In developing countries, it is seemed that to improve the population keeping capacity in local city area utilized establishments employment has been one of the pressing needs. In the paper, we attempted to make clear the spatial structure of employment sphere of establishments in Samarinda municipality, the Republic of Indonesia, as one of the case of local city area in developing countries.
As the samples for this study, we inquired the addresses, where who had dwelt when who hired, of totally 908 employees at 29 establishments in Samarinda municipality. As the analytical method on the spatial structure of the residential distributions of samples, we applied the attraction-constrained gravity model eq. (1) and we examined the components of explanatory variables, V, and Si, and the fluctuation factors of parameter A in the eq. (1) by following methods.
(1)
Tij; the number of employees who had dwelt in zone i at the time when who hired at establishment j.
Vi; emissiveness index on zone i.
Vi=IIXikαk (Xik; the k-th variable on zone i, αk; parameter)
Sij; separation index between zone i and establishment j.
Sij=dij+γδij (dij; route distance between zone i and establishment j, δij dummy variable (1 if it is necessary to use boat traffic between zone i and establishment j, 0 otherwise), y; parameter) .
λ; parameter.
For examination on the components of explanatory variables in the eq. (1), we adopted 5 variables concerned with geographical attributes on zone i, which were 3 variables as components of Vi, population, CBD distance and agricultural-land/housing-land ratio, and 2 variables as components of Si, route distance and the necessity of boat commuting.
We examined the significance of above 5 explanatory variables using t-test on parameters. We also examined the influence of them to the fluctuation of Ti, based on the plus or minus sign of parameters.
For examination on the fluctuation factors of parameter A in the eq. (1), we applied multiple regression analysis eq. (2) which adopted 9 variables as the explanatory variables, which were 3 variables on individual attributes of employees, 3 variables on attractiveness of establishments and 3 variables on traffic condition.
(2)
Xl; the l-th variable on employees (l=1-3) .
Ym; the m-th variable on attractiveness of establishments (m=1-3) .
Zn; the n-th variable on traffic condition (n=1-3) .
β; partial regression coefficient.
The summary of results are follows.
From the examination by eq. (1), it was indicated that population and CBD distance of zone i were positive factors and agricultural-land/housing-land ratio, route distance and the necessity of boat commuting of zone i were negative factors for the fluctuation of Ti, . Also it was indicated that two explanatory variables, population by zone and commuting distance, were the basic fluctuation factors.
From the examination by eq. (2), it was indicated that passage of time and male/female ratio of employees were positive factors for the fluctuation of parameter λ

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This paper describes the methodology for determination of the low-level land use suitability to integrate the classified value each 4 land utilization types. This paper clarify the logic to determine the low-level land use suitability.
The proposed logic has the procedure to judge the external conditions, namely the land use continuation and the sprawl. We conclude that the judgement of the external conditions should be carried out by person based on suitable criteria. We have come to have this conclusion after examining the several means to judge the external conditions.
The selection of the criteria, to judge the external conditions, is supposed to be based on the various factors that have regional peculiarities and priorities for land use planning.
Therefore, the case study needs to be carried out in the various areas. The rational criteria to judge the external conditions should be established taking into consideration of the regional characteristics particular to every regions.

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In the paper the authors statistically investigate the willingness to pay for various functions of agriculture and forestry in mountainous regions. We apply the contingent valuation method to the persons who were born in, have grown in and left from mountainous regions in Wakayama prefecture. Four functions are valued, such as land conservation, rural landscape creation, rural tradition inheriting, and festival maintenance. For example, the average individual willingness to pay for land conservation is 3, 152 yen per year. The aggregated willingness to pay reaches 4 hundred million yen.
We clarify the relation of socioeconomic characteristics of individuals to their willingness to pay.
Next we consider the significant difference between the following two samples. One is of the above-mentioned peoples, and the other is of the urban residents in Wakayama prefecture who have already studied in Shinbo and Asano (1993) . The former values the functions much higher than the latter. Through the precise statistical procedure like normality tests, the Wilcoxon test, and the bootstrap method, we finally get the 99 % confidence interval of the difference, 702-1, 512 yen.
There are two possible explanations. One is the meaning difference of agriculture and forestry in the regions between two samples. The existence and maintenance of the rural communities in the regions is especially important for the former. Agriculture and forestry is the foundation of communities in the mountainous regions. Also, other nonuse values like the option value and the bequest value should not be overlook. The other is the informational difference about the functions. In this respect, the PR policy may have significant effects.

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