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Volume 41, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Masanori KIRITA, Toshio MATSUI1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 281-286
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to cultivate the healthy sporelings of Porphyra by controlling exporsure to air in noni cultivation ground around esturaris, relationship between growth of the sporelings and exporsing hours in air, resistance to freshwater, influence of seawater specific gravity immersed it before and after the exposure were experimented. The results obtained are as follow;
1) While damage to sporelings caused by drying was lighter in one hour, it became heavier as time got longer, and following to elapse of days.
2) When sporelings was immersed into freshwater influence started arising after 30 h immersion, and all sporelings was withered in 72 h immersion.
3) Damage to sporelings started arising when it was immersed into seawater prior to drying at specific gravity of 1.015, and damage became significant at 1.012.
4) Of seawater specific gravity it was immersed before and after, influence of seawater gravity to be immersed prior to drying was extremely heavier than the other.
5) Growth of sporelings was more effective when immersed into seawater before and after drvincz at little lower side of normal seawater specific gravity of 1.024.View full abstractDownload PDF (629K) -
Akihiro SUGIYAMA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 287-292
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo surely and easily preserve the marine microalgae, cryopreservation was investigated. Nannochloropsis sp., Tetraselmis tetrathele, and Chaetoceros gracilis were preserved with or without cryoprotectants (10% glycerol and 5% dimethylsulfoxide) in a frozen condition at -20°C or -70°C.
Nannochloropsis sp. retained the ability to multiply preserving at -70°C for three years without the cryoprotectants. Tetraselmis tetrathele and Chaetoceros gracilis also retained their ability to multiply after preserving at -70°C for two years with the cryoprotectants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1067K) -
Takeshi TOMA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 293-297
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDistribution of the edible brown alga Tinocladia crassa in the Ryukyus was first described by Okamura in 1907. Some authors also reported that the habitat of this species is distributed from Okinawa to Fukushima Prefecture probably based on Okamura's findings. Later, some other authors showed that this species is distributed in Amami-ohshima Island and Mage Island. Surveys on the culture and ecology of two Chordariaceae species conducted during the period from 1972 to 1992 showed that habitat of this species is not expanded from Iheya and Okinawa Islands to Iriomote Island. Further studies by the present author on the distribution of this species showed that T. crassa does not exist in the Okinawa and Sakishima groups of Ryukyu Islands. Thus, it seems that the distribution of T. crassa on the southern part of Japan is limited to Amamiohshima Island.View full abstractDownload PDF (535K) -
Masayoshi MURAKOSHI, Toru KOMATSU, Ryota NAKAMURA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 299-309
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe green snail, Turbo marmoratus is the largest species of the turbinid gastropods and is found in the coral reef areas. In recent years, stocks of this species have substantially been declining in the Ryukyu Islands. The method for multiplication of the present species i. e., development of mass seed production techniques, was considered for artificial enhancement of its resources. Egg collection of the green snail was possible between mid-June and early September in Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Exposing the animals to ultraviolet treated seawater after packing the individuals in small tanks was effective for spawning induction. Veliger larvae were kept without food in the incubators with running seawater until they developed into the early creeping stage in 2 to 3 days. By using sessile diatom as food, the juveniles were reared from the early creeping stage to the young juveniles of ca. 3-4 mm in mean shell diameter. Annual production of the seed shells numbered 390 and 880 × 103 individuals in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The mass seed production techniques for commercial trochus, Trochus niloticus and silver mouth turban, Turbo argyrostoma can be applied to green snail with little modification.View full abstractDownload PDF (2573K) -
Tai-hung LEE, Ryo SHIGESAWA, Fumio YAMAZAKI1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 311-319
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAndrogenic gland (AG) implantation was carried out on the female young crab, Eriocheir japonicas, at the third instar. Out of the 60 AG-implanted females, 23 individuals were found to be partially masculinized. Moreover, no significant differences were detected in survival rate, carapace width and intermolt periods between normal females and muscle-implanted or AG-implanted females. These results imply that the implantation technique employed in this study does not cause any great harm to the survival and growth of young crabs of E. japonicas, and is effective in the induction of masculinization of the female.
In all of the masculinized females, the degeneration of the third to fifth pleopods, change of the second pleopods to second gonopods and appearance of the first gonopods (i. e., first pleopods) were observed. This result shows that the AG in E. japonicas has the function of masculinization. Based on the light microscopic observations of the internal organs, however, the AG-implanted females still maintained female genital ducts and had no trace of male genital ducts.
The length-frequency distribution of the first gonopods of the masculinized females was much greater than that of normal males. Two masculinized females were found to have giant first gonopods. The degree of morphological completion of these giant first gonopods is much higher than that of the normal male. These are considered to be the products in the reaction of the pleopods to an excess of AG hormone. Therefore, it is suggested that a high upper limit exists in the sensitivity of the pleopods of E. japonicas to AG hormone.View full abstractDownload PDF (6547K) -
Ryutaro UEDA, Haruo SUGITA, Yoshiaki DEGUCHI1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 321-326
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe heterotrophic bacteria in the hemolymph of 13 species of Japanese coastal Crustacea were investigated. As a result, it was found that all the animal species examined possessed the heterotrophic bacteria in their hemolymph. Incidence of bacteria was low (20-29 %) in the hemolymph of Japanese spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicus and Kona crab, Ranina ranina but high (89-100 %) in other coastal Crustacea including crabs and hermit crabs. The mean bacterial densities in the hemolymph of coastal Crustacea ranged from 8.0×100 to 1.1×104 CFU/ml. There was no remarkable differences in both the incidence and bacterial densities either between male and female or between injured and normal individuals. Fifty specimens of a crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes were collected monthly during August to November, and bacterial populations of the hemolymph were analyzed. The Vibrio alginolyticus-like bacterium was dominant in August and September, while other Vibrio-like organisms and Gram-positive cocci predominated in October and November, respectively. These results strongly suggested that the microflora of the hemolymph of coastal Crustacea is easily influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (677K) -
Keiichi MUSHIAKE, Toshihiro NAKAI, Kiyokuni MUROGA, Sachio SEKIYA, Iwa ...1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 327-332
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPlasma antibodies against striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in larvae of striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex were monitored in spawners reared at the Komame Station of Japan Sea-Farming Association for about 2 years. There were no apparent seasonal changes in the antibody titer level, though it tended to decrease towards July.
In 1991, VNN occurred not only in the larvae from antibody-positive spawners but also in the larvae from antibody-negative spawners, both were induced to spawn continuously at higher temperature (22 °C) . On the other hand, VNN did not occur in 1992, when the antibody detection became negative in many spawners and they were induced to spawn intermittently to minimize the stress effects. These results suggest that VNN could be controlled by selection of spawners and improvement of spawning induction method.View full abstractDownload PDF (668K) -
Nobuyoshi NANBA, Takeo OKUDA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 333-337
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhenology of Myagropsis myagroides was studied in Tsuyazaki, northern Kyushu, Japan from January 1988 to January 1989. A plant of this species consists of holdfast, stem, and main branches. From the morphological characters, each main branch can be distinguished into three growth types: main short branch having leaves or no leaves (young branch), main branch having leaves and vesicles (buoyant branch), and main branch having leaves, vesicles, and receptacles (reproductive branch) . Distinct seasonal changes were found in the plant length and wet weight of plant, and their maximum length and wet weight were attained 400 cm and 1318 g during the period of egg release. The length and wet weight of holdfast with stem were very small compared with the plant length and wet weight of plant. These results clearly indicate that the seasonal changes in their plants were caused by the seasonal variation in main branches. The seasonal variations in buoyant and reproductive branches show that main branches form vesicles from summer to autumn and receptacles in winter, release eggs through winter and spring, and wither away in the following summer. The seasonal variation in young branch suggests that many main branches bud on the stem in summer.View full abstractDownload PDF (528K) -
Keiichi MUSHIAKE, Hiroshi FUJIMOTO, Hisako SHIMMA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 339-344
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStarvation tests were conducted during 1987 to 1991 mainly at 20 °C in order to evaluate the activity of yellowtail larvae. Tolerance to starvation was expressed as survival activity index (SAI) .
The larvae showing higher SAI values in the starvation test also showed higher survival rates in the rearing test from 0 to 10 days after hatching. The larvae floating on the surface of the hatching tank when water turbulence was stopped, showed higher SAI than non-floating larvae. The larvae obtained from younger adult fish (33) showed higher SAI than those from the older fish (5+, 6+) in the starvation test. There was a correlation between the SAI and hatching rate. These results suggest that the SAI value is considered to reflect the activity of yellowtail larvae, and can be used as a practical indicator of the larval activity in the seed production. Based on the results of experiments on temperature effect, the following equation between SAI (y) and water temperature (x) was introduced within a range of temperatures from 18 to 24°C : y = -1.13 x + 38.75 (r = -0.9935) .View full abstractDownload PDF (606K) -
Kotaro KIKUCHI, Haruo HONDA, Michiyasu KIYONO, Isao MIYAZONO1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 345-351
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFeeding experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein sources on the growth of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. White fish meal (WFM), cuttlefish meal (CFM), soybean meal (SBM), feather meal (FM), brewers yeast (BY), and egg white albumin (EWA) were used as single protein source, and the crude protein content of the diet was in the range of 41 to 51 %. The rearing period was 8 weeks for the juveniles and 5 weeks for the young fish at 20 °C. The effects of the protein sources on nitrogenous excretion were also examined.
Both in juvenile and young flounder, the survival rate of the fish fed on BY diet was extremely low. In juveniles, the weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were high in fish fed on WFM and CFM diets, and low in those fed on FM and EWA diets. These parameters were also lower in young fish fed on FM and EWA diets than those in the WFM, CFM and SBM diets.
Proportions of excreted to consumed nitrogen were extremely high in the flounder fed on BY and EWA diets. In the BY diet, the amount of nitrogen excreted as ammonia and urea accounted for more than 50 % of the consumed nitrogen. On the other hand, about 50 % of the consumed nitrogen was excreted as faeces in the EWA diet. Nitrogenous excretions of the flounder fed on SBM diet were similar to those fed on WFM and CFM diets.View full abstractDownload PDF (717K) -
Masaaki KASHIWAGI, Shinya YOGO, Takao NASU, Michiya MATSUYAMA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 353-358
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of a short-term thermal shock on developing fish egg was investigated using by dragonet, Repomucenus beniteguyi (Japanese name: Tobinumeri) . Seventeen different developmental stages of egg were exposed to six test temperatures (30.0-40.0°C, Δt = 7.5-15.5°C) for 15 min, and returned immediately to the initial spawning water temperature (22.5 ± 0.3°C) . From the results of hatching rate, median patchable shock temperature (MHST) was calculated for both total and viable batch at every tested stage.
Both MHSTs depended on the particular stage of development concerned at the time of shock. Lowest MHSTs were observed during the early cleavage stages, i. e., from one-cell to early morula stage. Consequently, these stages were presumed to be more susceptible to the thermal shock than any other stages. Thereafter the susceptibility decreased rapidly down to the blastula stage, then it increased a little at the blastopore closing stage. As the blastopre was closed, the egg again showed a decrease of the susceptibility until the stage soon before hatching.
Such variation of susceptibility in developing egg to thermal shock obtained from the present species is similar to those reported for Cyprinus carpio and Halichoeres poecilopterus.View full abstractDownload PDF (637K) -
Toshio TAKEUCHI, Mitsumasa HOSHI, Shuichi SATOH, Takeshi WATANABE, Yoj ...1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 359-365
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was conducted to confirm the effects of dietary digestible energy (DE) and available phosphorus (Av. P) contents on reduction of total amount of nitrogen excretion (T-N) from carp, Cyprinus carpio using simple methods for calculation of DE and Av. P contents in diet. Carp fingerlings (an initial body weight; 13.1 g or 31.3 g) were fed 18 kinds of experimental diets for 4 weeks.
Growth rate was better in fish fed the diet containing more than 350 kcal DE or more than 0.7 % Av. P. The Av. P deficient diet resulted in low growth rate and feed efficiency together with low protein efficiency ratio. When protein contents were same, the T-N was affected by Av. P of the diet. Dietary DE of 340-350 kcal and Av. P greater than 0.7 % was confirmed to be appropriate for reduction of the T-N and improved growth. The simple method used for calculation of dietary DE and Av. P contents was found to be effective for evaluation of practical carp feed quality from the viewpoint of environmental impact.View full abstractDownload PDF (748K) -
Muneyuki MATSUDA, Tatsuya YAMAUCHI, Shigenori UEGUCHI, Hachiro HIRATA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 367-371
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeedling production from the hatchery-reared puffer fish, Takifugu rubripes was conducted in order to establish the possibility of a closed life-cycle culture system for puffer fish. Male and female breeders used in the experiment were cultured from the larval to the adult stage between 1988 and 1992 in our pen culture farm at Azuma-cho, Kagoshima Prefecture. Body weight of matured fish ranged from 1.8 to 2.45 kg on April 1992. The gravid females were transferred to the hatchery tank, and then hormone Puberogen (Sankyozoki Co., 1, 000 IU/fish on April 7, and 1, 500 IU/fish on April 10) was injected. Eight days after the injection, five fishes spawned a total of 136, 000 eggs. After that, 45, 700 juvenile were obtained.
The hatching rate was 33.4 %. Out of the larvae produced, 3, 300 young puffer fishes were obtained from the second breeding generation. Their current average body weight on January 1993 was 193 g.View full abstractDownload PDF (598K) -
Shusaku KADOWAKI, Yoshiaki TANAKA, Teruo KASEDO, Toshiyuki ONOUE1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 373-378
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the rate of gross production (mg O2/mg chi. a/h) is measured using light and dark bottle technique, especially in the case of phytoplankton culture, the incurred main error is due to the increase of newly formed phytoplankton and bacteria in the light bottle. It is, therefore, necessary to make a few corrections in the usual calculation.
This paper attempts to estimate the gross production rate using the average values of respiration rate and chlorophyll-a concentration during the incubation time. The estimated gross production is then analyzed from the light-photosynthesis relation (pc-i curve) by using the Steele model.
Compared with the maximal gross production value (p'm) obtained from usual formula, it would be unlikely that the respiration rate error in light bottle would exceed about 5 % of pm value when calculated by method proposed in this paper. However, the p'm value obtained from the initial chlorophyll-a concentration becomes 1.2-1.6 times higher than pm value. The high pmvalue is found in younger cells with high photosynthetic activity in the culture process of phytoplankton.View full abstractDownload PDF (659K) -
Yukihiro DOCHI, Toshitame IMAI1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 379-385
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe staining and bleaching processes of the vertebra, gill arch, fin ray, scale, digestive organs, kidney, liver etc by using Alizarin complexone (ALC) were examined in juvenile red sea bream to improve the ALC marking method. Fish in about 15 mm TL were kept in 100 mg⋅L-1 ALC solution for 24 h and then transfered into normal sea water. After rearing in 0, 6, 24, 72, 168 and 264 hrespectively, fish were fixed 70% alcohol. Histological section of juvenile red sea bream were made and observed by using ultraviolet microscope.
Samples just after staining, fluorescent stains were found at many part of both soft and hard tissues. But it was not found at any part, except for scale and otolith, of fish recuperated more than 24h after staining.
Fluorescence were also found in even scale and otolith of fish recuperated 264 hours after staining.
Then we observed and detected fluorescent ring on the scales of recatched fish, they live in four months or more than one year since they were stocked natural waters.
According to past studies, it was concerned that ALC staines was able to detect only at otolith, because that dye was discharged by calcium metabolism. However results of present study certify that staining by ALC is also available to scale.View full abstractDownload PDF (3537K) -
Hiroshi SAKO1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 387-395
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA comparative taxonomical studies were performed between 14 β-hemolytic Streptococcus strains isolated from diseased cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, and natural common mackerel, Scomber japonicas and strains of S. iniae and S. equisimilis. The phenotypic characteristics of the fish isolates agreed well with each other, and were identical to those of S. iniae ATCC 29178. According to the result obtained from slide agglutination tests, the surface antigens of these fish isolates were found to be homologous. However, serotypes of these fish isolates were different from that of S. iniae ATCC 29178. From the results of experimental infection tests against yellowtail and ayu, it was observed that all the strains isolated from cultured marine and freshwater fish, and natural fish possessed the same pathogenicity. The results of the present study suggest that the distribution of β hemolytic Streptococcus in marine and freshwater environment is ubiquitous and they are the same strains as S. iniae.View full abstractDownload PDF (952K) -
Hiroshi SAKO1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 397-404
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn vitro activity of 36 antimicrobial agents were tested against 15 strains of Streptococcus iniae isolated from diseased cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, amago salmon, Oncorhynchus rhodurus, and natural common mackerel, Scomber japonicas by standard agar plate dilution method. In vivo therapeutic effects of selected 12 drugs, to which S. iniae is highly susceptible, were also observed in experimentally infected yellowtail. Penicillins, cephalosporines, macrolides, tetracyclines, rifampicin, lincomycin, sodium nifurstyrenate, and diaminopyrimidines were highly effective (MIC, 0.00313-0.78μg/ml) against all the strains tested. Chloramphenicols and bacitracin were also effective (MIC, 0.78-3.13μg/ml) . Susceptibility of S. iniae to penicillins, cephalosporines, rifampicin, bacitracin, sodium nifurstyrenate, and diaminopyrimidines was higher than that of Enterococcus seriolicida. From the results of therapeutic activity of selected drugs such as penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines, rifampicin, lincomycin, sodium nifurstyrenate, and diaminopyrimidines to diseased yellowtail, it can be considered that these drugs are effective against streptococosis caused by S. iniae.View full abstractDownload PDF (922K) -
Satoru NAKANO, Masaaki OKADA, Takeo OOSHIMA, Tadatoshi KITAO, Riichi K ...1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 405-408
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbsorption of bicozamycin (BCM) and its ester derivative (FR2054) was compared in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Since the maximum concentration (Cmax) of BCM in tissue following FR2054 dosing was 4.5 fold higher than that obtained by BCM dosing, an adequate tissue level could be achieved in the kidney and spleen.
This FR2054 was found in the blood and tissue in a short time after administration of FR2054 and its concentration decreased while BCM concentration increased inversely. In order to investigate the site of hydrolysis of FR2054 in fish body, the rate of hydrolysis in plasma and tissue homogenate was investigated. Most hydrolysis of FR2054 was occurred in the plasma, suggesting that the absorbed FR2054 is hydrolyzed gradually to BCM while circulating in the blood stream.View full abstractDownload PDF (399K) -
Yasuhiro FUJIOKA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 409-416
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFunctional sex reversal from female to male in honmoroko, Gnathopogon caurulescens was carried out by immersion in 17-methyltestosterone (17-MT) and examined whether it was possible to produce all-female progeny by using sex-inverted males. When 17-MT was administered to gynogenetic diploids at 0.1μg/l water (for 17 h per day) for 30 days from 15 days after hatching, proportion of matured males significantly increased. Futhermore, 17-MT at 0.1μg/l water (throughout the day) treated for 50 days from 10 days after hatching could performed more complate masculinization. light water temperature (28°C) during hormone treatment accelerated the sex reversal. Three thousand offspring produced by possible sex-inverted males mated with normal females contained 73 % females which was 34% higher than that of the control and showed same growth of the control. These results suggested that honmoroko is basically female homogamety, despite of including partially males.View full abstractDownload PDF (926K) -
Kaworu NAKAMURA1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 417-421
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLowering the temperature difference to 10°C between acclimatized water and air medium was conducted in order to elevate the cold air-tolerance of the young carp, Cyprinus carpio. For the specimen acclimatized to 17°C water, 100% survival times at 7°C air were examined after precooling with water of gradually decreasing temperature from 17°C to 7°C for setting times ranged from 1 h to 6h. Another treatment as precooling with air as well as starvations of 10 and 20 days under 17°C was investigated to clarify each influence over the cold air-tolerance of carp.
The net elongation time for 100% survival by 2-6 h precooling was 5 h as the maximum. The precooling with air showed a negative effect on the survival time. Starvations for 10 and 20 days both had no effect on the extent of tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (493K) -
Sadao SHIMENO, Takayoshi MIMA, Tatsuo KAWABATA, Hajime TAKAKU1993 Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 423-427
Published: September 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate the effects of dietary oligosaccharide on the growth, feed conversion and body composition of fingerling yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, the fish were fed for 30 days on soybean meal diets containing 0-3 % isomalto-oligosaccharide. The dietary inclusion of 0.5 % oligosaccharide significantly elevated many serum components such as protein and phospholipid, and it also improved fairly the growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, showing similar responses to those of the fish fed on a reference diet which was high in fish meal and free from soybean meal. On the other hand, the dietary inclusion of 1 or 3 % oligosaccharide did not show such a growth-enhancing effect, rather performed similarly to the control diet group. These results suggest that inclusion of oligosaccharide in soybean meal diet can improve the growth and health of the fish like mammals, and that its appropriate concentration is likely to be 0.5 %.View full abstractDownload PDF (633K)
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