Archivum histologicum japonicum
Print ISSN : 0004-0681
Volume 14, Issue 4
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
  • Mitsuhiko NISHIKAWA
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 463-483
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The writer used as materials dermal rudiments, film samples or mashed ones of dermis of a Rana japonica, from its germ in early tail-bud stage through the metamorphostic stage to the adult frog, and investigated the genesis and morphogenesis of collagen fibers electron microscopically.
    1. Even in germs in early tail-bud stage, very thin, transparent filmy stroma is perceived between epidermal layer and mesodermal one. This thin layer develops into the dermis.
    2. In this thin membrane comes out many a minute granule with a diameter of 70-100Å without immediate morphological regard to cells, and after a while the formation of procollagen fibers begins with taking lattice like arrangement in double files at 210Å intervals in a certain direction.
    3. The fibrils in which granules are arranged in double files in latticework join together and polymerize with a contiguous fibril, and the same process is repeated again and again. Besides this, the size of granules itself increases, and the fiber grows thicker, but the interval of the lattice is still 210Å in this stage.
    4. This lattice-work is perceived as striations at 210Å intervals in comparatively low magnification.
    5. The fibrous formation shows characteristic change from the late outergills stage to the early innergills stage. The genesis of thick striations at 530-640Å intervals is perceived in some part of fibers which have increased their thickness by polymerization. These thick striations seem to appear because protein molecules have become particularly concentrated owing to the increase of the granules constituting the fibers and the genesis of the comparatively small ones connecting them.
    6. The problem what the substance which polymerizes and binds the granules is still a matter of guess work now, but glycoprotein, tyrosine hyaluronic acid etc. are supposable. Perhaps electric charge of molecules has some connection with the problem.
    7. In the fiber of an adult frog are perceived striation at 640Å intervals which show characteristics of collagen completely and, besides, some five thin striations between each two of them. Moreover lattice-work is observed in some part of the fiber. This view is consistent from the genesis of the fiber in the earliest stage to the last, therefore it can be justly said that it shows quality of protein molecules of the fiber and the process of their polymerization and development electron microscopically.
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  • Goro HIRAI, Shunji HIRAI, Mitsuo KOHARA
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 485-494
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Reizo TAHIRA
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 495-544
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Lebern aus 39 zwei- bis zehnmonatigen Menschenfoeten histologisch und cytologisch beobachtet, um die Entwicklung der von ITO entdeckten Fettspeicherungszellen in Sinusoidwand sowie der KUPFFERschen Sternzellen, die Histogenese des Lebergewebes, die Hämatopoese in embryonalen Lebern, ferner den Fett- sowie den Glykogengehalt des foetalen Lebergewebes und die Mitochondrien der foetalen Leberzellen genauer zu studieren.
    Am Beginn des 2. Foetalmonates zeigt das Lebergewebe eine lockere spongiöse Struktur mit weiten Sinusoiden, die sich nach dem 3. Foetalmonat vollkommen in eine dichte Netzsturuktur mit engen Sinusoiden umwandelt. Diese eine netzartige Struktur bildenden dicken Leberzellenstränge stellen sogar am Foetalende keinen radiären Verlauf dar; sie verdünnen sich zwar mit dem Fortschreiten der Foetalmonate nach und nach, doch findet man selbst am Ende des Foetallebens keine aus in einer Reihe angeordneten Leberzellen bestehenden Leberzellenstränge.
    Gallenkapillare kommen schon im 2. Embryonalmonate vor, sie besitzen im allgemeinen verhältnismäßig weite Lichtungen, welche aber von dem 3. Monate an so eng wie bei Erwachsenen werden. Im ganzen Foetalleben sind die Gallenkapillare von vielen, radiär angeordneten Leberzellen umgeben und auf Querschnitten der Leberzellenstränge stellen sie eine dem Endstück der tubulösen Drüse ähnliche Struktur dar. Die Zahl der die Gallenkapillarlichtung umgebenden Leberzellen vermindert sich in späteren Foetalmonaten, aber die der tubulösen Drüse ähnliche Struktur verschwindet selbst im Endstadium des Foetallebens nicht vollständig. Im 2. bis 4. Foetalmonate kommen im Leberparenchym nicht selten dem Gallengang ähnliche Strukturen in beträchtlicher Zahl vor, bei denen viele niedrigen Leberzellen eine weite Lichtung umschließen, welche zweifelsohne der Gallenkapillarlichtung entspechen soll. Die oben erwähnten speziellen Bauverhältnisse der embryonalen Gallenkapillaren sind auf den dicken Leberzellenstrang der embryonalen Leber zurückgeführt, der aus mehrreihig angeordneten Leberzellen zusammengesetzt ist.
    Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten der GLISSONschen Scheide im 3. Foetalmonate wird die sichere Unterscheidung der Pfortaderäste von den Vv. centrales möglich; mit dem Fortschreiten der Foetalmonate nimmt das Bindegewebe der GLISSONschen Scheide an Menge zu, in dem sich im 5. Foetalmonate die Bindegewebsfasern deutlich vermehren. Im 4. Monate lassen sich die Leberarterienäste durch das Vorkommen der Myoblasten in ihrer Wand mit Sicherheit unterscheiden.
    Die Bildung der interlobulären Gallengänge tritt im 3. Monate, also gleichzeitig mit dem ersten Zustandekommen der GLISSONschen Scheide angrenzend an die Oberfläche des Leberparenchyms ein. Die kubischen Epithelzellen differenzieren sich von den Leberzellen, bilden zuerst in der Lage der Zwischenstücke Halbkanäle mit weiten Lichtungen, deren Wandung zum Teil aus dem Leberzellenstrang selbst besteht. Die vollständig ausgebildeten Gallengänge kommen erst im 5. Monate vor. Sie sind allseitig vom Bindegewebe der GLISSONschen Scheide umschlossen.
    Die Leberzellen sind in früheren Embryonalstadien klein und dunkel, mit je einem relativ größeren Kern versehen, sie wachsen mit dem Fortschreiten der Foetalmonate nach und nach und werden mit der Zunahme des Glykogengehaltes hell, aber sie erreichen sogar im Endstadium des Foetallebens die Größe der Lebrezellen von Erwachsenen nicht. Die Mitose der Leberzellen ist im 2. Foetalmonate am zahlreichsten aufzufinden, sie reduziert sich allmählich in den anschließenden Foetalmonaten und wird im 7. Monate sehr gering. Die zweikernigen Leberzellen erscheinen zum ersten Mal im 6. Monate, nehmen in den folgenden Monaten an Zahl zu.
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  • Kazumaro YAMADA, Takeshi UKEI
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 545-565
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A histogenetic study was done on the anterior pituitary of rats of both sexes progressing in age from birth to maturity. The results obtained were as follows:
    1. The parenchymatous cells of the rat anterior pituitary were composed essentially of chromophobe, acidophile and basophile cells. Two distinct cell types of basophils (delta- and beta-cells) could be distinguished by the application of the periodic acid-SCHIFF technique and GOMORI's aldehyde-fuchsin method.
    2. Chromophobes were generally small in size and contained fine filamentous material but no coarse secretion granules in the cytoplasm. Their cell boundaries were not as clearly defined as in the chromophils. The nuclei of chromophobes, round or oval in shape, contained relatively few chromatin particles and usually one or two acidophilic nucleoli. These cytological characteristics indicate that the chromophobes are in an undifferentiated state.
    3. Acidophils, though not as abundant as in adults, could already be identified by the presence of acidophilic granules in the cytoplasm immediately after birth. Acidophils were frequently observed to contain negative images of the Golgi apparatus in juxta-nuclear regions as cap-like figures and basophilic filamentous materials suggesting the presence of ribonucleic acid. As the animals approached maturity acidophils gradually became densely packed with cytoplasmic granules. On the whole there was a greater increase in the number of acidophils during growth and development of females than in males, therefore the number of acidophils in adult females exceeded that in males.
    4. Beta-cells characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules which react positively with the PAS reagent and aldehyde-fuchsin showed well-defined but irregularly shaped cell boundaries. These cells could be recognized from the earliest post-natal period. Their cytoplasmic granules gradually increased with age. In adult females most basophils were beta-cells, while in adult males delta-cells were predominant.
    5. Delta-cells were large in size, oval or round in shape, and had distinct cell boundaries. Their fine cytoplasmic granules which react positively with the PAS reagent and aldehyde-fuchsin were distributed throughout the cytoplasm except in the GOLGI area. Some of these cells were densely granulated especially in the peripheral zone of the cytoplasm. The negative image of the GOLGI apparatus of delta-cells was seen in the juxta-nuclear region as a clear, granule-free, circular area with a red centrum by the PAS technique or a dark blue centrum by the azan stain modified by MARTINS. In adult males, delta-cells were frequently found in the ventral area of the anterior lobe and the upper region adjacent to RATHKE's residual cleft. In adult females, on the other hand, delta-cells which were smaller in size and less granulated than those of adult males were located in the central region of the anterior lobe. In addition, most basophils of adult females were not delta-cells, but beta-cells.
    6. During the earliest postnatal life, delta-cells were scarce in number, small in size and showed feeble stainability for various dyes. In males, they became numerous and more densely granulated towards maturity. On the other hand, in females, they attained the maximum number on the 30th day, and decreased rapidly thereafter.
    7. Between the 35th and 45th day a remarkable change took place in deltacells of the females. During this period degranulation of delta-cells was observed. In addition, the majority of degranulated delta-cells was small in size when compared with delta-cells of the previous stage and had pycnotic nuclei, although delta-cells of the 30-day old female were similar in cytological details to those of males at the same age.
    8. According to PURVES and GRIESBACH (1954, 1955) and SIPERSTEIN, NICHOLS. GRIESBACH and CHAIKOFF (1954), two specific types of delta-cells were distinguishable in the rat anterior pituitary.
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  • Hisao FUJITA, Mutsumi KANO, Takao KIDO
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 567-574
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The colloid secretion into the thyroid follicular lumen of non-treated and adrenalin-injected domestic fowls was observed in electron microscope.
    Mostly in the basal part of the follicular cell of thyroid, it is noticed the striking group of sacs of endoplasmic reticula which are filled with homogeneous material similar to the colloid in the follicular lumen. These sacs, increasing their size, come near the free surface of the cell. Thereafter, in some cases, the enlarged sacs are broken at the surfaces of the follicular cell and evacuate their contents into the follicular lumen; and in another cases, the several sacs with fragments of cell membrane and of cytoplasma, being teared off from the cell, fall into the follicular lumen in which the colloidal content flows out through the destruction of the sacs.
    After these observations it is concluded that the secretion of the thyroidal colloid into the follicular lumen is of apocrine type.
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  • Tatuo KITAMURA
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 575-610
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The eccrine sweat gland located in the subcutaneous tissue at the palmar side of carpal or metacarpal regions of forelegs of the pig (the carpal organ) was studied with the electron microscope. Besides the description of its fine structures, dicussions on the secretion mechanism of this gland are presented in this paper. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
    1. Two different cell types of the glandular epithelium which were previously pointed out by light microscopy (KITAMURA, 1957), namely the dark and clear cell, are clealy distinguished from each other under the electron microscope. The designation of two cell types may depend on the previous light microscopic observation, though appearances by light- and electron microscopy may often be reverse.
    2. Within the cytoplasm of the dark cell, there exist a great number of secretory granules or vacuoles. The electron density of these granules or vacuoles is so low that the electron optical appearance of this cell type is rather clear, in contrast to the image by light microscopy of stained preparations, in which the secretory granules are always darkly tinted. The secretory granule is surrounded by a dense smooth membrane (probably one type of the smooth surfaced variety of the endoplasmic reticulum). As it grows and ripens, its internal substance shows a marked decrease in density and the fusing of neighbouring granules occurs, then it converts into the secretory vacuole.
    3. A small number of mitochondria with high electron density are present in the dark cell cytoplasm. The rough surfaced variety of the endoplasmic reticulum is occasionally observed to be localized at the infranuclear zone. Furthermore, small dense particles (microsomes) and microvesicles are abundant within the cytoplasm, especially in the interstices among the secretory grauules. It was forcibly convinced from many electron micrographs that granules of varying sizes and densities might be transitional forms from one to another of each of the microsomes, microvesicles, secretory granules and secretory vacuoles.
    The GOLGI apparatus consists of GOLGI vesicles, several pairs of GOLGI membranes and GOLGI vacuoles, which are probably produced either by the expantion of GOLGI vesicles or by the terminal vacuolation of flattened sacs, viz. GOLGI double membranes. It is difficult, in some cases, to distinguish the GOLGI vacuole from the secretory granules.
    4. The secretory granules of the clear cell are generally opaque to the electron beam and are small in number. These often situate in the vicinity of the crescent-shaped endoplasmic reticulum (rough surfaced). Somtimes, extremely dense granules with irregular outline were observed; they might be identified as fat droplets.
    5. As compared with the dark cell, far more numerous mitochondria are contained in the clear cell. They have marked limiting membranes and internal ridges (cristae mitochondriales), both of which are electron dense and show a double membraned structure. There have been recognized various transitional steps from the mitochondria to the secretory granules of the clear cell.
    6. In the clear cell cytoplasm, were observed to be scattered many microsomes and thread-like or tubular structures. The latter may be considered to be produced by chaining of microsomes, and sometimes they aggregate in a compact mass of peculiar crescent shape, which is found to surround the nucleus at the supra- and paranuclear sides maintaining a roughly uniform distance apart the nucleus. This crescent-shaped structure was found under the ordinary light microscope to be strongly basophilic. The constituent elements of such a crescent-shaped mass possess the characteristic of typical endoplasmic reticulum (rough surfaced); but in the case that thread-like or tubular structures are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum are obscure in such distributed bodies.
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  • Toshiyuki YAMAMOTO, Ichio ITO, Toshio OHNO, Tetsuo OHYAMA, Hiroshi OMO ...
    1958 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 611-624
    Published: June 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The lip of monkey is not different from the human counterpart in that it can be divided into the cutaneous, the transitional and the mucous parts and that the transitional part can be subdivided into the outer and the inner zones. The cutaneous part is covered by a common haired skin with sinus-hairs. The epithelium of the outer transitional zone is considerably thicker than the epidermis of the cutaneons part, is only very weakly hornified on its surface and is intruded by conspicuous papillae growing out of the propria. In this zone of the human lip sebaceous glands without hairs are frequently found, but in the simian lip, such glands are more often found provided with hairs, suggesting that this zone is not derived only from the mucous membrane but also from the haired skin as well. In the inner transitional zone, the epithelium is even thicker and the papillae are better developed, but the boundary between the inner and the outer zones is rather blurred in adult monkey. The epithelium in the mucous part is indeed still well developed, but the papillae are thinner and shorter and are arranged rather irregularly.
    The development of the sensory fibres distributed in the transitional and the mucous parts of the lip of monkey shows a parallelism with that of the papillae, as was the case with human lips. Namely, the sensory fibres are developed in the inner zone of the transitional part where the papillae are in strongest development, followed by its outer zone where the epithelium is relatively poorer in development but the papillae are still powerfully formed, while in the mucous part with papillae reduced in size and length only in spite of the thick epithelium, the sensory fibres are in poorest development.
    The sensory fibres coming into the outer transitional zone always end in the papillae in various types of terminations, as follows: 1. Unbranched and branched terminations formed by mediumsized fibres. The branched terminations are usually of simple type but somewhat more complex ones are not rare either. Their terminal fibres mostly end subepithelially, but frequently enough some are found to end in intraepithelial terminations. 2. Unbranched and branched terminations of peculiar form. In these the terminal fibres show the characteristics of conspicuous swelling and fibrillar expansion, markedly winding courses and blunt end points beneath the epithelium. 3. Glomerular terminations, mostly uncapsulated but more rarely covered by a thin connective tissue capsule. 1-3 sensory fibres are found running into the bulb containing a small number of specific nuclei, and their terminal fibres often show glomerular arrangement, but on many occasions they are found to end in fibrillar arrangement resembling that in MEISSNER's tactile bodies. The fibres forming such arrangement frequently show fibrillar expansions in their courses, 4. MEISSNER's tactile bodies found in the outer transitional zone in the portion adjacent to the inner zone. The very fine terminal fibres in such a body often show fibrillar expansions while running parallel to the epithelial surface or spiral-wise. The ellipsoid or spindle-form specific cell nuclei of limited number in the inner bulb also are arranged parallel to the fibres.
    The sensory terminations in the inner transitional zone are even better developed than in the outer zone. Here the MEISSNER's tactile bodies are particularly well developed. The unbranched and branched terminations here originate in thick fibres, but the latter are comparatively simply branched and the terminations of Type II above with swollen ends of the terminal fibres are found here too. The intraepithelial fibres are less frequent than in the outer zone.
    In the mucous part, the sensory fibres decrease abruptly in number and their terminations comprise only unbranched and simple branched ones, corpuscular terminations and intraepithelial fibres being found no more.
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