Due to the recent recessions, the numbers of welfare recipients in Japan has been increasing. Since 2005, more than a million households have been receiving livelihood protection by the Goverment. The tasks of livelihood protection case workers are not only limited to benefit payments but also to help recipients to make an independent living. In other words, they are put to the test of their abilities to rise up to the occasion. Some difficulties, however, are present, which prevent livelihood protection case workers to play in full the important roles they are assigned. First, workder specialties are not taken into account at the time of their recruitment and job posting. In addition, as they are on average in charge of nearly 100 clients, and they are too busy even just to visit the clients let alone to conduct in-depth hearing. Second, newly assigned staffs are untrained and don't have sufficient knowledge and skills to perform their tasks in full. They always perform their task with mounting burdens of anxiety. Third, livelihood protection case work involves emotion management as a skill. But their efforts in emotion management are not sufficiently appreciated and considered. Care work requires “emotional labor,” a term defined by A.R. Hochshild. Emotional labor involves risks which bring about negative effects on care workers, such as burnout syndromes. Emotional management skills should be given much higher values. Moreover, problems that derive from emotional management must be wrestled with not by individual workers but by the organization as a whole.

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Recently, education to help students obtain the kind of occupation they desire has been actively carried out at institutions of higher education in Japan. However, this education has produced unfavorable consequences in the case of students who are unable to accomplish the intended objective, thereby creating differences in perception of employment among students in general. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the process of consciousness formation on the part of students who fail the public servant employment examination——an entrance to the labor market——, as well as the impact　which the failure has on the students' subsequent formation of career consciousness, Most of all, with “how career consciousness is formed in a situation where a pursued goal is not attained” posed as a research question, analysis of career consciousness among non-elite who are at the threshold of the labor market was made on the basis of analysis of　independent behavior of an individual. Analysis was made of personal life histories of three males graduate of a vocational school for future public servants who experienced failure in a heavily educational background-oriented world and in an occupation race. A series of interviews was conducted with them along the way. The study makes it clear that among lower non-elite there is a tendency to form their career consciousness through the disconnection from the past, while looking ahead to the future with vague notions of “stability” and　“security” The study concludes that independent activities by lower non-elite are nullified in a vague, uncertain social structure created in their minds as a consequence of their failures. On the other hand, each enlightenment through such an activities is based to their career formation.

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The Issues of Death at Special Nursing Homes for the Elderly: An Empirical Examination of Care Laborers’ Experiencing Unexpected Sudden Death of Elders Koji MITSUHASHI (Mejiro University) The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine issues of death at special nursing homes for the elderly in Japan, specifically the issue of care laborers‘ experiencing unexpected sudden death of elders in the facilities. N. Denzin (1989) uses the concept of “Epiphany” as one’s emotional experience that comes about in his/her personal troubles, and that changes his/her life dramatically. According to Denzin, however, because Epiphany is related not just to personal troubles, but to institional issues, focusing a study on one's emotional experience could reveal underlying institution-related causes of such experience. Influenced by this point of view, this paper focuses on care laborers‘ emotional experience caused by unexpected sudden death of elders in the facilities in order to bring out possible institutional issues behind such event. The Issues of Death at Special Nursing Homes for the Elderly: An Empirical Examination of Care Laborers’ Experiencing Unexpected Sudden Death of Elders Koji MITSUHASHI (Mejiro University) The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine issues of death at special nursing homes for the elderly in Japan, specifically the issue of care laborers‘ experiencing unexpected sudden death of elders in the facilities. N. Denzin (1989) uses the concept of “Epiphany” as one’s emotional experience that comes about in his/her personal troubles, and that changes his/her life dramatically. According to Denzin, however, because Epiphany is related not just to personal troubles, but to institional issues, focusing a study on one's emotional experience could reveal underlying institution-related causes of such experience. Influenced by this point of view, this paper focuses on care laborers‘ emotional experience caused by unexpected sudden death of elders in the facilities in order to bring out possible institutional issues behind such event.

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