According to the functional pictures of peptic cells, pancreatic cells and surface cells of the gastric mucosa followed by injection of histamine or by injection of anti-histamic substance and histaminase and then by administration of food, FUJIE has demonstrated the true nature of productin (FUJIE), which is secreted from surface cells in the gastric mucosa. It stimulates the production of secretion granules in peptic and pancreatic cells, and must be regarded as histamine. We have, today, no direct method to demonstrate histamine histochemically, and this will be the sole method to analyse histamine in blood quantitatively, in order to demonstrate FUJIE's results accurately.
Here, the authors have repeated the experiments which FUJIE previously performed, and have as certained the quantity of histamine in blood and have observed comparatively the functional pictures of the peptic and pancreatic cells with that of the surface cells in the gastric mucosa.
The results show that 1. the increase of histamine in the blood is a great coincident with the decrease of productin-vacuoles in the surface cells, 2. when histamine-value in the blood decreases, productin-vacuoles reappear in the surface cells and 3. the production of secretion granules in the peptic and pancreatic cells is remarkable when histamine in the blood shows a high value.
These results will be of much significance to determine that true nature of productin must be histamine. FUJIE's previous result also demonstrates that the action of productin was controlled by the injection of anti-histamic substance and histaminase, and there seems to be no room for the doubt on the fact that “productin is histamine”.

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二十日鼠のアキセス腱の切断部の膠原線維の新生が電子顕微鏡内にて観察せられた. 最初径13mμ以下の分子または微粒子が竝んで連鎖を形成し, それが集束して, 微原線維となる. そのとき分子または微粒子が密に集るところが生ずる微原線維の暗帯となる.

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蛙の坐骨神経を切断して, その後日を追って切断端より末梢の部分を取り出し, 10%ホルマリンに固定し, 水洗後載せガラス上で注意深く分離し, ビクトリア青, 時にはなお核牢赤で染めて鏡検した. 切断後6日頃までは髄鞘断片や髄球は健常髄鞘同じ強さにビクトリア青に良染するが, 8日を過ぎてからは次等に染色性が低下して来る. 従ってその頃から髄鞘物質塊の内にある軸索破片が目立つ様になる. 切断後25日頃には変性神経線維内にはビクトリア青に染まるリポイド物象は殆んど見えない. 再生機転が進んで切断後40日頃になると, 再生軸索が明瞭な輪廓を持つて均等に濃青染する. 切断後50日頃には軸索の周囲に薄く青染したリポイドが出来ており, 之は後に髄鞘に発達する.

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Seit langem ist es allgemein angenommen, daß die menschlichen Ösophagusdrüsen reine Schleimdrüsen sind. Wir haben in der vorliegenden Untersuchung die Ösophagusdrüsen aus der menschlichen Speiseröhre in 8 Fällen zytologisch und histologisch eingehend studiert und festgestellt, daß die menschlichen Ösophagusdrüsen gemischte Drüsen sind, da sie in der Mehrzahl der Fälle außer den Schleimzellen seröse (albuminöse) Zellen in wechselnder Zahl enthalten.
Die in den menschlichen Ösophagusdrüsen gefundenen serösen Zellen zeigen gleiche zytologische Beschaffenheiten wie dieselben in anderen serösen oder gemischten Drüsen; so sehen sie im allgemeinen dunkel aus und führen durch verschiedene Färbungen gut tingierte Sekretgranula und durch Verflüßigung der letzteren gebildete Sekretvakuolen. In dem mit Sekretgranula und -vakuolen verstopften Stapelstadium sind die Kerne, im Gegensatz zu den Schleimzellen, nicht nach der Basalfläche der Zelle verdrängt und abgeflächt. Sie behalten vielmehr den ganzen Sekretionszyklus hindurch die rundliche Gestalt. Zwischen den serösen Zellen des Endstückes kommen einfache zwischenzellige Sekretkanälchen vor, die bei den Schleimdrüsen, wie allgemein anerkannt, niemals auftreten.
Die einfache verästelte menschliche Ösophagusdrüse besteht aus dem unverästelten Ausführungsgang, den innerhalb des Läppchens verästelten Schaltstücken (Halsstücken) und den Endstücken (Acini). Die dünnen Schalstücke besitzen ein einschichtiges kubisches oder Zylinderepithel, dessen Epithelzellen (Schaltstückzellen) die gleiche Sekretionstätigkeit wie die Drüsenzellen der Endstücke besitzen und verschiedene Sekretionsbilder zeigen.
Das Drüsenläppchen der menschlichen Ösophagusdrüse lässt sich in den mucösen, gemischten und serösen Abschnitt einteilen. Der mucöse Abschnitt nimmt den größten Rauminhalt des Läppchens, der gemischte und seröse Abschnitt dagegen den kleineren ein. Im mucösen Abschnitt ist das Endstück aus den Schleimzellen zusammengesetzt und die dem anschließenden Schaltstückzellen sind meistens in Schleimzellen verwandelt; im gemischten Abschnitt besteht das Endsück aus den serösen Zellen, die Schaltstückzellen sind öfters verschleimt, dabei bilden die Endstücke sog. Halbmonde, indem die ersteren durch die verschleimten Schaltstücke nach der Peripherie abgedrängt werden und die halbmondförmigen Zellenkomplexe bilden. Im serösen Abschnitt sind die Endsücke aus serösen Zellen zusammengesetzt, die Schaltstückzellen wandeln sich auch in seröse Zellen um und üben genau die gleiche seröse Sekretion wie die serösen Drüsenzellen des Endstückes aus. Die gleiche Erscheinung wurde schon von OINUMA (1946) bei menschlicher Parotis und von ITO und NARITA (1952) bei menschlicher Submandibularis beobachtet. So werden also die morphologischen Veränderungen und die Funktionen der Schaltstückzellen lediglich durch die HEIDENHAIN'sche Verschleimungstheorie nicht vollkommen geklärt.
Bei Anwendung der Perjodsäure-SCHIFF'schen Reaktion (PAS-Reaktion) erweisen sich die Schleimgranula der Schleimzellen als SCHIFF-positiv, aber ein Teil der Sekretgranula in den serösen Zellen der Ösophagusdrüsen reagiert dabei ebenfalls positiv. Die Tatsache, daß an den Sekretgranula der serösen Zellen die Perjodsäure-SCHIFF'sche Reaktion öfters positiv ausfällt, wurde neuerdings von LILLIE (1949) u.a. bei gewissen Drüsen festgestellt.

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人心房内に拡散する脳脊髄性知覚線維の終末様式は次の様に分けられる.
1. 血圧下降反射に関する第1型終末 (瀬戸). 之は心房外膜寄りの筋層内に少量に発見され, 多数の特有な終末板所有の複雑性樹状終末として表わされる.
2. 心房内膜内に形成される係蹄状走行を以て特徴とする不定型終末で, 単純性から複雑性に至る種々な段階に分けられる.
3. 心房特に其内膜を走る神経小束内に形成される非被膜性終末で2種に分けられる. 1は複雑な糸毬状終末, 1は不定型係蹄状終末として表わされ, 何れも稀に発見される.
4. 心房内膜内に形成される非被膜性の擬似糸毬状終末で, 之も2種に区別される. 1は周辺部のみに糸毬状配列を見, 中心部には神経要素を欠く. 1は1条の知覚線維が多数の擬似糸毬状終末に移行する.
5. 筋層に関係して終る知覚終末で, 之亦2種に分けられる. 1は神経線維が其分枝と共に心筋線維を専ら螺線状又は蹄係状に包囲するもの (瀬戸). 1は神経線維が多数の分枝と共に筋層内に広く拡散して終る不定型分岐性終末である.
6. 心房筋層内を走る小静脉に纒絡して終る分岐性絡末 (瀬戸). 之は比較的多量に発見される.
以上知覚終末の存在は正常では血液循環に対する心房に於ける反射路の存在を意味し, 病的現象の出現に際しては疼痛感の惹起を可能ならしめるであろう.

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Recklinghausen 氏病皮膚腫瘍は末梢神経終末部の神経小束の Schwann 氏細胞の病的増殖に起因する. 即ち Kohn 氏副細胞に由来する1種の病的内分泌腺であり, 且つ新生血管の豊富なこと及び分布神経線維の終末態度を考慮するならば1種のパラガングリオンに所属する病的内分泌腺と思考される.
本腫瘍は最初に形成された古い部分から徐々に退行変性に陥るが, 一方神経束の中心方に向って其新生が進められる.
腫瘍細胞は周辺に向って増殖拡散し, 毛嚢, 毛嚢腺, 立毛筋, 汗腺, 正常神経束等を包埋するが, 之等組織の内部に迄浸潤し之等の破壤を来す事はない.
腫瘍内に見られる多数の植物神経線維は一般パラガングリオン内に見られる特有な終末網に移行し, 腫瘍細胞に接触的主宰関係を示す. 知覚線維も腫瘍内に進入し, 甚だ屡々分岐に依る新生線維を伴う. 之等線維は特有な迂曲走行と太さの変化とを示し, 髄鞘を失った後, 多くは太さの変化に富んだ分岐性終末に移行するが, 又屡々糸毬状終末に移行する. 以上の様に本腫瘍内には反射路の存在が明かである.
腫瘍組織が退行変性に陥らない限り, 其中に閉じ込められた汗腺, 毛嚢等は何れも正常形を保ち, 且つ之等に対する植物線維の終末も一般植物性終網に依り表わされている. 又腫瘍内の各神経要素も何等病的変性に陥らない. 然し腫瘍が一度び退行変性に陥るならば之等神経要素も他の諸組織と共に退行現象を表わすに至る. 腫瘍の退行変性は膠様変性に所属する.

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子宮頸神経叢は胎生中期に於て既に甚だ良好な発達を示す. 其中には大小種々の神経節の形成を見. 且つ其中に諸所にパラガングリアの混在が認められる.
神経細胞は子宮筋層内には発見されない. 神経叢内の神経細胞は既に甚だ良好に発達し, Dogiel 氏第1型及び第2型細胞に明瞭に区別される. 又稀ならず2核細胞の存在を見る. 神経節内パラガングリアは交感性のものである. 然し其神経分布状態は Zuckerkandl 氏パラガングリアに於けると多少異にする. 即ち神経線維の終末はより細い且つ太さの変化を余り示さない線維から成る特有な終末網で表わされる.
子宮頸神経叢からの大小の神経束は多数の分枝と共に筋層, 更に固有膜内に拡散する. 神経要素は細い植物線維から成るが, 其中に極小量の太い知覚線維の混在を見る. 尚お血管周囲性神経叢も良好な発達を示す.
植物線維の終末は胎生中期子宮に於ても既に概成された植物性終網として筋層及び固有膜内に形成される. 子宮上皮及び子宮腺に外接して走る終網も存在するが, 之は更に其上皮細胞内までは入らない. 血管壁で中膜の筋線維と終網との間の原形質結合 (Knoche) は認められない.
知覚線維は専ら固有膜の結締織, 更に上皮直下にまでも達し, 専ら尖鋭状に終る最単純な非分岐性或は2-3の分枝から成る単純性分岐性終末に移行する. 此知覚線維及び其終末は子宮頸部に於て最も多く, 子宮体部, 同底部の順に減少し, 子宮膣部では甚だ稀となる.

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標題のことを類脂質を特染するビクトリア青と蛋白質を特染するサフラニンで染色して観察した.
牛乳の甘性乳皮を25分以上振れば, 乳球は互いに融合してバター化し, バター乳を残す. バターの内部はビクトリア青にもサフラニンにも染らない. しかるにバター乳中に残された融合しなかつた乳球の表層はビクトリア青に濃く, サフラニンに薄く染り, 遊離の類脂質を多く, 遊離の蛋白質を少く有することが知られる. ビクトリア青に染るようになるのは, 機械的の作用により乳球の表層の蛋白層が一部除去され, 類脂質が脱仮面され遊離するためと推定される.
搾り立て牛乳を加熱すると, 乳球は乳汁を振つたときのように互いに融合してゆくが, この場合にはビクトリア青にもサフラニンにも染まらず, これは乳球表層の類脂質がたとえ遊離するとしても, 熱のために流動性を増した脂肪 (乳球の主成分) に蛋白質と共に溶け入るからであろう.
加熱時に牛乳の表面に生ずる乳皮にある多量の無定形物質は両染料によく染り, 即ち遊離の類脂質と蛋白質を多く有することを示す.

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A cytological study was carried out on external secretion of pancreas after partial hepatectomy. From the next day the formation of secretary granules decreases, and the discharge of granules is inhibited more stronger than granule formation. At this time many secretary vacuoles appear 3 to 6 hours after feeding. As the days pass after partial removal of the liver, secretion and discharge of granules decreases more and more and arrives to its minimum on the 2nd or 3rd day. On the 5th day the formation of granules begins to take place again, and on the 7th day discharge of granules occur again after feeding but is by much smaller than before the hepatectomy.

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To study the effects of the gastric hormone productin (FUJIE) on the epithelial cells of the duodenum, the authors have performed the following experiments: 1. oral administration of sesame oil to starved rats, 2. administration of sesame oil to starved rats with ligatured pylorus, 3. subcutaneous injection of histamine to starved rats.
After administration of sesame oil, the epithelial cells showed a functional picture of fat-absorption in their supra-nuclear portion, while in their sub-nuclear portion, showed an other picture. Vacuoles which have been recognized here at the hungry time, decreased and disappeared.
After administration of sesame oil when the pylorus was ligated, the image of fat-absorption was never observed, and the increase and accumulation of vacuoles in the sub-nuclear portion was observed. These were quite the same as in the case of histamine injection.
Productin seems to cause the production of vacuoles in the subnuclear portion of the duodenal epithelial cells. In the case where sesame oil was administered, the consumption of developing vacuoles was so large that it was difficult for it to accumulate in the cells and they gradually reduce in number, whereas in the case where the pylorus was ligated or when histamine was injected, vacuoles showed an increase and accumulation without any comsumption.
These images were compared with those of the pancreatic cells, and the contents of the vacuoles were considered as “secretin”. The authors believe that secretin is produced in the sub-nuclear portion of the duodenal epithelial cells and is discharged into blood from the cell base. And the conclusion reaches that the production of secretin in these cells is provoked by productin.

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Since 1950, FUJIE, who is one of the authors, performed cytological studies on the cause of pancreatic secretion with his collaborators. The results have been published successively in this Archivum. The studies have developed many aspects and finally FUJIE has reached the point to make suggestions on the gastric hormone productin. On the other hand, many new facts about productin have been made clear. These may be shortly described as in the following: 1. productin is secreted from surface cells of the gastric mucous membrane and causes the formation of secretion granules in pancreatic cells as well as in gastric gland cells, 2. when productin is splitted, it becomes into a substance which causes discharging of secretory substance from the gastric gland cells, i. e. gastrin-like substance, 3. the true nature of productin is histamine, and gastrin (EDKINS) is nothing but splitted substances of productin (histamine).
Here, histamine must be recognized again as a gastric hormone.
Recently, FUJIE and others called attention to the fact that more productin is secreted after taking a heated meal. It has been demonstrated by many investigators in this country that a custom of taking very hot food can be a cause of gastric diseases, such as gastritis, ulcer, carcinoma, etc. and that the injection of histamine can make experimentally gastric ulcer. According to FUJIE's productin-theory, it is possible to consider that these facts are the results followed by monistic cause. The authors believe firmly that productin, surplusly secreted, brings about, indeed, very interesting results. For the purpose to make conditions for surplus secretion of productin, the authors injected 3mg of histamine into 21 rats daily. For 13-259 days the authors observed histologically, the gastric mucosa of 17 rats, which were dead or were about to die. Clear abnormal changes were observed in 16 rats (94.1%). These were 1. infiltration of cells (figs. 1 and 2) and dilatation of blood vesssels, 2. degeneration of gastric gland (fig. 3), 3. multiplication of connective tissue in the propria mucosae (fig. 4), 4. ulcerous changes of the mucosa (ulcus, necrosis and bleeding, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and 5. papillose multiplication of the epithelium in the fore-stomach (figs. 11 and 12), etc.
On mechanisms of the genesis of these pathologic changes, the author will make further studies in the future. At present, the authors lay greater stress upon the fact that by histamine pathologic changes can be caused in the gastric mucosa rather than the reason why histamine cause them. Because the authors have found that productin, though it is a hormone secreted from the own stomach and has important actions on the secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice, makes many pathologic changes in its own gastric mucosa when it is secreted surplusly.
The authors believe that gastric diseases owing to the custom of taking very hot food, of over-eating or of over-drinking alcoholic liquor is the cause of surplus secretion of productin.
The authors desire very much, that the trial to suppress surplus productin (i. e. histamine) in living bodies for the purpose of precaution and treatment of such gastric diseases would be undertaken by practical physicians, so that the authors' theory could be proved practically.

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類脂質によく溶ける中等極性染料なるビクトリア青の溶液を鼻腔に滴入すれば, 先ず速かに二十日鼠の鼻腔の繊毛柱形上皮の頂縁を染め, 類脂質に溶けない染料のトリパン青の約2倍の速さで上皮細胞の間隙に進入して, 細胞の表面を染めながら基底膜に達し, それを染めたのち上皮下に入る. その間に染料は細胞体の内にも易く入り, 繊毛柱形上皮を普遍に染める. これは類脂質に溶けない酸性染料のトリパン青が繊毛細胞の胞体を殆んど染めず, 主に上皮細胞の間隙のみを通つて上皮下に進むのと違う. 杯細胞の粘液はビクトリア青に染り難い.
嗅上皮では嗅細胞の上部の突超が早く染まり, 次に核が染まり, 次いで支柱細胞も淡染して上皮は普遍に染まるが, トリパン青の場合のように嗅細胞の上部と核が特に甚だ強く染まることはない.
咽頭口部の重層扁平上皮では他の柱形上皮の部に較べてやや染料の進入が遅れるが, そのうち喉頭葢の背面, 口腔底の上皮等は比較的染料を通し易く, 舌背や軟口葢の強い重層扁平上皮はそれを通さない.
ビクトリア青が鼻腔と咽頭の粘膜へ進入する難易と通路について見たことは, やはり類脂溶性であるコカイン等のアルカロイドや他の種々の類脂溶性の薬品にても同様であろう.

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In order to get a conclusive evidence for the fact that the food temperature gives characterisity to the functional picture of gastric gland cells and with a suggestion that they will be explainable to the difference of productin secretion (NAKANO, 1953 a. 1954), the authors performed experiments, in which they injected sesame oil kept at 0°C, 37°C or 60°C into the stomach of rats with a probe. Then they observed 1. histamine in the blood (quantitatively analysed by NAKAMURA's method), 2. functional movements of the minute structures of the surface cells in the gastric mucosa, 3. these of the peptic cells and 4. of the pancreatic cells.
The quantity of histamine in blood was demonstrated as that it increased as the food temperature 0°C<37°C<60°C. The movement of productin-vacuoles in the gastric surface cell and the functional picture of peptic and pancreatic cells, owing to the action of productin, were clearly different in their grade without any inconsistency to the histamine-quantity in the blood.
Here the authors have demonstrated that the higher the temperature of food was, the more the secretion of productin was and its discharge into the blood became greater. Therefore as the result of this demonstration, it has been made clear that the temperature of food has a great influence to the secretory function of the peptic and the pancreatic cells, so that the temperature of food must be taken into consideration when the digestion and absorption are discussed.

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