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Volume 50, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Akira MORIKAWA, Hiroshi KAWAKAMI, Toru TAKITA2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 271-277
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAge and growth of two flathead species (Platycephalus sp. I and sp. II) were examined using sectioned otoliths from specimens collected in Ariake Sound from April 1998 to April 2000. Monthly changes in marginal growth increment indicated that ring formation occurred once a year from June to July for Platycephalus sp. I and from April to May for Platycephalus sp. II, both coinciding with their spawning season. The following von Bertalanffy's growth equations were obtained using the back-calculated total length:
Platycephalus sp. I Male Lt=458.26 (1-exp (-0.417 (t+0.439) ) )
Female Lt=728.44 (1-exp (-0.192 (t+0.978) ) )
Platycephalus sp. II Male Lt=469.72 (1-exp (-0.215 (t+3.008) ) )
Female Lt=657.45 (1-exp (-0.267 (t+1.076) ) )
, where Lt is total length in mm and t is age in years. The length of females calculated from the equation was longer than that of males at any age for both species.View full abstractDownload PDF (2510K) -
Shinsuke MORIOKA, Seiji MATSUMOTO2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 279-284
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFeatures of the sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus of laboratory-hatched African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae and juveniles were investigated until 34 days after hatching. The sagittae were round-shaped until 6 days after hatching, then, became arrowhead-shaped with development of rostra. Increments in the sagittae were observable until bases of rostra, but invisible in rostra. The asteriscus appeared on 4-5 days after hatching with oval-shape, having an ambiguous core. As fish grow, notches developed around its margin. The lapilli were round-shaped until 6 days after hatching, then, became oval-shaped in which notches on posterior margin appeared 22 days after hatching. Several pre-hatch increments were present, and subdaily increments were frequently observed in the lapilli. But, increments in the lapilli were distinctive from the core to the margin, and increased mostly at the rate of one per day after hatching. These features indicate the lapillus being the most appropriate for daily increments analysis in this species.View full abstractDownload PDF (6557K) -
Masato MOTEKI, Takeshi ISHIKAWA, Hiroshi FUSHIMI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 285-294
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe appearance, ossification and growth of the skeletal elements forming the oral cavity were examined on the early larval stages of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The larvae were equipped with the fundamental elements of the oral cavity, such as the trabecular roof, the lower branchial and hyoid arches forming the floor, the quadrate and symplectic-hyomandibular cartilages making-up the sides, and the maxilla and Meckel's cartilage bordering the jaws, by the initial mouth opening at 59 hours after hatching. These elements would be used for sucking feeding by creating negative pressure in the oral cavity. Until 30-40 hours after initial mouth opening (30-40 HAMO), lengths of these bones increased rapidly. From 30-40 to about 100 HAMO, further elements did not appear and element size increased slowly. Thereafter, a rapid increase of element sizes and appearance of new elements were found until about 190-220 HAMO. During the period from 190-220 to 270-300 HAMO, the premaxilla and jaw teeth started appearing and some elements started to ossify. The new elements enabled the larvae to grasp the food organisms. After 270-300 HAMO, the ratio of premaxillary length to maxillary length stabilized, and ossified elements increased in size.View full abstractDownload PDF (1432K) -
Takanari KIRIYAMA, Akihiko FUJII, Toshio YOTSUI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 295-300
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe conducted field surveys from 1998 to 2001 at 20 sites by setting net cages made of stainless steel wire on Sargassum fusiforme bed to protect the thalli from fish grazing. In October or November, the thalli were 2 to 17 cm long inside the cages and 0.3 to 2 cm long outside, demonstrating a clear difference in length. When the cages were removed at four sites in December, the growth of thalli was inhibited in three sites. After February, setting of cages at nine sites showed no effect on the growth. These results suggest that setting of the cages prevented thalli from grazing by herbivorous fish. Active fish grazing is thought to be prevailed from summer to autumn and decreasing from winter to spring for S. fusiforme bed along the coast of Nagasaki Prefecture. Differences in duration and intensity of grazing might cause various conditions of inhibited growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (3734K) -
Katsuyuki HAMASAKI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 301-308
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to examine the effects of temperature on the survival and spawning of overwintering broodstock females of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain in a hatchery. The relationship between the mean water temperature (T) and the number of days required for egg incubation (D) was also analyzed using the following three equation models: power function, D=aTb; Belehrádek's equation, D=a (T-α) b; and an equation based on the theory of heat summation, D=a/T-α, to predict the hatching date of larvae for use in mass seed production. The survival rates of the overwintering females tended to be improved in the groups held at controlled temperatures (range of mean temp., 14.9-17.7°C) compared to those reared in the tanks in which the temperature was allowed to fluctuate naturally (range of minimum temp., 8.6-8.8°C) . Winter spawning was induced under the high temperature regime. The Belehrádek's equation had the best optimality to the relationship between the temperature and the egg incubation period. The biological lower critical temperature represented by the parameter α was estimated as 12.19 and 13.98°C in the Belehrádek's equation and the heat summation theory, respectively. However, the females held under 18°C hatched non-viable larvae (=prezoeas) . Consequently, the actual lower critical temperature for egg development and hatching is concluded to be more than 18°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (1145K) -
Ken-ichi YAMAMOTO, Takeshi HANDA, Isao YAMASITA2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 309-314
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aspect of particle transport on the gills of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, was observed by using video camera and recorder. The velocities of the particle transport of marine chlorella, Nannochloropsis sp., were measured on the primary filament (PF), the ordinary filament (OF), the marginal ciliated groove (MG) and the basal ciliated tract (BT) at 12°C, 20°C and 28°C. There were two routes of the transport of the particle to the labial palp; through BT from PF and through MG from OF In case of high density (20 ppm), particle was caught in the gill surface, and strings was formed on MG, carried to the labial palp and processed into globule. The strings and globules were carried out into mantle cavity by the foot. The velocities of particle transport were almost same in PF, OF and MG. The velocity in BT was 2-3 times faster than those. In all positions, the velocities at 28°C were 3-4 times faster than those at 12°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (6652K) -
Yasunori ISHIBASHI, Hachiro HIRATA, Hidemi KUMAI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 315-323
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYoung red sea bream, Pagrus major, were exposed to a gradual decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) down to 20 mmHg for 5 h, and then sustained under 20 mmHg Po2 for an additional 3 h at 19.9°C. Fish respiratory frequency slowly increased and attained a peak level at approximately 35 mmHg Po2, and then gradually decreased. Fish sank to the tank bottom about an hour after Po2 fell below 20 mmHg, and respiration began to arrest after another hour. Hematocrit value increased and mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCHC) decreased with increasing hypoxia load. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels were significantly augmented when respiratory frequency decreased. ATP, total adenylate (TA) concentration and energy charge (EC) in the hepatopancreas, in addition to TA in the kidney, were considerably diminished by hypoxia. However, this was not observed in the gill and brain of all fishes prior to respiratory arrest. In the hepatopancreas, levels of ATP, TA and EC notably declined as respiratory frequency decreased. These results show that the cortisol stress response to hypoxia is significantly induced with the decreased respiratory frequency. Decreased energy status in the hepatopancreas appears to be important and occurs with stress response as a metabolic depression in the whole body.View full abstractDownload PDF (1563K) -
Yasunori ISHIBASHI, Hiromichi YONEZAWA, Shigeru MIYASHITA, Keitaro KAT ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 325-331
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJuvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, were exposed to hypoxia, a gentle decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) down to 26 mmHg, and subsequently maintained beneath this pressure, at 27.8°C. The increasing trend in respiratory frequency of the fish, caused by hypoxia, reached a maximum level at about 38 mmHg Po2 and thereafter decreased. The fish sank to the bottom around an hour after the Po2 fell below 26 mmHg, and after another half hour respiration was arrested. The hematocrit value and plasma glucose level were slowly increased by hypoxia up to the point at which the fish sank, although mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCHC) was decreased at the maximum level of respiratory frequency. Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase activities, and lactic acid level in muscle, and hepatopancreas lactate concentration, were remarkably enlarged at the time the fish sank. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity in the brain significantly increased with increasing hypoxia load, though not in the gills. On the other hand, CCO activity in the hepatopancreas, kidney, and muscle markedly decreased at the maximum level of respiratory frequency, although its activity in these organs and the heart increased after the time at which the fish sank. These results suggest that metabolic depression in red sea bream in response to hypoxia temporarily occurs from the maximum level of respiratory frequency, though the metabolic function abreacts at around the time the fish sink.View full abstractDownload PDF (1310K) -
Katsuyuki HAMASAKI, M.Agus SUPRAYUDI, Toshio TAKEUCHI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 333-340
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) on larval morphogenesis and metamorphosis to megalops in the seed production of the mud crab, Scylla serrata were investigated. Four seed production experiments were conducted using one to two 100kl concrete tanks (total of seven trials) . The larvae were fed on rotifers and after the third or fourth zoeal stage with Artemia nauplii. Minced mysid was also given from the megalopal stage. Rotifers were enriched with n-3HUFA before being fed to the larvae. The larvae were reared in the tanks with an addition of phytoplankton (freshwater Chlorella and/or freshwater Chlorella containing n-3HUFA in the cells) . The larvae were also reared in a tank without phytoplankton supplementation. The larval survival, morphological features of the last stage zoeas (fifth stage) and frequency of abnormal molting during the metamorphosis to megalops were examined. Furthermore, lipid and fatty acid contents of the rotifers and larvae were analyzed. The fifth stage zoeas that had morphological features similar to those of megalops such as long endopods of the second antennae, large rudimentary chelipeds and long pleopods with plumose setae were unable to successfully metamorphose to megalops and mass mortality occurred. The larval morphogenesis was accelerated according to the n-3HUFA content of the rotifers in the seed production tank. Fatty acid content in the rotifers was affected by the phytoplankton added to the larval rearing water and it is concluded that the upper limit content of n-3HUFA in the rotifers is around 0.6% for the seed production of S. serrata.View full abstractDownload PDF (1283K) -
Yoshio MATSUDA, Kazuhiko HATA, Toshio TAKEUCHI2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 341-346
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDHA-rich residual ethyl ester (EE) and used vegetable oil are derived from EPA EE-distillation and food service, respectively. The present study was conducted to assess the growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, upon feeding extruded pellet (EP) containing the two oil sources.
Two diets were formulated, a control diet contained pollack liver oil and a test diet contained a combination of the two oils. The growth performance of fish fed the test diet was equal to that of the control fish for the 70-day rearing period. Feed efficiency of the two groups also matched each other. There was also no difference in proximate composition of muscle between the two sets of fish. Though the hepatosomatic index of the test fish was lower than that of the control fish, there were no differences in color and proximate composition of liver. Similarly, there were no differences in fatty acid composition of both muscle and liver on incorporating the industry by-product or waste oil in the EP.
The results suggest that DHA-rich residual EE and used vegetable oil can be considered as replacers for feed oil (12.8%) at least at the levels (4.8 and 8.0%, respectively) examined in this stu dy.View full abstractDownload PDF (895K) -
Yasunori ISHIBASHI, Keitaro KATO, Shizunori IKEDA, Osamu MURATA, Shige ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 347-353
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJuvenile Japanese parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus were fed purified test diets containing 0.3, 1.4, 2.9, 5.3, 11.1, 26.9 or 50.2 mg of pyridoxine (PN) per kg of diet. In the PN hydrochloride-unsupplemented diet group, growth decreased and deficiency signs such as anorexia, nervous disorders, abnormal swimming, high mortality, and normochromic microcytic anemia were observed from weeks 2 through 7. In the 1.4 mg PN/kg diet group, poor growth, anorexia, and anemia also appeared from week 11. Subsequently, half of the fish in these groups were fed the 11.1 mg PN/kg diet and consequently recovered in growth performance and hematological parameters. At the end of the feeding experiment, the values of plasma glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and hepatosomatic indexes of groups showing deficiency signs had declined significantly more than in the other groups. In the 2.9 mg and more PN/kg diet group, there were no significant differences of growth performance, properties of blood, plasma components, and hepatosomatic indexes. Moreover, the GOT, GPT activities and PN content in liver reached a plateau when the PN content exceeded 2.9, 2.9 and 11.1 mg/kg of diet, respectively. Broken-line regression analysis showed that the optimum dietary pyridoxine requirement for normal growth and liver GOT and GPT activities of juvenile Japanese parrot fish under these experimental conditions was 2.8-4.1 mg/kg diet. It was also indicated that 11.4 mg/kg of diet is needed to saturate the liver PN levels.View full abstractDownload PDF (1165K) -
Yasushi TSUCHIHASHI, Isao KURIYAMA, Yoshimi KUROMIYA, Masaaki KASHIWAG ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 355-361
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSelection of spawners by PCR-based detection of the nodavirus gene, disinfection of fertilized eggs with residual oxidants in seawater and rearing of larval and juveniles using ozonated seawater were done to control VNN in mass production of seedlings of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus in the hatchery. As a result, the occurrence of VNN was not observed in all 7 trials of the production in the years 2000-2001. When juveniles were reared in sand filtered seawater, a high mortality by VNN occurred in all 4 trials. However, when the juveniles were rearred in ozonated seawater, VNN did not occur in all 7 trials. These countermeasures were judged to be effective as VNN control measures in the mass seedling production of sevenband grouper.View full abstractDownload PDF (1081K) -
Masaaki KASHIWAGI, Hiromi TANAKA, Yuka MAEKAWA, Motoi YOSHIOKA, Ryuji ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 363-367
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the fungicidal effects of weak alkaline electrolyzed solution (WAE) on the fungal infection of eggs of two salmonid species, char, Salvelinus leucomaenis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The effects were evaluated by observing the egg survival and the fungal growth after the eggs were artificially infected with a pure strain of Saprolegnia parasitica and treated with WAE for 30 or 60 min at 30 mg/l twice a week during the developmental stages from the day after fertilization to the eye-up stage. Percent eye-up of the char was significantly higher in the eggs treated with WAE than in the control, which used incubation water (p<0.01) . While, in the trout, no statistical difference was detected between control and WAE treated eggs, a greater survival was observed in the eggs treated with WAE (p=0.0506) . Of both species, dead eggs overgrown with fungus were numerous as large clumps for all trials of the controls, but few clumps were observed in all the WAE treatments. These results indicate that WAE treatment is effective to inhibit the spread S. parasitica and improve the egg survival. In conclusion, WAE has a potential for use as an effective antifungal agent against saprolegniasis.View full abstractDownload PDF (831K) -
Hyuma KUDO, Nobuyuki INOGUCHI, Akihiro KIJIMA2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 369-374
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOpen space water tank system was tested for estimation of tolerance to low-oxygen water of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the age of 252 and 254 days after hatching.
Survival rate has been gradually decreased in duplicated experiments and repeatability was elucidated from significant positive correlation on survival rate and ranks between duplicated experiments.
The heritability for toleranceto low-oxygen water is calculated by the diallel mating system. The heritability is 0.35-0.50, suggesting that rainbow trout have a high genetic variability of tolerance to low oxygen water.
From the above results, we propose a new method for tolerance to low-oxygen water and a possibility of selection for creating a new strain of the trait.View full abstractDownload PDF (785K) -
Masayuki YAMAMOTO, Munehiro FUJIWARA, Kenichi YAMAGA, Motohide TOCHINO2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 375-376
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe species composition of floating seaweeds in the central Seto Inland Sea was surveyed during the period from April 1997 to September 1998. A total of 1, 661 masses of floating seaweeds including 17 species in 9 families were collected by a scoop net. The mean weight per mass of floating seaweeds increased from winter and reached a peak in May (2.8kg/mass) . The species which frequently appeared were Sargassum horneri, S, muticum, Hizikia fusiformis in winter and spring, Zostera marina in summer and S. siliquastrum in autumn.View full abstractDownload PDF (324K) -
Yasuhiko TAGO, Yoshinori MATSUMOTO2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 377-378
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrowth of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, reared at several depths was examined to clarify the effect of increasing the water depth in ayu fishing grounds in which the flow has been decreased artificially, such as in the Shou River. Ayu were reared in concrete ponds from 16 June to 18 September, 2000. Ayu were divided into 3 groups (Group 1, with feeding and a density of 0.9 individuals/m2; Group 2, with feeding and a density of 2.5 individuals/m2; Group 3, without feeding and a density of 0.9 individuals/m2) . In each group replicate samples were reared at 50cm, 30cm and 10cm depths. Initially, they were of the same body weight, but finally the ayu reared at 50cm depth grew to be significantly bigger than those reared at the 30cm and 10cm depths. In Group 3, ayu reared at 30cm were significantly bigger than those reared at 10cm. These differences are considered to be caused by the decrease in the density of individuals/m3, increase of food on the side walls and reduction of stress with depth. The mean depth of rivers increases as the flow increases. These facts suggest that increasing the water flow or creating deeper runs artificially in such rivers as the Shou River would lead to an increase in the number of large individuals of ayu and aid in propagating the ayu resources more effectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (314K) -
Shinsuke MORIOKA, Hiroki EDA, Masatoshi FUTAGAWA, Hasting K. ZIDANA, S ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 379-380
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFeatures of the sagitta, lapillus and asteriscus of laboratory-hatched and -reared Labeo mesops juveniles (56 days after hatching, 16.30-26.05mm TL) were investigated. The sagittae were arrowhead-shaped with obvious cores and fragile two rostra. Increments in the sagittae were observable until bases of rostra but were hardly visible in outer rostra. The lapilli were fan-shaped with obvious cores. Increments in the lapilli were well observable from the core to the margin. Increment counts in the lapilli did not significantly differ from actual age in days, indicating the lapillus being applicable for daily increments analysis until 56 days after hatching. The asterisci were oval-shaped with ambiguous cores. Increment counts in the asteriscus were fewer than actual age, showing the asteriscus being unsuitable for aging.View full abstractDownload PDF (6683K) -
Tatsuya YURIMOTO, Masaaki KODAMA2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 381-382
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhagocytosis of macrophage against foreign particles was examined by interaperitonial injection of carbon particles to puffer fish Takifugu porphyreus. After carbon particles were injected into their peritonea, puffer fish were reared up to 21 days. The tissues from spleen, kidney (trunk kidney), liver and heart of treated fish were excised and observed under a light microscope on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 respectively. The engulfed carbon particles were observed in the red pulp of spleen and in the intertubular tissue of kidney. Noteworthy, the carbon particles were observed in the melano-macrophage centers (MMC) in red pulp of spleen excised and examined on day 1 after injection, and those in trunk kidney were observed to transfer to MMC on day 7 after injection.View full abstractDownload PDF (3252K) -
Hiroshi KUME2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 383-384
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEye formation and hatching of fertilized eggs of ayu were identified by bathing (2082.5 to 4462 ppm and 15 to 30 minutes) in hydrogen peroxide. In egg development, the effect was observed by bathing in 2975 ppm for 30 minutes. For treating parasitic fungal infection of fertilized eggs, bathing in hydrogen peroxide was found to be effective.View full abstractDownload PDF (263K) -
Masaaki KASHIWAGI, Shin-ya OKUMURA, Sachi NAKANISHI, Motoi YOSHIOKA, R ...2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 385-386
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the fungicidal effects of sodium hypochlorite solution (a food additive) on Saprolegnia parasitica, a well known pathogen causing saprolegniasis in freshwater fishes. The effects were measured by zoospore germination inhibition and mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen. Zoospore germination was completely inhibited by a 10 second treatment at the residual chlorine concentration of 2.5mg/l. Mycelial growth was also completely inhibited by a 60 minute treatment at 20mg/l. These results indicate that the sodium hypochlorite solution has strong fungicidal activity against S. parasitica.View full abstractDownload PDF (349K) -
Yasuhiko TAGO2002 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 387-391
Published: September 20, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: March 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChange in size of adult masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou masou, caught in the Jinzu River was investigated from 1985 to 2001. The mean body weight of masu salmon caught in the Jinzu River was about 3 kg until 1992, but it decreased to nearly 2 kg in 1997 and 2001. The mean body weight in 1997-2001 was 2.5 kg, and it was significantly less than that (3.0 kg) in 1987-1991. The mean body weight of adult masu salmon, originating as fingerlings and smolts reared in the Jinzu Hatchery, was significantly less than those originating as natural juveniles and fry reared in the Jinzu Hatchery until 1991, but they became almost equal from 1992 to 2001. The relationship between annual mean body weight (y) and number of adult masu salmon (x) caught in the Jinzu River during 1985 to 2001 fitted a linear regression equation as expressed by y = 0.000479x + 2.16 (r = 0.719, p = 0.001) . These phenomena are considered to be reflections of density-dependent effects around the Ohotsuku Sea, cross-mating between masu salmon and red spotted masu salmon, O. masou ishikawae, and/or negative changes in big adult habitat and extensive efforts at fishing for them in the Jinzu River.View full abstractDownload PDF (758K)
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