There is little essential difference, histologically speaking, between the nipple and the areola mammae of a female dog and those of man. Papillae are markedly formed into the epidermis and smooth muscle fibres in the corium are strongly developed in both cases. The difference consists in the absence of melanin pigment in the epidermis and the papillary layer of the canine mamma, the growth of groups of tufts in many spots on the root of the nipple down to the areola mammae in dog, and the absence of eccrine sweat glands and the strong development of apocrine glands in the canine mamma, not only in the areola butt also in the lower layer of the corium of the nipple and along the sinus lactiferi.
Many vegetative nerve fibres are found distributed in the parenchym of the canine mammary glands, with their terminalreticulum (STÖHR) diffused circumferentially around the alveoli. No sensory nerve fibres, however, have been found in the mammary glands. The vegetative nerve fibres originating in the subcutaneous plexus in the nipple and the areola mammae end by forming their terminalreticulum in the areolar glands, the ductus and sinus lactiferi, the smooth muscle tissue and the papillary layer in the corium.
The development of sensory fibres in the nipple and the areola mammae in dog is rather marked, much resembling those in human male (SUGA, 1949), and clearly indicates that these parts should belong to the skin of the external genitals.
No intraepithelial fibres, MERKEL's touch cells and touch plates, which have been described by MARTYNOV (1925) as existing in the epidermis of the nipple and areola mammae, have been discovered in my canine specimens. Neither PACINIAN bodies were observed in my sections, but I presume that they do exist in an extremely small quantity.
Small quantities of unbranched and very simple branched terminations are found in the papillary layer of the nipple and the areola mammae in female dog. Among the smooth muscle bundles in the reticular layer of the corium there are found comparatively many peculiar branched sensory terminations. These may be subdivided into the complex and the simple types. The medullated nerve fibres, after losing their myelin, throw out branches, which in most cases run peculiar, and in particular, zigzag courses, during which the size of the fibres undergo marked changes, before terminating. These special branched terminations are very similar to those found in human male nipple by SUGA and I take them to be peculiar to the nipple and areola mammae.
As the only corpuscular terminations in the mammae of female dogs, I may mention the small number of genital nerve corpuscles I observed in the connective tissue of the surface layer of the stratum reticulare. These were incomparably poorer in development than those described by MARTYNOV (1925) as found in the nipples of other mammals and even inferior to the similar terminal bodies in human male nipples (SUGA, 1949). They belong to the type 2 of YAMADA's classification of genital nerve bodies (1951), while no corpuscle belonging either to his type 1 or type 3 was found in my canine specimens. This type 2 is represented by a capsulated terminal body, which contains extremely simple branched terminations of a few entering demyelinated nerve fibres, especially at the center of a syncytial inner bulb consisting of minute granular ground substance and special nuclei.
The terminal territories of the sensory hair nerve fibres for the hair follicles found in the area extending from the nipple to the areola mammae are represented by simple hairneuro-shields (SETO). Consepuently, the development of the sensory hair nerve fibres is very poor, and their terminations are only formed of extremely simple indefinite terminations or simple plexus-like terminations, as in the follicle necks of the human downs.

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The results of my study on the human visual area may be summarized as follows.
The first or the molecular layer comprises four sublayers, A, B, C and D. A is composed of sheer glial tissue, B of evident tangential fibres, C of intermingled minute nerve fibrils in the main and D of dendrites ascending from the cells, particularly the small pyramidal cells in the lower layers, and a small quantity of tangential fibres. A minute quantity of small pyramidal cells and sc-called granule cells is also found in the D and rarely some small nerve cells of non-descript type in C, which, however, in neither case correspond to RETZIUS or CAJAL's cells.
The cells in the 2nd and the 3rd layers and the sublayer 4-A are chiefly small pyramidal cells and granule cells of various shapes. The 2nd layer contains a large quantity of pyramidal cells and a very small quantity of granule cells, the 3rd layer both kinds of cells in approximately equal quantity, and the 4-A a small quantity of pyramidal cells and a predominant majority of granule cells, so that I would call these three layers, the small pyramidal layer, the pyramidogranular layer and the granular layer respectively.
The ascending dendrites from the small pyramidal cells attain the D and C, and even sometimes the B of the molecular layer, to pass over into minute intermingled nerve fibrils. Their basal dendrites branch out into many minute rami and end sharply. The single axons starting from the basis of the pyramidal cells go over into the radii. No collaterals of such axons, as reported by CAJAL, have been observed. The minute dendrites from the granule cells go over into the intermingled fibrils distributed among the surrounding nerve cells. These cells lack any axon, so that no plexus formation of such axons, as reported by CAJAL, has ever been discovered.
The 4th layer, which may be called the outer star layer, may be divided into three sublayers A, B and C. The A is the granular layer described above, the B corresponds to CAJAL's giant stellar layer and can be again divided into the three undersublayers a, b and c. The layer 4-B-a consists of granule cells migled with a small quantity of GENNARI's striae. The B-b is characterized by the presence of MEYNERT's macro- and medium-sized star cells and the dense arrangement of GENNARI's striae, and contain also some granule and my so-called macronuclear cells, which are, however, common to all layers below the 4th layer inclusive. The star cells are polygonal in shape and their dendrites run a long distance together with their branches, to end in sharp points. The giant star cells often send out single axons which run toward the white substance, without branching into collaterals (CAJAL). The presence of axons from the medium-sized star cells could not be ascertained. The B-c consists of a few GENNARI's striae, and some granule and macronuclear cells. Into the 4-C almost no transverse fibres are seen penetrating, its spaces between the radii being filled with granule and macronuclear cells and the lower layer being provided with some small pyramidal cells.
The 5th or the inner star layer is composed of a large number of transverse fibres and of small pyramidal, stellar, macronuclear and the so-called giant pyramidal cells. The last do not look pyramidal (CAJAL) in most cases, but are polygonal with rounded outline, and their many strongly developed dendrites are similar to those of MEYNERT's giant cells in the 4th stratum. These giant cells are so different, in nature from the giant pyramidal cells in the motor area, that they seem not to be motor cells but visual cells (CAJAL) similar to the MEYNERT's giant cells. The axons of the small pyramidal cells are not ascendant (CAJAL) but descendant.
The 6th layer is subdivided into the medium-sized pyramidal sublayer and the spindle sublayer. The former consists of medium-sized pyramidal cells arranged somewhat densely, from which single axons run toward the white substance.

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Fats in creased in the KUPFFER cells as well as in the liver cells of rats after intraperitoneal injection of fatty substances, such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and several compound fats.
But the increase of fats in the liver cells were hindered after the blockage of KUPFFER cells through intraperitoneal injection of Indian ink.
The fats in the liver were also observed after the injection of fatty acids into the spleen tissue instead of its injektion into the portal vein. All these experiments demonstrated that the function of liver cells depends very much on the KUPFFER cells.

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Trypan blue and victoria blue 4R were introduced into the stroma of the cornea of adult rabbits and the following results were gained.
1. In the peripheral part of the cornea of tha rabbit trypan blue, which is inserted, spreads mainly toward the center. But in the central part trypan blue spreads equally in all directions. And its reason was examined.
2. Trypan blue, which is insoluble in lipid, spreads in the stroma of the cornea and stains the membrane of DESCEMET, but it cannot enter the epithelium, which is located on the anterior surface of the cornea, and endothel, which is located on the posterior surface of the cornea. Victoria blue 4R, which is insoluble in water, but soluble in lipid, can hardly spread in the stroma, but enter the epithelium relatively well. If seems that these differences are due mainly to the different amounts of lipids which are contained in the various layers of the cornea.

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I have succeeded in supplementing the currently accepted observation that only simple bipolar cells are found in the auditory and the static ganglia with a few new findings in my recent ontogenetical study on the subject.
The nerve cells in the auditory and the static ganglia in earlier stage of human embryo, especially in the latter, are mostly bipolar, but there are also some multipolar, fenestrated and unipolar cells in them, the most primitive formation of all the types being represented by pseudo-apolar cells.
The pseudo-apolar cells, which represent in a first month embryo the prototype of all the other above mentioned cells, decrease rapidly as the embryo grows to third and fifth months, the majority being transformed into bipolar cells. In a pseudo-apolar cell, the development of the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus and the incipient parts of the processes emerging from it being very low as yet, the nerve fibrils therein are too immature to be silver-affine, so that the cell itself shows the appearance of apolarity in a preparation. Later on, with the maturation of the above mentioned parts, these cells take the form of polar cells.
When an embryo reaches the age of three months, the nerve cells begin to show the distinction of major and minor types. The larger cells predominate far over the smaller ones in number, and the development of nerve fibrils is more rapid and powerful in the former. In a fifth month embryo the above outlined observations become more apparent, almost no pseudo-apolar cells being found persisting. The nerve cells in the auditory ganglia are smaller than those in the static ganglia, the proportion of size being approximately 2 to 3.
Of the bipolar cells occupying the numerical majority in the cells of the auditory and the static ganglia, the two nerve processes generally start from opposite poles of the cell body, but in many cases, the points of emergence are very closely situated. One of the two processes runs peripherally and the other centrally. The size of the two processes is different in most cases, but no regularity is observable in their relative thickness. It is very interesting that some bipolar cells are found, of which both the processes bifurcate in Y shape, soon after emergence.
A small quantity of unipolar cells are found contained in the static ganglia. These are somewhat different from those observed by MIKAMI (1953) in the spinal ganglia of early embryos, in that the single process emerging from a pole of such a cell bifurcates in T or Y shape at a short distance from the cell and the two branches run peripherally and centrally respectively.
A considerable number of multipolar cells, similar to those found by MIKAMI (1953) in the spinal ganglia of embryos in the earlier stage, is found in the static ganglia. These multipolar cells tend to appear in groups, belong to the major type of nerve cells and send out from three to six processes per cell. The processes emerge from irregularly spaced points on the cell surface, and in general two of the processes are long, each running peripherally and centrally; the other short processes extend circumferentially and end freely after or without branching. Beside the above usual type, multipolar cells are not rarely found that are somewhat differently formed. For example, in some quadripolar cells, all the four processes are long, two of them running peripherally and the others centrally; in some tripolar cells, one of the long processes runs peripherally and the other two centrally. In short, there are found multipolar cells that send out more than one long processes simultaneously running peripherally or centrally, in rather frequent cases.
As a variation of multiform cells, I succeeded in proving the existence of fenestrated cells, though very sparsely, in the static ganglia of embryos in earlier stage

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[in Japanese]

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Es wurde eine Lösung von Lecithin (aus Ei) in die Vene der Maus injiziert. Nach 10 Stunden wurden die Stückchen von Leber. Niere und Lymphknoten mit Formalin fixiert. und dann ihre Schnitte mit einem lipoidfärbenden Farbstoff, Viktoriablau gefärbt. Der Zweck war, zu sehen, wie schön das Viktoriablau die lipoide Substanz in den Zellen nachweisen kann, und zugleich in welcher Weise die Lipoide in den Zellen aufgespeichert werden.
1. Die KUPFFERschen Sternzellen können mit der mit Viktoriablau färbbaren lipoiden Substanz. vollgepfropft werden. Auch vermehren sich die damit färbbaren Lipoidgranula in den Leberzellen. In jedem Leber-läppehen treten solche Lipoidgranula besonders reichlich in den Leberzellen im peripherischen Teil des Läppchens auf.
2. Die Vermehrung der blau färbbaren lipoiden Substanz in der Niere ist besonders stark in den Zellen des Hauptstückes des Harnkanäl chens. In ihnen sind die Lipoidgranula besonders reichlich in der Basalgegend der Zellen zu sehen.
3. In den Lymphsinus der Lymphknoten vermehren sich freie Zellen. Sie haben eine mit Viktoriablau färbhare lipoid, Substanz reichlich aufgespeichert.
4. Das Viktoriablau erweist sich demnach als ein gutes Mittel für die Darstellung der freien lipoiden Substanz in den verschiedenen Zellen.

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In the glans penis of a dog there is a penis bone covered with a tough periosteum and succeeded by a special connective tissue column at the farther end. The penis bone and the corpus cavernosum urethrae is enwrapped in a connective tissue layer containing aa. et nn. dorsales penis, around which there is my so-called corpus cavernosum cylindricum glandis. Corpus cavernosum apicis glandis takes the place of the former cavernous body at the tip of the glans.
The urethra in glans penis is composed of a stratified columnar epithelium and a fibrous connective tissue propria and has no urethral glands. Corpus cavernosum urethrae is full of longitudinal caverns and contains no smooth muscle fibres. Corpus cavernosum cylindricum glandis is composed of a trough connective tissue and longitudinal caverns running in it in a row, and is devoid of smooth muscle fibres. Around this cavernous body there is a connective tissue layer corresponding to the tela submucosa and the lamina propria composed of minute fibrous connective tissue around it forms minute papillae into the epithelium glandis, which is represented by an uncornifying stratified flat epithelium of mucous nature.
The inner plate of the canine praeputium is a mucous membrane, while its outer plate consists of ordinary hairy skin. The epithelium of the inner plate is represented by a mucosal stratified flat epithelium consisting of larger cells than those of the epithelium of the glans and is thicker than the latter. The lamina propria comprises a part consisting of fibrous connective tissue and another consisting of lymphatic tissue. Small papillae are formed in the former part. Neither gland formation nor existence of smooth muscle fibres is observed in the inner plate of the praeputium. The epidermis of the outer plate of the praeputium is composed of a thin cornifying epidermis and few, if any, papillae are formed into it. Hairs grow in tufts, but the development of the follicle glands is poor. Sweat glands are always apocrine in nature and are extremely well developed. No smooth muscle fibre is found in the outer plate, either.
The vegetative nerve fibres running into the canine glans penis mostly spread out into the corpus cavernosum urethrae and corpus cavernosum cylindricum, but some are conspicuously found distributed in the corpus cavernosum apicis glandis, the lamina propria of the glans and the praeputium. The termination of the vegetative nerve fibres is always represented by the STÖHR's terminalreticulum in canine penis also, reaching as far as the endothelial cells of the caverns in the cavernous bodies. The terminalreticulum is also conspicuously proved around the apocrine and follicle glands.
As corpuscular sensory terminations existing in the canine penis, we may cite the genital nerve and the PACINIAN bodies. Of the former, only the types I and II are observed, the type III being utterly absent. They are found only in a small number in canine penis, incomparably fewer than those in man and pig. Their inner bulbs are characteristically filled with numerous special nuclei. Such genital bodies are seen in the lamina propria of the glans, the connective tissue around it, the corpus cavernosum cylindricum and the inner plate of the praeputium. They are found neither in the papillae nor in the outer plate of the praeputium.
Genital nerve bodies type I are found mostly in the glans penis and more rarely in the inner plate of the praeputium. In a body of this type, two or three demyelinated thick fibres run into the ovoid or spherical capsulated inner bulb, repeatedly undergo ramification and anastomosis and form complex glomerular terminal formation in the whole area of the inner bulb. The genital nerve bodies type II are found in the inner plate of the praeputium in a number, are spherical or ovoid, but very often also elongated cylindrically in shape, and contain inner bulbs in which the sensory fibres end in simple branched terminations.

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Glycogen, fat, nucleic acid and mitochondria in the liver cells of human embryos during their 2nd to 8th month were observed.
The structure of the liver was already completed at their 5th month. The hematopoetic function was most active during the 3rd and 4th month. The bile-reaction in the liver cells was first positive in the 5th month.
The fat was seen in the liver cells since the end of the 2nd month and was most abandant in the 4th month, but was in distinguishable in the 8th month. The mitochondria in the liver cells were mostly rodlike and filamentous in earlier period, but later becomes granular. The metabolic function of the liver seems to, generally speaking, begin around the 4th month.

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The histological image of the pars pylorica and the duodenum of hedgehog shows little difference in substance from that of man, but locally there are found some characteristic structures. For example, the arrangement of the pyloric glands is much denser than in man, giving the appearance of compact conglomeration. The submucosa consists of a very thin connective tissue. The epithelium of the surface layer of the duodenum is of columnar type, but the deeper layers are often composed of cuboid cells, and in general, the cuticular border is lacking. No goblet cells are found here, either. The submucosa is filled with the enormously developed duodenal glands, which are distributed in two thirds of the total thickness of the duodenal wall.
The incoming vegetative nerve fibres supplying the pars pylorica and the duodenum of hedgehog come into close connection with the AUERBACH's and the MEISSNER's plexus, and in company with the long processes from the nerve cells in these plexus, diffuse widely in all the layers. Their termination always form STÖHR's terminalreticulum, which stands in tactile control over all kinds of cells.
The nerve cells in the AUERBACH's plexus are multipolar and accordingly sympathetic in nature. But the development of their short processes is very poor, so that the distinction into DOGIEL's types 1 and 2 is quite impossible. There are some primitive-looking nerve cells that have only rudimentary short processes and no long process at all. The MEISSNER's plexus in the pyloric part contains a small quantily of nerve cells, which are all of primitive infantile type. In the MEISSNER's plexus in the duodenum, no nerve cell was found at all.
Medullated sensory fibers are also found penetrating into the pyloric part of hedgehog, with their terminations in the submucosa, the museularis mucosae and the propria. The quantity of these fibres is larger than in man (SATO, 1949) and white mouse (OHI, 1954). The terminal formation may be classified into the four types of unbranched, simple branched, serpentine and glomerular endings.
Unbranched terminations are chiefly found in the muscularis mucosae and the propria, are characteristic in their often peculiar spiral courses and have terminal parts ending in sharp points. The simple branched type of terminations is formed in most cases in the muscularis mucosae and the propria and also often show spiral running courses. By the terminations of both the above types nerve fibres running into the propria ascend through the connective tissue filling the interstices of the pyloric glands and in many cases go up close to the epithelium facing the gastric foveolae, but in no case are they seen running into the gland cells. The serpentine terminations are mainly found in the submucosa, but often enogh, they are found also in the muscularis mucosae and the propria.
In a termination of this type, a sensory fibre of almost uniform thickness runs a characteristic serpentine course and always ends in a sharp point. In rare cases, one or two collaterals are sent out by such a fibre. The gromerular teminations are of uncapsulated extremely simple structure and are found in a small quantity in the submucosa and the propria. In the duodenum of hedgehog we find medullated sensory nerve fibres probably originating in the splanchnic nerves running through the muscular layer into the submucosa and the muscularis mucosae and even into the propria of the mucous membrane, in a number far larger than those in pars pylorica. Their terminations comprise unbranched, branched and serpentine types. The terminal ends of these terminations may in cases reach the close vicinity of the epithelium lining the duodenal glands, the intestinal crypts and the villious parts, but in no case into the epithelium itself.
The unbranched terminations in this part are formed in the muscularis mucosae and the propria and their terminal formation is similar to those in the pyloric part.

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Phosphatasès and polysaccharides of the small and large intestine, liver and kidney of the adrenalectomized rats were stained by means of histochemical methods. Phosphatases were stained with GOMORITAKAMATSU's method as modified by SHIMIZU-ARIZONO (1949), polysaccharides with the lead-tetra-acetate-SCHIFF method (SHIMIZU and KUMAMOTO, 1952). The results as followed:
In the bilateral adrenalectomized rats, alkaline phosphatase of the duodenal epithelium and polysaccharides of its striated border were obviously decreased, but acid phosphatase showed no changes.
In the kidney, alkaline phosphatase was observed to increase slightly in the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules and markedly in the glomeruli following bilateral adrenalectomy.
Liver glycogen completely disappeared after bilateral adrenalectomy, and could not be restored to normal even after administration of a cortical preparation (Interenin).

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Many PACINIAN corpuscles are found in the posterior abdominal wall in the latter stage of human embryo. By the aorta abdominalis, they are found in both the outer and inner layers of the plexus aorticus. Those in the inner layer are in contact with the externa of the aorta, or sometimes within the externa, and are generally small in size. On the other hand, those in the outer layer or in the periphery thereof are larger-sized. PACINIAN corpuscles are found in a small number in the surroundings of the vena cava inferior and in or around the lymph nodes. In the pancreas also PACINIAN corpuscles are found in a small number, together with special corpuscles, presumably beloning to a variation of the former.
The PACINIAN corpuscles observed in the abdominal region may be classified into two types. The one consist of single corpuscles of simple formation and of small size. In structure, these bodies are similar to those in the palm and the sole, but are far smaller than them. The sensory fibres running into their inner bulbs mostly end in unbranched or simple branched, but in some cases in more complex branched, terminations. A corpuscle belonging to the second type is large-sized, containing plural small PACINIAN bodies in one thin common lamellar capsule, composing a compound PACINIAN body as a whole. The constituent bodies are each provided with thin lamellae and a small, but on rare occasions rather spacious, inner bulb, in which sensory terminations similar to those in the first type above are formed.
In the organs in the posterior abdominal wall, we find some free sensory terminations, beside the PACINIAN bodies. Thus, the aorta abdominalis is comparatively rich in sensory fibres, which run into the inner layer of the externa together with vegetative fibres, and after losing their myelin and running peculiar winding courses with frequent change in size due to fibril dissolution, end in unbrached or simple branched terminations with sharply ending terminal branches in contact with the outer surface of the media in general, but in rare cases, with the terminal rami penetrating the media. In the vena cava inferior there are found comparatively many sensory fibres in the nerve bundles running into the externa, which are somewhat different from those in the aorta in that they always go further into the media or sometimes even into the intima to end close to endothelial cells. Their terminal formation is similar to that in the aorta.
The existence of such sensory terminations around the major blood vessels in the posterior abdominal wall as described above seems to be limited to the embryonic period, gradually degenerating after birth.
PACINIAN bodies and free sensory terminations are also found in and around the lymph nodes in the posterior abdominal region. The sensory stem fibres of the latter, running through the hilus of the lymph nodes into the nodal substance with vegetative fibres, and after losing their myelin, run out a peculiar winding course with frequent change in size to end in unbranched or branched, and in rarer cases, more complex branched, terminations. As these terminations are believed to persist after birth, they seem to be of great importance, especially from clinical point of view.
Tbe innervation of ZUCKERKANDL's paranglia strongly resembles that of the medulla of the suprarenal body. Minute fibres containing SCHWANN's nuclei presumably of sympathetic nature running through the connective tissue capsule into the gland substance spread out there in a very irregular arrangement of courses, sending out numerous branches. These branches, however, finally form a wide-spread reticulum by frequent mutual anastomosis. These fibres do not accompany SCHWANN's cells. This is due to the fact that these fibres are of the same substance as the SCHWANN's cells. No nerve cells are found in ZUCKERKANDL's paraganglia, but often enough very thick nerve fibres, presumably of sensory nature

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