplasmafortsätze (Sekretfortsätze) hinein, welche von der freien Oberfläche der flimmerlosen Zellen ins Lumen hervorragen, um schließlich durch tiefe Abschnürung in ihren Basalteilen als Sekrettröpfchen ins Lumen abzufallen (die Bilder der apokrinen Sekretion). Die gleiche Sekretgranulabildung läßt sich nicht selten auch in Flimmerzellen nachweisen und bei stark gesteigerter sekretoricher Tätigkeit des Epithels werden die gleichen apokrinen Sekretionsbilder sogar an Flimmerzellen wahrgenommen.
Die Beschaffenheiten des GOLGIapparates werden gemäß der sekretorischer Tätigkeit der Epithelzellen kaum verändert, aber sie sind in den Flimmer- und flimmerlosen Zellen distinkt verschieden; so stellt der GOLGIapparat in den ersteren eine diffuse Form dar, während er in den letzteren eine komplexe Form zeigt. Zwischen diesen beiden Formen des GOLGIapparates bestehen keine Übergangsformen. Diese Tatsache spricht für die Auffassung, daß die Flimmer- und flimmerlosen Zellen zwei ganz besondere Zellarten repräsentieren und nie ineinander übergehen.
Das Epithel der menschlichen Eileiter zeigt anscheinend menstruationscyclische Veränderungen

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Ein mittelstarker polarer Farbstoff Viktoriablau löst sich nicht in Wasser und Neutralfett, wohl aber in Lipoid. Blutplasmaverdünnungen von Menschen wurden durch das mit diesem Farbstoff gefärbte Filtrierpapier filtriert, und die Farbenstärke des Filtrates wurde mit dem photoelektrischen Kolorimeter bestimmt. Dieselbe war je nach Art und Grad der Krankheiten verschieden. Die daraus veranschlagenen Lipoidwerte zeigen weitgehende Übereinstimmung mit denjenigen von anderen Forschern nach verschiedenen Methoden. Diese Erfahrung bildet eine wichtige Unterlage zur Untersuchung von Lipoid in Zellen und Geweben durch Viktoriablau in der Histologie.
Der Lipoidwert des Blutplasmas vermehrt sich bei der Schwangerschaft, der Zeckerkrankheit, der Nierenkrankheit und dem mechanischen Ikterus, bleibt normal bei der Tuberculose und dem Krebs und nimmt bei der akuten Hepatitis, der Anämie, dem Hyperthyreoidismus und den fieberhaften Infektionskrankheiten ab. Diese Resultate sind in 9 Tabellen zusammengestellt.

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Rats were fed with artificial food which contained 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80% of protein, and the fluctuation of productin-vacuoles (FUJIE) in the surface cells of the gastric mucosa was observed and was compared with the characteristic changes of the functional images in the peptic cells, which were seen in the same materials (Arch. hist. jap. Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 207).
In normal case (table 1), productin-vacuoles filled the cells at a starvation, decreased rapidly after an administration of diet and thereafter increased gradually. That is a transitory strong discharge of productin-vacuoles.
In the case of 0% protein diet feeding (table 2), discharge of productin-vacuoles was very inferior and many vacuoles were always accumulated in the cells. In the case of 20-80% protein diet feeding (table 3-6), discharge of productin-vacuoles was remarkable owing to the increment of protein content in the diet, and vacuoles in the cells were few. These phenomenon became more remarkable with the prolongation of feeding.
These results as well as the relationship between secretion granules and vacuoles in the peptic cells which was observed in the author's foregoing study can be explained almost completely with the productin theory of FUJIE. The author believes that the results obtained in the peptic cells are never accidental ones. On the other hand a correlation between an indirect factor (component of diet) and a direct factor (gastric hormone productin) for promoting the secretory function of the peptic cells was made more clear. These facts may verify FUJIE's productin theory.

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Normal rabbits weighing about 2kg was injected with 10mg cortisone acetate (U. S. Merck) suspended in saline per kg body weight, and the change in average number of mitochondria per lymphocyte was followed up to 5 days after injection, using neutral red-Janus green supravital staining. At the same time, blood cell count and histological examination of lymphoid tissues were conducted.
After injection, the mitochondria of lymphocytes of peripheral blood tended to show diminished stainability with less sharp autline. The average number of mitochondria per lymphocyte decreased abruptly 1 hour after injection, showed a minimum value at the 3rd hour, then began to increase gradually and recovered its normal value by the 4th or 5th day (Fig. 1, Table 1). The absolute number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, on the other hand, began to decrease from the 3rd hour on, the minimum value being attained at the 24th hour, and thereafter tended to increase slowly but failed to recover its normal value even after 5 days. A marked decrease in the average number of mitochondria per lymphocyte was accompanied by the relative preponderance of mitochondria-poor cells over mitochondria-rich ones (Fig. 2).
In the lymphoid tissues, marked destruction of lymphocytes was observed at the 3rd or 6th hour after injection. At the 12th or 24th hour, atrophy of these tissues was distinct in the cortex as well as in the medulla, and no marked regeneration was observed even after 5 days. The reticulum cells proliferated actively from the 3rd hour on and phagocytized numerous nuclear fragments derived from destructed lymphocytes.
These findings lead to the conclusion that the adrenocortical hormone effects a decrease in the number of mitochondria in circulating lymphocytes, realized for the most part by the decrease of the younger cells which contain more numerous mitochondria than the older forms.

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Three milligram of histamine hydrochloride were injected daily into rats subcutaneously. The injection was performed 1, 15, 30, 45 or 60 times. On each stage, the pancreatic cells and the duodenal epithelial cells were observed before and after the administration of artificial food.
The pancreatic cells initiate a production of zymogen granules even in a starved condition (before an administration of diet) and its producing becomes superior and prolongs after administration, according to an increase of histamine injections. The phenomena are quite identical with the ones of the peptic cells in the same experiments (NAKAI: Arch. hist. jap. Vol. 9, p. 371). On the other hand, the discharge of zymogen granules takes place irregular and there can be found no relation between the discharging and producing of them.
In the subnuclear region of duodenal epithelial cells, vacuoles having no fat and glycogen increase after the injections of histamine. It seems the production of vacuoles predominates over their discharge in the cells. At this time the discharge remains normal or is only somewhat stronger. Hence the authors believe that the producing of zymogen granules in the pancreatic cells as well as of vacuoles in the duodenal epithelial cells is promoted by histamine.
In all cases the discharge of zymogen granules from the pancreatic cells is remarkable when the vacuoles of the duodenal epithelial cells decrease continuously, whereas it is not remarkable when the vacuoles are accumulated in these cells. The content of such vacuoles, which promotes the discharge of pancreatic zymogen granules, must be a substance like secretin.
The results obtained here are in principle the same to the results previously obtained by FUJIE in other experiments (Arch. hist. jap. Vol. 1, p. 397; Vol. 2, p. 1; Vol. 3, p. 119, 403; Vol. 4, p. 469; Vol. 5, p. 185; Vol. 6, p. 169, 263, 301) and confirm the effects of productin to the pancreatic cells and the duodenal epithelial cells. They also verify the specific vacuoles in the latter cells described by FUJIE.

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The papillar formation in the human sole is better developed than in the palm of the hand, and consequently, the sensory fibres distributed in the papillae are also in higher development in the former. The papillae are not equal in development in all parts of the sole. They are strongest in the toe bulbs, weakest in the plantar arch and middling in the other parts of the sole in formation.
HOYER-GROSSER's arterio-venous anastomoses are found in a number in the stratum papillare of the sole, and in particular in its foremost part.
The sensory fibres form PACINIan bodies in the subcutis and beside corpuscular terminations including MEISSNER's tactile bodies, also MARTINEZ-PÉREZ's terminations and non-corpuscular branched terminations. Sensory terminations are found in the HOYER-GROSSER's organs too,
I could never prove the existence of the intraepidermal fibres, the so-called LANGERHANS' cells or the MERKEL's tactile cells and tactile bodies hitherto reported as observable in the epidermis in my sections of the foot-sole, as WADA has failed to find them in the human palm. These are probably nothing but artefacts.
The non-corpuscular terminations abundant in the papillae of the sole comprise both simple and complex branched ones, which are generally more complex in structure than those in the palm. The majority of the fibres in such terminations show change in size during their courses and end in sharp points.
The corpuscular terminations may be classified into non-capsulated and capsulated types, the latter comprising the greatly predominant MEISSNER's tactile bodies and the rarely observable genital nerve bodies Type II (YAMADA).
The non-capsulated end bodies are of glomerular type, either simple or complex. Sometimes, 2-3 nerve fibres are sent out further from these glomerules, to form secondary glomerules.
The MEISSNER's tactile bodies in the human sole are better developed and more abundant than those in the palm, proportionate to the better development of the papillae in the former part. The inner bulbs of these tactile bodies, like the same of those in the palm (WADA) are presumably differentiated from SCHWANN's sheaths. These bodies may be classified into the three types below, by the arrangement, of the fibres diffused therein.
In a MEISSNER's body Type I, the nerve branchees run spirally toward the epidermis, forming a net-work by mutual anastomosis of minute branches in general outline. In this the specific nuclei are always arranged in parallel positions to the spiral fibres. In a body Type II, the nerve fibres in the inner bulb show a glomerular arrangement, and the specific nuclei cannot take definite direction. In a Type III body, the arrangement of the nerve fibres in the inner bulb is variable, and always nervous plates are formed on the fibres in their courses or at their tips. These plates are very variable in size and form. Type III bodies are far more abundant in the sole than in the palm. Sometimes, MEISSNER's bodies of any of the three types may send out 1-2 further nerve fibres which form secondary bodies or rarely even tertiary bodies of similar nature.
The another capsualted end bodies are mostly of tubular or club form, with a inner bulb containing only a small number of specific nuclei, and supplied with single sensory fibre which ends in a simple branched termination nearly at the center of the bulb. They are rather similar to the genital nerve bodies Type II (YAMADA).
The plexus sous-basal discovered by MARTINEZ-PÉREZ in the human palm were called by WADA the “MARTINEZ-PÉREZ's terminations”. I also could find some plexus-like end formations, that is, such MARTINEZ-PÉREZ's terminations formed along the cristae intermediae of human sole. These also are better developed here than in the palm. In agreement with WADA

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