1. Enamel formation in various kinds of animals have been investigated histologically in the sections stained with resorcin-fuchsin and other routin stainings, and the transference of enamel matrix substances (resorcin-fuchsin stainable substances, bereafter: R-stainable snbstances) to the other tissues than the enamel, especially the dentine, have been found in the tooth germ tissues of rats, guinea-pigs, dogs and human beings.
In this paper, the significance of such findings as the above mentioned for amelogenesis has been discussed.
2. At each stage of the pre-formative, formative, maturation stage, of enamel formation, it is found that the substances, which are able to be stained with resorcinfuchsin and supposed to be enamel matrix substances, penetrate both to the dentinal matrix and dentinal tubules, but their appearances and periods are different from one another among those various animals above mentioned.
3. In the guinea-pigs, R-stainable substances begin to penetrate to the dentine, immediately after the time when the formation of dentinal matrix begins. At first, R-stainable substances appear between the ameloblasts (inner enamel epithelium) and the dentinal matrix, and then part of them penetrates to both dentinal matrix and tubles, and moreover, to the odontoblastic zone, through the dentinal tubules (Fig. 1 and 2).
The penetration to the dentine become more and more remarkable gradually, according as it approaches to the beginning of the enamel matrix formation, and is observed continuously until the middle stage of enamel matrix formation comes (Fig. 3).
4. In the rats, R-stainable substances begin to penetrate to both the dentinal matrix and tubules of superficial zone of the dentine from the ameloblasts (inner enamel epithelium) side, some time after the dentine formation starts (Fig. 4). The degree of this penetration gradually increases, according as it approaches to the very beginning of enamel formation (Fig. 5 and 7), but on a sudden decreases prior to the commencement of the enamel matrix formation (Fig. 6 and 7). At the formative stage of enamel, R-stainable substances penetrate to nothing but dentinal tubules of superficial dentine. And then, following to enter the maturation stage, R-stainable substances begin to penetrate to the dentinal tubules of deeper zone of dentine, neighbouring the middle zone of dentine (Fig. 8 and 9). Such findings as these are continuously observed until the endstage of maturation.
5. In the human beings, in a little while after the beginning of enamel matrix formation, R-stainable substances begin to penetrate to the dentinal tubules, and frequently this substance reach the odontoblasts zone through the whole width of dentine (Fig. 10 and 11). At the same time, the reduction of stainability of enamel matrix, neighbouring dentine does occur (Fig. 10-13). Such discolouration is more remarkable at the interrod substance than the enamel rod (Fig. 12 and 13). This appearance can be distinguished from the changes of stainability of matrix usually observed after the apposition of enamel matrix in various animals, and are not artefact occured to them in process of preparation of section. Such penetrations of these substances continue for some time, and after the time when the enamel matrix has been formed about one third of the whole width, and then gradually decrease finally to disappear at all. After a time, decolouration of enamel matrix is recovered and shows similar appearance to the surrounding enamel matrix.
6. In the dogs, R-stainable substances penetrate to the dentinal tubules only in superficial layer of dentine at the endstage of preformative stage of enamel formation. This phenomenon is observed continuously during the formative stage of enamel (Fgi. 14).
7. At the beginning of penetration of R-stainable substances to the dentine of guinea pigs, the nucleus of ameloblasts just still begin to migrate to the basal side of the cytoplasms

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In the present study, the structure of the nerve fibers in human pia-mater has been examined histologically by BIELSCHOWSKY-SUZUKI's silver method which is possible to demonstrate neuroplasmic structure. The results obtained were summarized as follows.
1. The several terminal structures, such as neuroplasmic net and process, were developed from spherical or elliptical neurofibrillar swellings arranged in a thick nerve fiber as if a rosary. These findings suggest that these neurofibrillar swellings play an important role to form the terminal structure in the halfway to its end.
2. The so-called terminal corpuscules in pia-mater included such three types as the stellate neuroplasmic formation, the terminal neurofibrillar swelling and the large structure which had been considered a ganglionic cell by STÖHR. In the side of the second, the spherical neurosecretory substance was recognized.
3. Other terminal structure also presented in the conective tissues of pia-mater. This structure is of the neurofibrillar net covered with SCHWANN's sheath.
4. The nerve fiber surrounding a small venous wall by its several loops was investigated persistenly and three kind of terminal formation simply composed of neuroplasmic networks without ‘SCHWANNsches Leitplasmodium’ were recognized. These terminal formation were supplied from different sources, that is, the first directly from the spherical swellings arranged in the nerve fiber, the second from the halfway of the branch which deverged from the nerve fiber and the third from the end of the same branch respectively.
Only by these networks the nervous elements connected with the small venous wall.

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[in Japanese]

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The histochemical demonstration of esterase was made in the developing tooth of the rat by using principally both the simultaneous coupling azo-dye method employed various naphthyl compounds as the substrate and the indigo blue method employed 5-bromoindoxyl acetate.
1. The localization of esterase in the developing tooth showed a high activity in the odontoblasts, ameloblasts, calcifying dental hard tissues and alveolar bone, and only a very slight activity in the pulp adjacent to the odontoblasts and reduced enamel organ. Thus esterase activity has shown the analogous distribution and localizalion to those of acid phosphatase.
2. The simultaneous coupling azo-dye method employed various naphthyl compounds as the substrates showed a similar localization of esterase activity to that by the use of 5-bromoindoxyl acetate method in the developing tooth and bone, however, the method using β-naphthyl acetate and naphthyl AS acetate as the substrate gained the best result.
3. The esterase activity in the developing tooth and bone of the rat was inhibited to a certain extent for the use of sodium taurocholate and eserin.
4. This was suggested that the esterase activity may be related to the final calcification of the dental hard tissue.

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[in Japanese]

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Es wurden zu der Lösung von Kollagen aus der mit dunner Essigsäure behandelten Schwanzsehne der Maus, Blutplasma des Huhnes, Gelenksynovia, Ascites, Amnionwasser und Liquor cerbrospinalis des Menschen verschiedene Agenzien zugefügt, um bei verschiedenen pH die Menge der ausgeschiedenen faserigen Gebilde und ihre Elektronenbilder zu beobachten.
1. Natriumsulfid in geeigneter Konzentration befördert in gewissem Maße die Bildung von Kollagenmikrofibrillen aus der Kollagenlösung, aber nicht so stark wie Chondroitinschwefelsäure und Heparin. Makromolekulares Polyäthylenglykol befördert die Entstehung der Kollagenmikrofibrillen. Polyvinylalkohol und Polyakrylsäure behindert dagegen die Bildung der Mikrofibrillen.
2. Chondroitinschwefelsäure behindert die Fibrinbildung aus dem Blutplasma, wenn auch nicht so bedeutend wie Heparin. Natriumalginat unterdrückt die Fibrinbildung in geringem Grade.
3. Auf die Bildung von faserigen Gebilden aus der Gelenksynovia, dem Aszites, dem Amnionwasser und dem Liquor cerebrospinalis zeigen die obigen Agenzien keine merkliche Wirkung.
4. Im Umfange dieser Untersuchungen fand man keinen Einfluß der einfachen positiven oder negativen elektrischen Ladung der hinzugesetzten Agenzien und der Viskosität der Lösungen auf die Fäserchenbildung.

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The structure of bone marrow, especially the relation between its vascular system and myeloid cells, has been studied in femora of rabbits mainly by an injection method with India ink and by the silver-impregnation method of SUZUKI. The results of the investigation are as follows:
1. Walls of the blood-sinusoids in bone marrow are lined by delicate cytoplasmic membrane composed of littoral cell-like endothelial cells, whose cytoplasm shows net-like pattern in relief with meshes of different shapes and sizes. The spaces in these meshes are generally shut up with extremely thin cytoplasmic membranes, but in some spots they remain open to show small pores through which matured erythrocytes could pass.
2. By the modes of ramification the blood-sinusoids in bone marrow can be classified into two types: the first net-like type occupies the spaces between osseal trabeculae near the epiphysial plate and is connected by blood capillaries with arterioles, and the second straight type comming out of the former lies in meta- and diaphysial part of bone marrow.
3. Two different types of arterio-venous communication are found in bone marrow: the one is connected by capillaries, another communicate through the arteriovenous anastomosis. The anastomosis combines arterioles with venules in the subcortical part of bone marrow, while capillaries convey the blood from arterioles into blood-sinusoids of the first type near epiphysial line.
4. In bone marrow of the spongial and diaphysial parts of bone, there often occur blood-capillaries with blind ends at which figures of angioblast or endothelium in degeneration or regeneration can be observed.
5. It is very important that many small pores communicating the blood-stream with perivascular spaces of bone marrow can be observed in the cytoplasms of endothelial cells lining the small arteries. The calibers of these pores are so small that a single erythrocyte can not pass through them except blood-plasma. This sort of perforation of the wall of small artery seems to cause the elevation of fluid-pressure in the perivascular spaces wihtin bone marrow.
6. On the section stained with Azan-staining the cytoplasm of the endothelium of the blood-sinusoid appears blue in color as these of normoblast before the enuclation stage. These data suggest that the cytoplasms of the endothelium of the blood-sinusoid and of the normoblast may have the same densities in structure.
7. According to MATSUSHITA the cytoplasm of the normoblast, youngest erythrocyte, becomes much rigid in structure, forming elastic cytoplasmic membrane in its surface, immediately after the enuclation, and stained green to orange in color by Azan-staining. These data and the peculiar structure of the blood-vessels in bone marrow make it possible to interprete the mechanism by which only matured erythrocytes come into the peripheral blood-stream. In other words, the rigidity of the matured erythrocyte may overcome the softness of the delicate cytoplasmic membrane of the blood-sinusoid and it passes through the membrane or the pores into the peripheral blood-stream.

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The nerve periphery in the human trachea was studied histologically by means of SUZUKI's silver method with the following results:
1. The ciliated epithelium was supplied with well developed intraepithelial free endings of sensory nerves. Their branches were to be classified into ascending and horizontal branches. These branches often showed neurofibrillar enlargements either in their course or at their ends. Some of the ascending branches reached the free surface to end just beneath the terminal bars. The horizontal branches were widely spreaded through the basal cell layer of the epithelium, and at their periphery often intersected with those of the neighbouring ending. Neurofibrillar enlargements of the horizontal branches were often found closely lying to basal cell nulei.
2. In the tracheal epithelium, especially of the membraneous portion, there were often found so-called ‘patches of the squamous epithelium’. These patches were also provided with free sensory endings, which were somewhat less developed than in the case of the ciliated epithelium.
3. The mode of the vegetative innervation of the tracheal epithelium was a hypolemmal one, that is, the vegetative nerve periphery gave rise to the intraepithelial nerve net accompanied by a number of stellate cells. Most of these cells were to be considered as interstitial cells of the vegetative nerve periphery, since their cell-bodies were in syncytial connection with protoplasmic nerve strands and the neurofibrils formed intricate networks in the cytoplasm.
4. Trachcal glands received intraepithelial neurofibrils from the surrounding terminal reticulum. These neurofibrils generally ran and ended intercellularly. But between the glandular cells there were often conical cells which were penetrated by the neurofibrils from process to process giving an appearance of intermediate elemnts between glandular cells and the vegetative nerve pathway.
5. Various types of the sensory nerve endings were observed in the tracheal muscle layer and muscularis mucosae. They were mostly to be classified into: a) the glomerular or convoluted endings near or surrounding the small blood vessele and b) the arborized large endings. The latter were generally the same with so-called ‘pressoreceptors’of SETO and others. But they were also characterized by a more or less intimate relaionship with the adjoining small blood vessels in various ways, e. g., encircling the vessels with their arborizations, or giving off side branches with or without the endbody to the vessels. These facts suggests the existence of another possible function of the endings, in addition to a usually accepted pressoreceptor, such as interoceptor of local blood vessels.
6. In the smooth muscle layer the vegetative nerve periphery gave rise to the terminal reticulm consisting of the anastomosing protoplasmic nerve strands and the interstitial cells which were in syncytial continuity with the former. Both of them touched the surface of smooth muscle cells with their protoplasmic processes.

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The histochemical demonstration of aminopeptidase was carried out, by the methods of BURSTONE and NACHLAS. L-leucyl-β-naphthyl amide and DL-alanyl-β-naphthyl amide hydrochloride were used as the substrates.
1. Aminopeptidase activity in the developing tooth and bone was found in the dental sac and the basal area of the pulp.
2. The odontoblasts, ameloblasts and the tip of the pulp were aminopeptidase negative, and the reduced enamel organ showed only a very slight amount of staining.
3. The localization of aminopeptidase in both leucyl-β-naphthyl amide and alanyl-β-naphthyl amide as the substrates was the same, and also BURSTONE and NACHLAS method showed a similar trend in the distribution.
4. This would suggest that the aminopeptidase is not directly related to calcification.

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We heve made a histochemical study concerning the TPN diaphorase in the developing teeth and alveolar bone of the rats (15-20 days fetuses and 5 days old after birth) by adapting Nitro BT method.
TPN diaphorase in the developing teeth showed a strong activity in the differentiated odontoblasts and ameloblasts. On the other hands, a weak activity was observed in the undifferentiated odontoblasts and ameloblasts.

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Chlorpromazine gave multiple influences on the histochemical findings in several organs of mouse, as it was expected to some extent. Those histochemical changes were usually the most intense in the case of three hours after injection.
1. Alkaline phosphatase activity was depressed by chlorpromazine on the small intestine and kidney but not on the submaxillary gland and on the KUPFFER cells of the liver.
2. Stainability by PAS method was increased slightly in the clear cells of the submaxillary gland and in the epithelium of the small intestine. The PAS positive granules of liver cells were decreased distinctly after injection of chlorpromazine.
3. Stainability by Hg-BPB method was demonstrated in the dark cells of submaxillary gland, in the striated border of small intestine, in liver cells and in the thick segment of loop of HENLE. The stainable substances in these cells was decreased more or less after injection with chlorpromazine.

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Durch ein ganzes Jahr hindurch je ein Mal in jedem Monat wurden von den mit zusammengesetztem festen Futter gut ernährten, gesunden Kaninchen (2000-2900g Körpergewicht) zuerst Kontrollstücke der Leber operativ herausgeschnitten, darauf wurden die Kaninchen in A- und B-Gruppen (jede Gruppe besteht meistens aus 3 Kaninchen) eingeteilt und 10 Tage lang je mit festem Futter in unzureichender Menge (bei der A-Gruppe täglich auf 15g=50 Kalorien, und bei der B auf 7g=25 Kalorien beschränkt) gefüttert, von diesen Hungerkaninchen wurden die Leberstücke ebenso operativ herausgeschnitten. In jedem Falle wurde die Operation in der 12. Stunde nach der Futtergabe angestellt. Sowohl Kontrollstücke als auch Hungerstücke wurden mit ZENKER-Formol und LEVIschem Gemisch fixiert, die Färbung geschah mit Eisenhämatoxylin (HEIDENHAIN), Azan, Perjoäsaure-Schiffscher Methode (PAS) und Hämatoxylin (HANSEN)-Eosin. Für Eisennachweis wurde TURNBULL-blau-Reaktion angewandt.
Bei den auf diese Weise hergestellten Präparaten liessen sich verschiedene Zellarten der Leber ein ganzes Jahr hindurch monatlich vergleichend beobachten, um jahreszeitliche morphologische Schwankungen der verschiedenen Zellarten der normalen Leber und Einflüße der Jahreszeiten auf die durch Hunger herbeigeführten Veränderungen der Leber zu verfolgen. Wichtige Ergebnisse werden im folgenden zusammengefasst angegeben.
Verschiedene Befunde zeigten nahezu keine bemerkenswerte Unterschiede nach der A- und B-Gruppe.
1. Was die durch Hunger erfolgte Körpergewichtsabnahme des Kaninchens angeht, so bemerkt man nach den einzelnen Monaten kaum bemerkenswerte Unterschiede, das folgende Verhältnis ausgenommen, daß im August die Abnahme durchschnittlich am kleinsten war. Es ist außerdem anzugeben, daß bei den B-Gruppen die Körpergewichtsabnahme im allgemeinen ein wenig größer als bei den A-Gruppen war.
2. Die durch den Hunger hervorgerufene histologische Veränderung der Leber besteht hauptsächlich in der Atrophie der Leberzellen und -läppchen, der Erweiterung der Sinusoide, der Zunahme der Pingmentgranula, besonders der Hämosiderinablagerung u.a., obwohl diese alle sich als leichtgradig erwiesen. Fettablagerung in Leberzellen kommt aber nahezu niemals vor.
3. Bei den genügend gut ernährten, gesunden Kaninchen ist der Glykogengehalt der Leberzellen des ganze Jahr hindurch immer groß und die Verteilung des Glykogens in Leberzellen ist in allen Bezirken der Leberläppchen fast gleichmäßig dicht, sodaß man an diesen Glykogenbefunden keine bestimmte jahreszeitliche Schwankungen finden kann. Demgegenüber ergibt sich, daß die durch Hunger herbeigeführten Abnahme des Glykogengehaltes der Leberzellen eine bestimmte jahreszyklische Schwankung zeigte. So war die Glykogenabnahme im Juni und Oktober am größten, während im August sowie Dezember und Januar am kleinsten war. Daraus ergibt sich etwa folgende Schlußfolgerung, daß in den erst genannten Jahreszeiten die Glykogen abbauende Tätigkeit der Leberzellen lebhaft, aber in den letzt genannten träg vor sich geht. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen mit denselben bei den biochemischen Versuchen von einigen Autoren über die Glykogenbildung in der Kaninchenleber nahezu vollkommen überein. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse kann man feststellen, daß der Zuckerstoffwechsel der Kaninchenleberzellen einer bestimmten jahreszeitlichen Schwankung unterliegt.
4. Bei den normalen gut ernährten Kaninchen weist der Fettgehalt der Fettspeicherungszellen der Leber eine anscheinend von der Leberzelienfunktion abhängige jahreszeitliche Schwankung auf. So ist er im August am größten, dann folgen Januar und März; er ist anderseits am kleinsten im Oktober, dann folgen Juli, Juni und Februar.

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