Histological studies on the renal cortical arteries of renovascular hypertensive patients, including four cases of unilateral, two cases of bilateral main renal artery stenosis and one case of renal infarction, were made on wedge biopsy materials, referring to thirty-six normal cases. The renal cortical arteries proved to be almost normal in the stenosed side and more or less arteriosclerotic in the unstenosed side. These characteristics can disturb the results of renal split function test or others. The changes are generally more obvious in the interlobular arteries than in the arterioles, and may partly be reversible. Moreover because there can be rare exceptional or complicated cases, the diagnosis and treatment of renovascular hypertension must be made cautiously.

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Dünnschnitte der Leberzellen aus einer Ratte wurden mit Uranylacetatlösungen, die 5 verschiedenen, nichtwässerigen Flüssigkeiten zugesetzt wurden und wässeriger Lösung gefärbt. Zum Vergleich des Kontrastverbesserungseffekts dieser Lösungen wurde Intensität der Kontrastfärbung vor und nach dem Differenzierungsverfahren im Elektronoskop beobachtet.
1. Die Zellbestandteile (wie Grenzmembran der Mitochondrien, der Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulum, Kernmembran, eine homogene Substanz, die die Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulum und perinukläre Räsume ausfüllt und eine elektronendichte Matrix von Mitochondrien) wurden nach der folgenden Reihenfolge mit den verschiedenen nichtwässerigen Flüssigkeiten zugesetzten Uranylacetatlösungen kontrastiert:
Methanol>Äthyläther, iso-Butylalkohol>Wasser, Aceton>Äthanol.
2. Die genannte Reihenfolge der Färbungsintensität ändert sich ein wenig nach der kurz dauernden Einwirkung von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd und wird:
Äthyläther, iso-Butylalkohol>Aceton>Äthanol, Methanol>Wasser.
3. Granuläre Komponenten des Karyoplasmas und Ribosomen wurden mit den meisten hier angewandten Uranylacetatlösungen gleicherweise intensiv gefärbt.
4. Die Ergebnisse der Versuchsreihe erklären sich dadurch, daß in Flüssigkeit mit niedriger DEK und kleinem Dipolmoment der zwischen dem Lösungsmittel und dem zu lösenden Uranylacetat eintretende Induktionseffekt sich vermindert, da Uranylionen sich zu leicht assoziieren, um stark adsorbiert zu werden. Vorliegende Arbeit weist einen Weg, auf welchem die Kontrastfärbung der Elektronenbilder mit Uranylacetatlösungen noch weiter verbessert werden könnte.

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[in Japanese]

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In the motor organs of the foot of the 3rd month human embryo, corpuscular terminations have been found in a large number. Most of these belong to the Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles, the Pacinian bodies being found in far smaller number.
Pacinian bodies are mostly still very small in size as well as underdeveloping in structure. The inner bulb is generally thin and slender, but sometimes broad and swollen, the specific nuclei therein being still immature. The connective tissue lamellae covering the inner bulb number 3-4 pieces only. A comparatively thick sensory fiber entering into the inner bulb gradually increases in size and, without branching, ends bluntly near the distal pole of the inner bulb. Interestingly enough, Pacinian bodies of compound type mostly consisting in two small bodies encased in a common lamellar capsule have not rarely been found in the motor organs, especially in the dorsal side of the foot.
Golgi-Mazzoni bodies, well-developed in the 3rd month embryo, are recognized in a rather large number in various places of the motor organs, especially in the surroundings of the metatarsal bones and sesamoid bones. These are of cylindrical form and divided into small-sized and large-sized ones.
In small-sized bodies, the inner bulb contains single row of specific nuclei in its periphery and is surrounded by a broad transparent layer, which is covered by a single circular layer of fibrocytes and an outermost single layer of elongated connective tissue cells. A thick nerve fiber running into the inner bulb proceeds along its longer axis and ends bluntly near the distal pole of the inner bulb, without branching. In large sized bodies, the inner bulb is swollen and richer in specific nuclei, but the transparent layer is rather ill-developed. A sensory fiber toward each body is almost of medium size and ends sharply or bluntly in the inner bulb, without branching.
Golgi-Mazzoni bodies gathered in groups were recognized in the foot motor organs, especially frequently within or along the periosteum of the metatarsal as well as the sesamoid bones. The sensory fibers entering into the individual bodies are of large or medium, sometimes of small size and derived from the separate fibers respectively, but rarely they consist of terminal branches coming out from one stem fiber. Such groups are here consisting of 2-4, sometimes of 5 Golgi-Mazzoni bodies, and they are divided into two types, the one composed of small-sized and the other of large-sized bodies.
Besides, simply branched terminations being ill-developed are found in the periosteum of the foot bones in a never large number. Further, there are found in the periosteum of the metatarsal bones rather complex, branched terminations here and there, though they are composed of finer branch fibers, which frequently arrive at the inner layer of the periosteum and mostly end in sharp points. On the contrary, here in the periosteum no such a branched termination, as composed of powerfully thick branch fibers and presumed to be specific to the periosteum could be found.
Any muscle or tendon spindle could not be found in the foot of the 3rd month embryo.

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En 1954 l'auteur a définie une théorie du “cambium du tissu animal”, selon cette définition le “cambium” existe dans touts les tissus et dans tous les organes. Il comprend l'ensemble des cellules plus ou moins distinct dans l'observation microscopiques. Les cellules du “cambium” se trouvent a diverse dégrés de différenciation ce qui dépend du genre de tissu ou des organes, de leurs évolution et de leurs métabolisme, mais en même temps elles font une réserve de cellules destines a la régéneration des tissu et des organes qui vieillisent et s'egarent. Dans les conditions normales les cellules du “cambium” ses différencient selon la caracteristique de l'organe, mais si le métabolisme tissulaire est altéré et les conditions vitales sont changées, la division cellulaire ainsi que leurs différenciation sont aussi changées. Dans les altérations mediocre elles peuvent amenés a une métaplasie, dans les altérations plus profonde elles amenes a une anaplasie et des tumeurs plus ou moins malignes.
Tous les tissus et les germes embryonaires ont une caractère labile des cellules du “cambium” et elles sont très sensibles même au plus petits changements physico-chimique en résultat l'embryogenèse normale est troublé et donne diverses malformations.

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In this electron microscopic study on human axillary eccrine sweat gland, the so-called dark and clear cells composing the secretory epithelium were designated as “superficial” and “basal” cells respectively, because of their different location in the secretory epithelium.
The cell bodies of the tall superficial cells occupy the superficial portion and line the main gland lumen with their apical surface, whereas the slender basal parts are extended in between the basal cells to reach either to the myoepithelial cell or to the basement membrane. The superficial cells are characterized by poorly developed microvilli protruded into the gland lumen, well-developed abundant tonofilament bundles oriented in various directions, poorly developed intercellular interdigitations as well as basal infoldings, and the accumulation of the secretory vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm.
The rounded basal cells occupy the basal portion of the secretory epithelium without bordering directly on the main gland lumen. They enclose, however, the intercellular canaliculi between them which seem to empty in the main gland lumen; their wide basal surface rests either on the myoepithelial cell or the basement membrane. The basal cells are characterized by a number of closely packed microvilli protruded into the intercellular canaliculus, lacking secretory vacuoles, large content of glycogen granules, extraordinarily well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and extensive and complicated intercellular interdigitation and basal infolding both of which show vigorous vesiculation of the plasma membrane.
The transformation between both secretory cell types was never proved. The occurrence of two secretory cell types with distinct cytological differences suggests the existence of two loci of different kinds of sweat production in the secretory epithelium of the human eccrine sweat gland.
The concordance in certain cytological features of the basal cells with the salt-gland cells of some animals and birds supports the view that the basal cells are probably the production site of sweat which is high in water, Na and Cl content. The agranular endoplasmic reticulum closely packed in the whole cytoplasm of the basal cells is supposed to participate in the transport of water and the solutes from extracellular spaces to the intercellular canaliculus.
The agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the basal cells sometimes contain a small amount of glycogen granules within its dilated cisterns, a finding which suggests that the agranular endoplasmic reticulum may probably play a role also in intracellular glycogen metabolism.
The secretory vacuoles elaborated from the Golgi vacuoles in the superficial cells are discharged into the main gland lumen by means of either eccrine or apocrine mode of secretion. In the process of the latter, it was discovered that the paired demarcation membrane was formed at the neck of the papillary apocrine projection. The opinion of the present authors concerning the formation mechanism of the apocrine projection was also presented.
The ultrastructural properties of the membrane bounded lipid droplets found in both cell types were described and the formation of large monolocular lipid droplets and the correlation between the lipid droplets and the dense bodies elaborated in the Golgi area were also discussed.

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Attempts were made to identify the living granule cells in the cultures of the mouse cerebellar cortex.
1. When 10 days or more old mice are used as culture materials, thousands of small cells with scanty cytoplasm can be identified as granule cells on the basis of a) their size, b) their nuclear morphology, c) their vast numbers in cultures, d) their characteristic processes depicted by the silver impregnation, e) absence of cells in the embryonal granular layer in impregnated cultures, and f) the fact that they are discernible even in cultures from 20 days old mice in which the embryonal granular layer has already disappeared.
2. When newborn mice are cultivated, granule cell neurons cannot be distinguished in the living state from cells in the embryonal granular layer.
3. Oligodendrocytes situated in the explant cannot generally be differentiated from granule cells in the living state.
4. These granule cells are more vulnerable to various unfavorable conditions, e. g. the acidic or hypertonic state of the culture media.
5. Small myelinated perikarya are frequently noted among these granule cells. They are often apposed to myelinated axons.

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Peroxidase reaction was performed on the frozen section of the glutaraldehyde-fixed rat bone marrow. The section was postfixed with OsO₄ and prepared for electron microscopy.
Peroxidase reaction was demonstrated on the neutrophilic and eosinophilic granules but not on the basophilic granules.
Peroxidase reaction was stronger in the peripheral zone of each granule and was negative in the central crystalloid.
In a certain promyelocytes of neutrophiles as well as eosinophiles, the granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus showed a positive reaction. The reaction was stronger in the eosinophiles.
The possibility to regard granulocytes as unicellular glandular cell was discussed.

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Left rabbit auricles are investigated histoenzymatically to determine the metabolic profile of atrial and sino-atrial fibers, directly or after immersion in physiological solution, normally oxygenated or submitted to anoxy. Oxygenated physiologic medium does not disturb the enzymatic profiles, excepting the NADH₂-TR and the glycogen in the nodal tissue. The anoxy increases strongly the glycogenolysis in the node and considerably less in the auricular muscle. In the node, the Krebs cycle and the ATPA are also increased. In auricular fibers some enzymes of Krebs cycle diminishes (MDH, ICDH), or remain indifferent (SDH, COX). The authors conclude that, despite important changes of the activities in the sino-atrial fibers, these are better protected against anoxy, because of their more rapid adaptation facilities to unfavourable situation. The mechanism involved in this adaptive possibility remains still open.

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The thyroid gland of silver eels, specimens of the Anguilla japonica before breeding migration was examined with the electron microscope. The apical surface of the follicle cell is irregular in outline and microvilli are scarce. Though the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is well developed throughout, especially at the basal part of the cytoplasm, the cisterna of this structure is not so largely vacuolated but flattend, and the cytoplasm looks relatively compact as compared with that of the higher vertebrate. There are three kinds of vesicles or granules in the apical cytoplasm of the follicle cell; (1) less-dense small vesicles, (2) large less-dense or moderately dense droplet and (3) large or small dark granules. Small less-dense vesicles and some of the dark granules are considered to be derived from the Golgi region. A central flagellum is observed in a few follicle cells. The fine structure of the pericapillary region is similar to that of the higher vertebrate, though the pericapillary space with connective tissue cells and fibrils is relatively thicker and the endothelial pores are not observed. Numerous pinocytotic vesicles are found in the endothelial cell.

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A comparative electron microscopic study of islet tissue of the same frog specimen (Rana ridibunda) after osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde fixation, respectively, shows that morphological characteristics of two islet cell types may differ greatly, depending upon the fixation method employed.

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[in Japanese]

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Various chromophilic neurons in the normal and experimental anemic rabbit brain were histochemically explored with special reference to glycogen metabolism. The present observations were restricted to the brain stem including the nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the fifth nerve, pontine reticular nucleus and dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. In the normal brain, the nerve cells of the former two nuclei were heterogeneously stained by basic dye from chromoneutrally to hyperchromically with close correlation with PAS positivity, while those of the last nucleus showed the homogeneous chromoneutral staining and negative PAS reaction. Under anemic condition the PAS positive hyperchromic neurons were conspicuously recognized in the pontine reticular formation and the neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve increased thier chromophilia and PAS positivity, but those of the mesencephalic tract of the fifth nerve slightly showed their neuronal change. In the cerebral cortex hyperchromic neurons were never observed under normal and experimental conditions.
The relation of chromophilia and glycogen metabolism is summarized as follows:
1) Moderate chromophilia (or hyperchromasia) of neuron is due to heavy staining of Nissl bodies, while PAS positive substance exclusively consits of glycogen accompanied by phosphorylase activity.
Further staining between Nissl bodies causes extreme chromophilia of neuron which is intensely stained by PAS reaction largely due to phosphorylase negative glycogen or glycoprotein, and then shrinkage of neuron further strengthens its hyperchromasia.
2) Intensity of chromophilia of the neuron fairly well corresponds to that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, while activities of succinic and lactic-dehydrogenase and aldolase show the opposite relation to the chromophilia.
3) From the present results it is suggested that PAS positive hyperchromic neurons occurring in the brain stem must not be artefact but reflect their physiological and metabolic conditions.

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The morphological and biological nature of the supravitally recognizable metachromatic granules in living and fixed sea urchin egg following fertilization and during cleavage were investigated by means of light (supravital staining and semi-thin section) and electron microscopy.
Within the egg plasm of living unfertilized eggs one can perceive a small number of metachromatic granules stainable with toluidine blue O which appeared diffusely among yolk granules. But during the segmentation stage they appeared principally within the astral region and increased in number similar to the “β-granules” of PASTEELS as well as the “aster-associated particles” of REBHUN.
In the semi-thin sections (fixed with OsO₄, embedded in epoxy resin, 0.5-1.0μ in thickness, stained with toluidine blue O), there could also be recognized abundant metachromatic granules within the astral region. The granules seemed to be identified with the metachromatic granules in the living egg.
Furthermore, as revealed with the electron microscopy, two types of granules which were identified with the metachromatic granules were recognized. It has been suggested, thereafter, that these granules might be derived from certain yolk granules following structural and chemical changes contrary to the concept of REBHUN. Moreover, it should be emphasized that the biological role of the granules may be intimately related to an energy producing mechanism for the progress of egg segmentation and cell differentiation.

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The arachnoid and the pia were separated further into thin membranes by microdissection in subvital condition. Each layer revealed different structural features. The difference of the fibrillar arrangement was best shown by the silver impregnation method. The cellular arrangement was examined by the use of silver nitrate in living condition. On the basis of its structural features, the arachnoid was sub-divided into five main layers. The fibers of the 2nd layer were similar in appearance to those of the basement membrane existing between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue elsewhere in the body. The fibers of the other layers formed a characteristic network. The collagenous fibers of the 3rd, 4th and 5th layers were so-called encircled fibers and the fibers of each layer showed different features in dilute acetic acid.
The pia could be sub-divided into four main layers. Although there was a gradual transition of the fibers of the arachnoid into those of the 1st layer of the pia, the fibers of both the 3rd and 4th layer were entirely different from those of the arachnoid in regard to their arrangement, thickness and the ability to be impregnated with silver. The 4th layer of the pia was separated from the membrana limitans gliae. It consisted of mesothelial cells and argyrophile fibers. The cells were much smaller in size and more irregular in form than those of the arachnoid and were not isolated as a cell sheet from the argyrophile fibers. They were, however, released from their mesothelial arrangement as free cells. The cell limits stained with silver nitrate were detected on the wall of the perivascular cuffs of the large vessels but not on the perivascular sheath in the brain.
The membrana limitans gliae was obtained as a whole specimen. The blood vessels in the brain were also microdissected.
The observation of membranous specimens and serial paraffin sections resulted in an improved analysis of the perivascular sheath. The gradual transition of collagenous and so called encircled fibers into argarophile fibers and the characteristic cells of the 4th layer of the pia observed in this study were discussed in relationship to the matrix and to the blood-brain barrier.

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The cellular proliferation and differentiation of the stomach epithelium of the hamster were studied by the ³H-thymidine autoradiography. In comparison, autoradiographs of human materials, such as gastric cancer were analysed using “local labeling” of ³H-thymidine.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. The generative cell zone at the junction between the surface and the glandular epithelium of the hamster stomach was demonstrated by the ³H-thymidine autoradiography.
The generative cells possess basophilic cytoplasm and ovoid large nuclei. The mitotic figures are frequent among these cells. Relative size of the nuclei of the generative cell is distributed between unity and two, reflecting their constant DNA sythesis and division. The generative cells are detected in the cardiac gland, the fundic gland and the pyloric gland. Some generative cells show positive PAS reaction. Two hours after injection of ³H-thymidine, labeling indices of the generative cells are 30, 25 and 30 percent in cardiac gland, in fundic gland and in pyloric gland, respectively.
The labeling index of the PAS positive generative cells is lower than that of the other generative cells.
2. By pursuit of the labeled cells with lapse of time, it is proved that the generative cells differentiate to the surface epithelium and the glandular cells.
3. Chasing migration of the labeled cells the life span of the surface epithelium are estimated as 48 hours, 3 days and 3 days in cardiac, fundic and pyloric gland, respectively.
4. By the cumulative labeling of ³H-thymidine the life span of the glandular cells were 3 days in cardiac gland. In fundic gland it is more than 21 days and in pyloric gland 7-10 days.
5. The generation time of the generative cells are calculated about 25 hours in cardiac gland, 30 hours in fundic gland and 25 hours in pyloric gland.
6. The surface epithelium, the generative cells and the glaudular cells in each portion of the stomach constitute respective cell compartment keeping constancy in cell numbers.
7. The generative cell compartment plays an important role as source of differentiated cells. The bulk of the each cell compartment is kept constant on the balance which depends on both the generation time of the generative cells and the life span of the maturative cells. The maturative cells consist of the surface epithelium and the glandular cells.
The tissue structure of the normal stomach epithelium perpetuates in spite of the constant renewal of the constituent cells. This is assured through the mechanism controlling the generation time of the generative cells and the life span of the maturative cells.
8. By ³H-thymidine autoradiography after Polymixin B injection, labeling index of the generative cells increases distinctly than normal. The labeling index was 40-50 percent. Incorporation of ³H-thymidine is found in some parietal cells in fundic gland after the Polymixin B injection, but not in the surface epithelium and the other glandular cells.
9. The local labeling technique of ³H-thymidine autoradiography is applied to human stomach epithelium by at time of the surgical operation. These materials include gastric ulcers and gastric cancers. The generative cell zone is found in the transitional portion between the surface epithelium and the glandular cells of the fundic gland and pyloric gland. The labeling index was about thirty percent.
10. The generative cell compartment of the pyloric gland of the human stomach varies in size at different places. The glandular cells are absent in some portion of the pyloric gland replaced by the generative cells.
11. The eroded lesion of the surface epithelium is later covered by the proliferating generative cells without the cellular differentiation. Therefore the generative cell zone was extended than in the normal state.

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For the experiment on the gastric hormone productin (FUJIE) which is believed to be produced in the gastric surface epithelial cells and secreted from them, the gland stomachs of rats were placed in 33% alcohol (for 4, 6, 12 and 24hrs.), and the surface epithelial cells were isolated, so that productin in the cells might be transfused into alcohol.
Histological observation of the stomach after the immersion in alcohol reveals that the separation of the surface epithelial cells is almost complete in the case of 12hr.-immersion.
The extract was centrifuged, the isolated epithelial cells were separated, the supernate was evaporated on the boiling water bath, dissolved in 0.9% NaCl-solution, filtered and then was injected into unfed rats. Materials were taken at the periods of 1/3-2hrs. after the injection, and the gastric chief cells and the exocrine pancreatic cells were observed.
In the 4hr.-extract (the stomach was immersed in alcohol for 4hrs.), a weak factor which promotes the production of secretory granules in the gastric chief cells and the pancreatic cells is found. In 6hr.-extract and 12hr.-extract, the production-factor increases by degrees, but on the other hand, another factor which promotes the vacuolization of the secretory granules in the gastric chief cells, is also increasing, and in 24hr.-extract both factors seem to be abundant.
In 12hr.-extract of the intestine which is extracted using the same methods as in the case of the stomach, no factor is found which promotes the production of secretory granules, and only a weak factor which promotes the discharge of zymogen granules from the pancreatic cells.
Thus, it is concluded that the substance which has an effect similar to that of the gastric hormone productin (promoting factor in the production of secretory granules) on the gastric chief cells and the pancreatic cells is contained in the extract of the gland stomach, and not in the extract of the intestine. Further another factor which promotes the dischage of secretory granules from the gastric chief cells increases with the prolongation of immersion of the stomach. This provides interesting data for further studies in which the component of productin is to be analytically investigated.

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Two types of microtubules have been found in testicular cells of the lovebird, Uroloncha striata var. domestica Flower, one of which in the developing spermatids and the other within the nutritive cells. The thin-walled (50Å) tubules appearing in the spermatids lie in a row within each layer of the lamellar sheath which appears helically coiled around the head and the middle piece. The thick-walled (100Å) tubules are in a single row or in a crystalline array within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, their physiological significance being unsettled in the present study.

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Die morphologischen Beziehungen zwischen Leptomeninx, Gefäßwänden und perivaskulärem Nervengewebe im Oberflächenbereich von Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde wurden bei Hund und Katze histologisch, insbesondere elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht.
1. Die Pia meter besteht aus einem locker struktuierten Maschenwerk von Fibrozyten und kollagenen Fibrillen. Sie stellt sich nirgends als solch eine geschlossene Membran dar, wie man lichtmikroskopisch vermuten könnte.
2. Die gesamte Gehirnoberfläche wird von einer geschlossenen Basalmembran (200-300Å Dicke) lückenlos bedeckt. Innerhalb des Gehirnparenchyms verschmilzt diese Membran mit der Basalmembran der Wände dünner Blutgefäße. Anhaltspunkte für das Vorliegen eines sog. Virchow-Robinschen Raumes in diesem Bereich bestehen nicht.
3. Die leptomeningealen Fibrozyten und kollagenen Fibrillen dringen parallel mit den Blutgefäßen in die Virchow-Robinschen Räume zwischen den beiden Basalmembranen (Gehirnseite und Gefäßseite) ein. Es lassen sich dort zwei trichterförmig eindringende geschlossene leptomeningeale Membranen unterscheiden.
4. Die Rindenoberfläche besteht größtenteils aus marginalen Fasergliazellen und ihren Fortsätzen, während der perivaskuläre Anteil innerhalb des Gehirnparenchyms meist aus den Fortsätzen protoplasmatischer Astrozyten aufgebaut ist. Diese gliösen Elemente verhindern eine direkte Berührung zwischen Nervenzellen und Blutgefäßen.

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In this paper the authors described the morphological, particularly the ultrastructural, changes in the beta cells of the rabbit after administrations of glucose, anti-insulin guinea pig serum, L-leucine and tolbutamide. Action of these substances on the beta cells was discussed and thé necessity for reevaluation of the mode of insulin secretion was suggested

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Emigration of leucocytes from the inflamed blood vessels as well as the normal fine structure of vessel walls in the mouse skin has been observed by electron microscopy.
The emigration occurs exclusively through the wall of small veins. The cytoplasm involved in junctions between contiguous endothelial cells of the veins appear to be highly elastic. These endothelial cells are surrounded by varying layers of peri-endothelial cells. No smooth muscle cells of the tunica media nor perivascular nerve fibers exist in the veins.
During acute inflammation, many leucocytes stick to the endothelial surface and insert their pseudopods mostly into the intercellular junctions between endothelial cells. Then they promptly pass through the junctions and are held between endothelial and peri-endothelial layers for relatively long time before their eventual escape through spaces among the periendothelial cells into the surrounding connective tissue. No large intercellular gap is formed in the endothelial lining during the process of emigration. After the passage of leucocytes through the endothelium no residual sign of it is recognizable.

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The nasal gland in the respiratory mucosa of guinea pig was studied by electron microscopy. The terminal portion of glands is composed of the secretory cells which are regarded as serous cells from the cytological point of view. The apical cytoplasm of these cells contains secretory vacuoles with watery appearance, but these vacuoles are greatly variable in number from cell to cell. The lateral surfaces of secretory cells are provided with elaborated cytoplasmic folds occurring mainly at the basal half of cell, by which adjacent cells are interdigitated. This structural feature of lateral surface, together with the watery appearance of secretory vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm, suggests that the secretory cells uptake a large amount of water or some electrolites from the interstitial tissue to secrete the watery products into the lumen. The nerve endings are frequently found embedded in the intercellular spaces between adjacent secretory cells of nasal gland. The nerve endings are presumed to be represented by a beaded swelling portion of axon, and contact directly with the lateral surface of secretory cells. The present study suggests that the secretion in nasal gland is more strongly regulated by the autonomic nerves than in other exocrine glands.

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Das Subkommissuralorgan von Spheroides niphobles wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht.
Im Ependym werden die für das Subkommissuralorgan charakteristichen Sekretsubstanzen ähnlich wie die der schon untersuchten anderen Wirbeltieren in den Säcken des kernnaheliegenden granulären endoplasmatischen Retikulums gebildet, die mit flockigen Inhalten angefüllt sind. Die Sekretsäcke sind einerseits in der apikalen Cytoplasmaregion, die unmittelbar unter dem Ventrikel liegt, anderseits in den basalen Endfüßen der Fortsätze gespeichert, die sich an der Umgebung des Kapillarendothels sowie an der Basalmembran der dorsalen Hirnoberfäche anschmiegen.
In der apikalen Region befinden sich vorwiegend kleine Sekretsäcke, dagegen in der basalen Region große Sekretsäcke mit eingedicktem Inhalt.
Der Golgi-Apparat ist auffallend ausgebildet und das Innere seiner Elemente erscheint dichter als das Grundplasma der Zelle. Seine Funktion wurde im Zusammenhang mit Sekretion diskutiert. Im SKO sind stellenweise zwischen den gewöhnlichen sekretorischen Ependymzellen dunkle, schmale Zellen anzutreffen. Nach ihrem Aussehen erscheinen sie eine degenerierende Form der sekretorischen Ependymzellen darzustellen.
An der dorsalen Hirnoberfläche, an der sich die Endfüße der subkommissuralen Ependymzellen ansetzen, sowie in der Umgebung der deraufliegenden Kapillaren der Pia mater kommen in enger Verbindung mit der Basalmembran bandartige Strukturen vor.

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1. There are recognized many mast cells aggregating in the sinus of rat's lymphnode.
2. These cells appear to be of young type on the basis of their staining characteristics in azan and in astra blue-safranin O mixture. Their origin is supposed to be reticular cells of the lymphnode.
3. They are large in number in the cervical and thoracic lymphnodes, whereas few in axillary, inguinal and other lymphnodes.
4. Although it is generally considered that the mast cells increase in number as the host grows into senile stage, the mast cells in the lymphnode sinus are maximum in number in estrus stage.
5. The mast cells are present in the lymphnode sinus also in the mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, monkey and human.

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The vascular pattern of the thymus of the mouse was observed with the light and electron microscope. The present finding of the general vascular pattern was essentially the same as previously reported by SMITH, THATCHER, KRAEMER and HOLT (1952). The thymic vessels in the cortex are, for the most part, capillaries and those in the medulla, venules and veins. In electron microscopy the cortical capillaries possess the same structural features as are generally known for common capillaries. The cortical capillaries are surrounded by pericapillary spaces. The spaces are bordered by a layer of cytoplasmic extensions of epithelial reticular cells. However, since the lining epithelial cell layer is not continuous with frequent interruption, the pericapillary spaces communicate directly with the intercellular meshes of the cortical tissue. Therefore, no morphological evidence suggests complete isolation of lymphocytes from the blood vessels. In the medulla, the veins are also surrounded by a wide space. The space is limited by a layer of epithelial reticular cells, but the epithelial layer often possesses intercellular gaps, by which the perivascular spaces communicate with the intercellular meshes of the medulla. The finding is discussed with regard to transfer of thymic lymphocytes.

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The histochemical distribution of monoamine oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase in the central nervous system of goldfish was studied by GLENNER's and NACHLAS' methods.
The reaction of monoamine oxidase is higher in the septal area, the preoptic area, the hypothalamus and the area postrema which belong to the visceral areas. On the other hand, the reaction of succinic dehydrogenase is stronger in the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, the rotundus complex and the corpus et valvula cerebelli, which belong originally to the somatic areas. Moreover, the homology of each part of the everted telencephalon characteristic to bony fishes was discussed on the basis of the distribution patterns of monoamine oxidase.

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Synaptic organization of the cat lateral pulvinar nucleus was studied electron microscopically in the materials perfused with buffered formalin solution and post-fixed with OsO₄. The receptive areas of the pulvinar neuron can be classified into 1) small, direct issues of the dendritic trunk, which make the glomerular synapse (MAJOROSSY et al. 1965), 2) pro imal den ritic branches making complex axo-dendritic synapses and 3) distal fine dendritic branches with rather simple synaptic contacts with nerve terminals. On the other hand, three kinds of axon terminals are identified in the neuropile of the pulvinar: a) most frequently occurring, smaller terminals containing spherical vasicles alone, b) larger terminals with cylindrical vesicles and c) the largest mossy endings of rather rare occurrence. The ratio in number of the terminals of each type in about a thousand of terminals sampled at random from this brain region is considerably constant among materials from different control animals. Ablation of the cortical regions which project to the pulvinar induced the changes in this ratio, thus suggesting that the reduced type of terminals might correspond, at least in part, to the endings of the ablated projection fibers. The utility of this phenomenon in determining the type of axon terminals of a given projection system was discussed.

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A simple fluorometric apparatus was designed for the measurement of cellular nucleic acids. This was used in combination with the acridine orange method of CASPERSSON and RIGLER. By two-wave-measurements the fluorescences of DNA and RNA can be measured separately and the applicability of the method for measurements in a variety of materials from different sources and after different treatments was examined. Some evidence was found for a quantitative relation between DNA and RNA in the cell. In cultured Tetrahymena cells DNA-rich cells tend to be rich in RNA, and DNA-rich nuclei also have more RNA than DNA-poor nuclei in rat liver nuclei. In the cytoplasm of Tetrahymena cells and Limax ovocytes which are rich in RNA it is suggested that RNA-rich cytoplasm contains traces of DNA-like fluorescence.

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A large number of investigations which have been carried out to elucidate the structure of the basic components of the ciliary shaft, have been reported by FAWCETT and PORTER (1954), GIBBONS (1961), BRICHTMAN and PALAY (1963) and others. In a majority of organisms, the basic components of the ciliary shaft are two central fibers surrounded by a ring of nine outer doublet fibers, these fibers usually having the appearance of hollow tubes. As the structure of the ciliary shaft is approximately the same in both protozoa and metazoa, description in this paper will be confined to that on the ciliary basal body complex, which has been treated of in few previous works. It seems likely that each component and structure of the ciliary basal body complex vary greatly among different species of animals or different tissues, and the functional differences should accompanied the structural differences. If, however, among cilia of several kinds which have different functions, there is a special difference proper to the structure of their basal body complex and none in the structure of their shaft, the motive or starting point of ciliary movement should be located in the structure of the basal body complex. In this study, the oviduct epithelium of the mouse has been examined by electron microscopy.
Tissue blocks from the oviduct epithelium of mature mouse were fixed for 2 hours in a 1% solution of OsO₄ (buffered at pH7.4 with s-collidin). Other pieces of the tissue were fixed for 2 hours in a 6% solution of glutaraldehyde and then postfixed for 2 hours in a 1% solution of OsO₄ (buffered at pH7.4 with SÖRENSEN's phosphate buffer). The tissue blocks were then dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, and embedded in araldite. Sections were stained with a solution of uranyl acetate and examined by the Hitachi HU-11A type electron microscope.
The construction of the ciliary basal body complex in the oviduct epithelium of the mouse resembled that in the tracheal epithelium of the mouse (UEKI, 1966), but differed from those in the palatine epithelium of the frog (UEKI, 1965), i. e. in the former neither rootlet nor basal plate, but the“circular basal band”(named by UEKI, 1966) as well as the special composition of the“principal band foot”(named by UEKI, 1965) have been observed.
The fibers which constitute the principal basal foot are homogeneous and relatively low in electron density and converged in a form of Japanese hair pencil; they curve outwardly leaving the longitudinal axis of the basal body, showing anti-clockwise spiral course. Thus, the bundle of fibers constituting the principal basal foot is twisted anti-clockwise.
Nine transitional fibers which start from the distal ends of nine outermost subfibers in the basal body also take the course of sinistral spiral.
Nine links in the neck are each nearly straight, but as a whole they form a sinistral spiral radiation.
In a series of these anti-clockwise spiral formations are involved also the nine doublet outer fibers of the shaft. Accordingly, it is considered that the ciliary movement of the oviduct cilia of the mouse is not a simple to-and-fro movement in a plane, but a spiral rotation.

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The splenic lobe of the domestic fowl pancreas was fixed in a phosphate-buffered OsO₄ and electron microscope observations were made on the D-cells of the islets.
The D-cells are often elongated, and a part of the cell abuts upon the pericapillary space. In the cytoplasm, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, free ribosome, multivesicular bodies, lipid bodies and dense bodies are observed. The most prominent feature is the numerous round D-granules, measuring mostly 350-550mμ in diameter and clearly enveloped by a limiting membrane. Morphological findings indicate that the granules are produced in the Golgi sacs and secreted in the mode termed as emiocytosis (LACY 1961) or type IV secretion of KUROSUMI (1961).
It was concluded that morphologically the D-cells of the domestic fowl pancreas are similar to those which were reported in various animals, and they are believed to be the cells of active secretion, though its biological meaning is unkown to date.
It was pointed out that the A-cell may rarely contain granules extremely resembling the D-granules.

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Mit der Sulfid-Silber-Methode wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen des Zinks in der Hippocampusformation der Maus nach der Dithizon-Zufuhr histochemisch untersucht. Die in den Feldern h₃, h₄ und h₅ des Hippocampus und dem Gyrus dentatus histochemisch nachweisbare intensive Zinkreaktion ist durch die vorübergehend vollkommen verschwunden. 5 Stunden nach der Dithizon-Gabe wurde die Reaktion wieder in den früheren normalen Zustand zurückversetzt. Der Einfluß des Dithizons auf die Zinkverteilung in der Hippocampusformation wurde nach dem Vergleich mit den Pankreasinseln diskutiert.

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[in Japanese]

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The saccus vasculosus of the ray, Dasyatis akajei (elasmobranch) was observed with the light and electron microscopes.
The light microscopy revealed that the saccus vasculosus consists of follicles whose walls are lined with the epithelium made up of two cell types: the coronet cells with an apical cytoplasmic protrusion provided with many pin-like processes and the supporting cells distributed among the former. There are many blood capillaries and nerve bundles in the interstitial tissue among follicles. The general structures of the coronet cells, their Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, infranuclear homogeneous hyaline substance, PAS-positive granules and the intracellular glycogen were described. A special type of epithelial cell, flask-like in shape and filled with many mitochondria, were scattered in the saccus vasculosus. This cell type was recognized only by light microscopy, and failed to be observed under the electron microscope.
The detailed ultrastructure of the coronet cell was observed by electron microscopy. The papillary cytoplasmic protrusion on the apical surface is provided with many pin-like processes whose tips are called globules and contain many vacuoles and vesicles. These pin-like processes are regarded as modified cilia. The homogeneous hyaline substance filling the infranuclear cytoplasm found by light microscopy is a peculiar cytoplasmic area composed of a thick layer or a network of fine filamentous bundles.
Besides wide-spread smooth endoplasmic reticulum and filaments, electron microscopy revealed in the coronet cell cytoplasm also microtubules, vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria and a Golgi apparatus. Small nerve bundles frequently penetrate into the epithelium and make a synapse-like structure adjacent to the coronet cell.
Any evidence was found for secretory function neither in the coronet nor in the supporting cells. From the similarity in structure of the papillary protrusion with pin-like processes of the coronet cells to the olfactory rod with hairlets, the probable function of the saccus vasculosus was presumed to be sensory.

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Postnatal development of the mouse cerebellar mossy fiber endings was studied with electron microscope.
1. The endings are recognized around the 5th postnatal day and attain the adult pattern during the 4th postnatal week.
2. Special attention was paid to the electron dense granules (200-400Å) in the immature endings. The amount of dense granules, as well as the number of the endings with them, gradually increase with maturation of the animal. They reach their peak during the 10th to 13th postnatal day, diminish thereafter and disappear after 3 weeks postnatally.
3. On the basis of several experiments these granules can be identified as glycogen, though their staining properties do not meet the generally accepted criteria.
4. As to the significance of glycogen which are found in the developing endings, some possibilities were considered and discussed.

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In order to estimate the metabolic aspects of mammalian cerebellar neurons grown in culture, the activities of the following oxidative enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism were histochemically demonstrated: NADH tetrazolium reductase, NADPH tetrazolium reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, iso-citrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
The strong reactivity of oxidative enzymes investigated may be indicative of the active performance of glycolysis, oxidation through the citric acid cycle and oxidation through the hexosemonophosphate shunt in neurons grown in culture.
It is also shown that the histochemical methods to demonstrate the activity of various oxidative enzymes in sections can be applied with minor modification to nervous tissue cultured in vitro.

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The activity of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) in the normal rat intestines (jejumun, ileum and colon) was studied. The TPPase activity was strongly positive in the Golgi complex (lamellated cisternae, vesicles and vacuoles) in both the absorptive cells and the goblet cells. Among colonic goblet cells, the Golgi complex of the young maturing goblet cells revealed higher enzymatic activity than that of the well-matured goblet cells containing numerous mucigen droplets. The probable participaton of TPPase with the mechanism of the cyclic secretion of goblet cells through the Golgi complex was postulated.
The enzymatic activity was also observed in the plasm membranes covering microvilli, interspaces between lateral cell surfaces forming plications, the nuclear envelope, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and occasionally lysosomes in the absorptive cells. The pinocytotic vesicles seen in the vascular endothelium and the smooth muscle cell and the axon-Schwann interfaces revealed the positive enzymatic activity also.

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The periarterial Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle of adult and newly hatched chicks were investigated with the electron microscope. Fixation was carried out in glutaraldehyde, followed by osmication. 1) The fundamental strucure of the chick Purkinje fiber is identical with that of the mammalian heart. However, several modifications were observed, such as fine filaments distributed at random throughout the cytoplasm (which is considered the most conspicuous feature), poor granulations and relatively deformed mitochondria. 2) Cellular junctions in the chick Purkinje fibers are simpler than those found in the mammalian heart. The structure of the junction seems to be dependent largely upon the organization of the myofibrils in the adjoining cells. Associations were described between what is considered the distal end of the Purkinje fiber and the ordinary cardiac muscle cells. 3) The Purkinje fiber is considered not to be embryonic in nature, but to represent a pathway of development different from that of the ordinary cardiac muscle cells.

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The pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis was studied with the electron microscope. The pars tuberalis consists of several layers of relatively small epithelial cells lying along the ventral surface of the median eminence. The epithelial cells may be classified into two types. One is the non-granulated cell constituting the major part of the pars tuberalis. These cells show a morphological structure similar to the chromophobes of the pars distalis. Most of them contain relatively large nuclei, a few mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula, and Golgi apparatus. In some places, desmosomes and junctional complexes are observed between the adjacent non-granulated cells. Sometimes, a colloid-like substance fills the intercellular space, into which a great number of microvilli and cilia may project. The other celltype is granulated cells which are large in size and contain a large number of mitochondria, well-developed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparatus. The most prominent characteristic of this cell type is the presence of many dark granules, about 150mμ in diameter. These cells resemble the basophils of the pars distalis. The presence of these granulated cells suggests a possible secretory function of the pars tuberalis. In order to clarify the function of the granulated cells, animals were also investigated under several experimental conditions such as adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy and gonadectomy. However, there was no marked morphological change in the fine structure of the pars tuberalis following these experimental conditions.

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The parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands in the normal, calcium-injected and hypophysectomized rats were observed with the electron microscope, with special reference to their secretory granules. The general structures in normal and experimental conditions of the parafollicular cells were described in detail. Two hours after calcium injection, the number of secretory granules showed a slight decrease, but no prominent morphological changes related to the other cell organelles could be found. Four hours after the injection a certain number of extremely degranulated parafollicular cells appeared, being intermingled with parafollicular cells which contain various numbers of secretory granules. In hypophysectomized rats, no morphological changes could be found and the secretory granules were still as abundant as in the normal control. The distribution of population density of secretory granules of the parafollicular cells in each group of the normal, the calcium-injected and the hypophysectomized rats was measured. Following the administration of calcium, the number of granules clearly decreased. The functional significance of the parafollicular cells was not totally clarified, but it is most likely that the parafollicular cells secrete thyrocalcitonin.

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Um die RNS Synthese im Verdauungstraktus zu studieren, wurde ³H-Uridin in 15g schwere Albinomäuse injiziert, und 2-28 Stunden nach der Injektion wurden die Zellen von Leber, Pankreas, Magen, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum und Colon in autoradiographischen Zell isolationsdauerpräparaten verfertigt. Die Tiere wurden 1 Stunde und 24 Stunden nach der Injektion gefüttert.
In den Zellen aus den Darmzotten vermehren sich die Silberkörner je nach den Stunden nach der Injektion, während sich in den Drüsenzellen die nach der Injektion zunehmenden Silberkörner durch die Refütterung (28 Stunden nach der Injektion) vermindern. Auch die Zahl der Silberkörner über die Zellen aus den Darmkrypten vermindert sich einige Stunden nach der Injektion. Diese Resultate zeigen, unserer Meinung nach, die RNS-Substanz, die nach der ersten Fütterung produziert und in der Drüsenzellen angesammelt wurde, durch die Refütterung verbraucht wurde. Die RNS-Synthese in den zweikernigen Zellen ist stets lebhafter als die einkernigen. Die Differenz der Zahl der Silberkörner über die Zellen aus den Zotten und den Krypten erzählt die Verschiebung der Zellen von Seiten der Krypten nach den Zotten.

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Histochemical properties of the pigment accumulated in Harderian gland of the rat closely resemble to those of lipofuscin. However, it should be assumed to be a unique type of pigment, for it is mainly composed of porphyrins. In fluorescent microscopy, not only a strong brightly red fluorescence is noted in the pigment in the glandular lumina and in the free margin of the glandular cells, but a weak diffuse red fluorescence is also observed in the cytoplasm. This fact indicates that porphyrins of this pigment are produced within the glandular cell and then retained in the glandular lumina. At the same time a large amount of fatty substances are demonstrated in both the glandular lumina and the cytoplasm, mixed with the pigment.
Electron microscopically, it is possible to differentiate two types of glandular cell, i. e. clear cells and dark cells. The cytoplasmic matrix of the dark cell is remarkably higher in electron density than that of the clear cell. The mode of secretion in this gland belongs to the apocrine type, and only dark cells take part in secretion. In the cytoplasm of the glandular cells a number of specific granules, 70-300Å in diameter, can be observed, which are very high in electron density, suggesting the complex salts of porphyrin and a certain metal. Most of the granules are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the internal surface of the vacuoles within the cytoplasm. The glandular lumina are filled with degenerated organella, mainly consisted of crooked tubules, suggesting to be degenerated endoplasmic reticulum, but there is no electron dense granule as mentioned above.

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A new fixative is proposed for the cytological study of pancreatic islets, especially in aldehyde fuchsin-trichrome stain. The fixative was prepared by dissolving 1.5gm neutral lead acetate in 42ml of Bouin's fluid. Compared with the ordinary Bouin's fluid, the new fixative affords rapider staining of the beta cell granules in aldehyde fuchsin and better preservation of cytoplasm and connective tissue elements. The possible mechanism of these effects is discussed.

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