Changes in fine structure of rabbit liver cells throughout the embryogenic development are studied on light and electron microscopy with the following results.
1. The liver cell-cords and the bile canalicules of rabbit fetus are formed on and after about the 20th day. The formation of the liver cell-cords is assumed to complete about 20 days after the birth of rabbit. The interlobular connective tissue starts to develop a little later, connective tissues fibres being stained distinctly 25 days after the birth. Then the vascular wall is well formed, the bile canalicules develop and the interlobular veins can be differentiated, so that the GLISSON's capsule is clearly visualized.
2. At the end of the first half period of embryogenesis, there are observed in the liver cells a small number of fat droplets, which increase in number from about 20th day on, reaching the maximum in 27 days. But they rapidly decrease after birth, increase again in several days. Glycogen is detected at the end of embryogenesis. It disappears after birth and then re-appears simultaneously with the apperance of fat. Thus it is understood that fat which has been stored in the embryogenic period supports the rabbit's life for several days after birth. Later, fat and glycogen are produced following lactation.
3. Under the light microscope the mitochondria are, while liver cells are not yet differentiated, fine rod shaped or thread shaped showing no functional feature. Then mitochondria increase in number and are definitely arranged. Simultaneously they enter the fat rich period becoming granular. Fat-rich cells reveal many threadlike mitochondria. But relationship between mitochondria and fat droplets is not so clear as in the liver cells in adult animal. When fat is produced again after birth, mitochondria increase in number, especially granular ones. This suggests a relationship between mitochondria and fat droplets. The suggestion, however, is not so earily verified as in the adult body.
4. Even in their indifferentiated stage, the mitochondria in the liver cells possess limiting membrane and cristae in the electoron microscope. Despite differentiation, the mitochondria show few changes in their inner construction. But duriug the fat-rich period, there appear many intermediacies between the typical mitochondria and the fat droplets. These intermediacies can be traced up to the mitochondria as the origin of the fat dedroplets. When fat is produced after birth, mitochondria are found to increase showing multitudinous structures in cristae. The fact that many constricted figures appear during this multi mitochondria period (increased mitochondria period) suggests an increasing of mitochondria.
5. Hemopoietic figure is already seen in the liver of a rabbit fetus on the 15 day. This initial hemopoiesis is almost of red blood cells, but at the end stage of embryogenesis of white blood cells. Their production disappears in 14 days after the birth.

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ムササビの喉頭蓋の喉頭面の上皮はその舌面のものよりも遙かに背の低い重層扁平上皮から成るが, その正中部丈は氈毛上皮から成る. 味蕾は舌面上皮のみに少量に発見される. この部の粘膜では混合腺は良好な発達を示すが, 淋巴集合は極めて少い.
喉頭室は甚だ大きい喉頭嚢を作る. 前方は甲状軟骨, 上方は舌骨, 下方は気管上部に達する. その粘膜は概ね1列性立方上皮と狭い固有膜とから成る.
声皺襞は概ね2列性扁平上皮と狭い固有膜とから成る. 声門の軟骨間部の前1/3は同様2列性扁平上皮で蔽われるが, 後2/3は2-3列性氈毛上皮で蔽われ, 固有膜も増大, 中に混合腺を含む. 声門より下方気管に至るまでの粘膜は前者同様な組織構成を示す.
ムササビの喉頭粘膜も人や2-3動物に於けると同様に知覚線維に恵まれているが, 粘膜下膜及び固有膜神経叢の劣勢な形成に伴ってその量も又知覚終末の構成も人等に於けるよりは遙かに劣勢である.
この喉頭粘膜に見られる知覚終末は非分岐性及び単純性分岐終末として上皮下及び上皮内に形成される. 喉頭嚢粘膜では最単純の非分岐性終末を而も散在性に見るに過ぎず, 従ってここでは知覚神経分布は甚だ劣勢である. 唯喉頭室の入口附近では単純性分岐性終末も稀ならず発見される.
喉頭蓋喉頭面の粘膜は喉頭粘膜の中では最も知覚線維に富む. そして稍々複雑な分岐性終末も所々に発見される. 特に正中部で然りである. 然しこの部の終末は一般般に中等大又は細い線維に由来する. 反之その周辺部では前者に於けるよりも終末の量は少いが, 太い線維に由来する分岐性終末も発見される.
喉頭蓋舌面の粘膜には知覚線維の進入は劣勢, その終末様式も甚だ単純, 又この部にのみ見られる味蕾に対する知覚神経分布も甚だ劣勢である.
声皺襞にも極く少量の知覚神経の進入を見る. その終末は非分岐性及び単純性分岐性終末で表わされ, 又稀ならず上皮内線維も発見される. 声門から下方の粘膜にも知覚終末が見られるが, 之は下方に向って愈々劣勢を示す.

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2, 3動物の副腎の神経支配に関する瀬戸鍍銀法による成績は次の様に要約される.
副腎皮質は髄質と異って上皮性内分泌腺である丈に之に対する固有神経は証明されない. 動脉神経叢からの微細線維が毛細管に沿って腺実質内に進む事もあるが, その量は極めて少く, 之を以て皮質固有神経とする事は出来ない. 即ち大多数の皮質細胞は神経の支配を受けない. そこで皮質の分泌機序は毛細管の拡張により反撥的に腺細胞の分泌顆粒の滲出を促すによると考えられる.
副腎神経叢は犬では発達良好であるが, ムササビではより遙かに劣勢である. 又之等動物では髄質内には神経細胞が見られない. そこで髄質内に於ける神経細胞の有無は機能上余り意義のあるものとは考えられない.
副腎神経叢に発する神経枝は皮質に対しては分枝を出す事なく, 皮質を通貫の上髄質に達する. 従って髄質固有神経である.
髄質はムササビでは副腎の中心部に存するが, 犬ではその他, 発生経路を明かにする様な分布配列, 即ち被膜の内外や皮質内を走る髄質固有神経に沿って髄質細胞群の存在を見る.
固有神経束は髄質に達するや微細枝に分れながら髄質中心部に進む. この神経線維の量は小動物に於ける程少ない様である.
神経線維は髄質内で単独走行をとると特有な迂りと太さの変化に富んだ特殊線維となり, 所々に同一性状の線維と之より遙かに細い終末枝とを出す. 之等線維は他のものとの間に吻合を行い, 斯くして髄質内には一大神経終網の形成を見る. その網の目は極めて特有な種々な形状を示す.
ムササビの副腎では皮質網状層の深層内に髄質に見られると同一性状の神経終末網が見られる事がある. 然し之は髄質終末網と連結を失わない. 従って発生途上皮質網状層内に迷入したものと解される.

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2体の8月早産児の子宮円索の全経過の構造が検べられた. 索は子宮付着部から骨盤壁へと漸次太くなり, 鼠径管内で最も太く, 管を出ると再び細くなる. 膠原線維の太いものは子宮広間膜内に多く, 末梢では漸次少なくなる. 太い膠原線維の全量, 即ちその太さ×数, は鼠径管内に最も多い. 弾性線維は子宮広間膜内に最も少い.
平滑筋線維は子宮広間膜内にやゝ細く鼠径管内で太く、皮下組織内では再び細い. 索内の平滑筋線維の全量, 即ちその太さ×数, は索が子宮から起り子宮広間膜を行くうちに漸次増し, 鼠径管内では更に著しく増し, 皮下組織内に出ると激減する.

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With respect to the relation between nuclear size and chemical composition of its suspending medium, diameters of the nuclei isolated by the technique of sucrose or glycerol were measured in sucrose or glycerol solution in addition with various concentrations of several cations. Obtained results were summarized as follows.
Nuclear sizes were decreased with addition of cations, and on the control of nuclear size, bivalent cations were further effective than univalent. The nuclear size depended only on the concentration of cations, but did not on that of sucrose. Even if the sucrose was substituted with glycerol, similar results were obtained.
These facts throw a question whether a concept of ‘isotony of cell’ is equally fitted for isolated nuclei.

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神経の髄鞘物質から作った乳濁液を二十日鼠の背部の皮下に注射し, 以後時間の経過を追って結織細胞内に取られた粒子の形と類脂質を染める染料での染色性の変化を観察した.
1. 乳濁液の注射の刺戟により, 組織に線組球と組織球が増す. 細胞に胞食された粒子の数と量は注射の3日後に最高に達し, それから消化により減少し, 10日後には殆んどなくなる.
2. 弱塩基性のビクトリア青4Rでは細胞に取られた粒子は6時間後に弱く染まり, 1日後からはそれが消失するまで強く染まる. 弱塩基性であるイリゾールエヒト紫BBNでは粒子は注射の6時間後にはまだ殆んど染まらず, 1日後に弱く染まり始め, 3日後に漸く強く染まるようになる. 両染料の染色差は前者が類脂質のほかに蛋白質をも染めることにあると思える.
3. ズダン黒Bは類脂質とともに真性脂肪をも染める弱酸性染料であり, 初めから終りまで細胞内に取られた粒子を強く染める.
4. 殆んど無極のズダンIIIは細胞内に取られた粒子を初めには強く染あるが, 後にはよく染めぬようになる. これは粒子が分解し, その極性が強まるためであると思える.

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人副腎特にその髄質の初期発生は次の様に要約される.
22mm人胎児に於ては皮質体は既に可なり大きく形成されて, 之と腹部大動脉との間には多くの神経節所有の内臓神経叢の形成が著明, 但し神経節内の幼若交感細胞は皮質細胞よりも遙かに小さい円形細胞から成り, 未だ神経細胞, 外套細胞, Schwann 氏細胞等への分化を示さない. 尚この細胞群内には既に微細神経線維が証明されるが, 幼若細胞との関係は何等明らかにされない.
以上の様な神経節は皮質体の内側部にも形成され, 而もその中の幼若細胞は1部神経線維と共に皮質体の内方に向って移動する, 恐らく細胞移動はこの時期よりも少しく早期に行われるものと思われる.
40mm胎児になると内臓神経叢及び副腎神経叢の発達は愈々著明となり, 又 Zuckerkandl 氏パラガングリアもその初期形成を示す. 然し神経節内の幼若細胞は依然として何等分化を示さない. 然し皮質体の周囲からその内方に向う細胞と神経線維の移動は甚だ著明となり, 皮質体中心部にもその細胞群の散在を見る. 但しこの細胞の分化は未だ見られない.
反之この時期に於て髄質細胞群と全く性状を同一にする Zuckerkandl 氏パラガングリアの初期形成が内臓神経叢の中又は腹部大動脉の周囲に証明される, 細胞は明るい大型細胞から成り細胞間には太さの変化を示す神経線維も多数発見される.
80mm胎児になると副腎神経叢及び之に由来する副腎髄質の神経要素も可成りの分化を示す. 即ち前者に於ては僅かの神経突起を有する若い交感神経細胞の発生を見, Schwann 氏細胞も神経線維に沿って散在性に形成される. 然し外套細胞は未だ発生しない.
副腎そのものも興味深い変化を示す. 即ち髄質部は副腎の中心部に広く拡がり, その拡散範囲は周囲の皮質領域を多少凌駕する. 又幼若細胞の髄質細胞への分化も見られ, その増大した細胞体内には多くの顆粒が証明され, この細胞群内には多数の特殊神経線維も証明され, 而もその終末様式は成人の場合に類似する. 尚お何等分化を示さない幼若細胞群が所々に見られるが, 之は恐らく髄質内の交感神経細胞群に移行するものと思考される.

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頬粘膜上皮に染料は Viktoriablau, Neutralrot>Lackschwarz extra, Irisolechtviolett BBN>Trypanblau の順の速さに進入する. 頬粘膜が10-20分間50°Cに加熱されたあとでは, その何れの染料の進入もよくなる. また加熱された頬粘膜では唾液腺の導管壁の上皮にそれ等の染料が進入し易くなる.
頬粘膜が過度に温められると, 種々の薬物, ビールスへの透過性も増すであろうと想像せられる.

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1. The distributions of alkaline phosphatase in the tooth supporting tissues (paradentium), using the decalcifying sections of the upper and lower molars of the rats ranging from the first day after birth to the stage of maturity, have been investigated histochemically through GOMORI's method.
2. Alkaline phosphatase is distributed through the whole periodontal membrane (Fig. 1, 6 and 7). The enzymatic reactions of the fibroblasts situated in SHARPEY's fibers are intensive in grade in the periodontal membrane, but the reactions of SHARPEY's fibers are themselves lower than those of the fibroblasts (Fig. 2). The enzymatic activities in each element consisting of the periodontal membrane are more intensive in the region adjacent to the alveolar bone, than in all the other regions (Figs. 1, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11). And, in the regions where new bony matrix is formed actively, in which newly elaborated SHARPEY's fibers are inserted, both SHARPEY's fibers and the fibroblasts, particulary, show intensive reactions on one hand (Fig. 2, 8, 9 and 10). But, on the other hand, the reactions of the periodontal membrane adjcent to the cementum, under normal conditions, are not so intensive. The same is found in both the surface of the cellular cementum (Figs. 1 and 11) and the acellular (fibrous) cementum (Fig. 2), and, further, in the surface of the forming cementum.
The intensity of enzymatic reactions of SHARPEY's fibers and the fibroblasts are different in several portions of periodontal membrane: the fibers of horizontal, transseptal and interradicular fiber groups show higher reactions than in the other fiber groups in the normal condition (Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10).
3. The reactions of alkaline phosphatase of the cementum consist of those of cementoblasts, cementum matrix and cementum corpuscle (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). The enzymatic activities of cementoblasts are almost similar to their neighbouring fibroblasts (Figs. 1 and 2). There is no difference between the cementoblasts on the surface of cellular cementum and the acellular cementum (fibrous cementum) at all (Figs. 1 and 2).
The enzyme is not found in the matrix of acellular (fibrous) cementum, but it is, occasionally, found moderate at the junction of the cementum and the periodontal membrane, and just a bit in the cemento-dentin junction (Fig. 2).
In the cellular cementum, the newly formed matrix (cementoid) on the superficial layer shows a slight reaction, but this reaction decreases gradually as it reaches deeper layers, and then disappears entirely. The reactions of the cementum corpuscles consist of the reactions of cementocytes and those of the wall and processes of cementum lacuna. Their reactions prove highest in the superficial zone of cementum, and decrease as they go downwards to deeper layers. Several cementum corpuscles neighbouring the cemento-dentin junction, occasionally, show however moderate reactions of the enzyme (Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5).
4. The reactions of the alveolar bone consist of three kinds of reactions: those, of the osteoblasts, of the bony matrix, and, of the bone corpuscles. By the side of new bone formation, such as the alveolar crest of young rats, the osteoblasts and their surrounding fibers, show very intensive reactions in the enzyme. Newly formed bony matrix and the osteocytes contain a considerable amount of the enzyme, but it gradually decreaes as they run downwards to deeper layers, and disappear in some portions (Figs. 2, 8 and 10). On the surface of the bone which is now not being formed, the fibers and cells of its surrounding connective tissues (periostium) also considerably react. while superficial bony matrix and osteocytes do slightly (Figs. 2, 3 and 4).
The intensity of reactions of the osteoblasts and the bony matrix, and their surrounding fibroblasts and fibers are generally more conspicuous as compared with that of the cementoblasts, the cementum matrix, and their surrounding fibroblasts and fibers

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ホルマリンで充分固定された神経組織を前もって石炭酸溶液に浸漬処理すると, Heidenhain 鉄ヘマトキシリン法で神経細胞とその突起となお一部の神膠細胞が脱色した背景の上に独り染まって残り得る.

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