Studying in mountain village systems are performed all over the country as a counter measure to the decline in the number of students and combined classes. Most urban students live in villages only during study periods and then return to their hometown, but a small number of urban students' families emigrate to the rural village.
This study aims to clarify the condition of emigration process, life in the village and support to the system of the urban residents who emigrated by studying in mountain village system (the emigrated families), and to grasp the consciousness to emigration of the urban students and guardians. Moreover it examines the tasks of emigration and the role of urban residents for continuance studying in mountain village system.
We conducted questionnaires and interviews with the urban students and guardians of Takami elementary school. And we conducted interviews with the representatives of four emigrated families' households.
Although many urban students and emigrated families hope to live in the village after the study period, there are many difficult problems, from urban students' entrance to secondary schools and parents' employment and housing securement. On the other hand, the emigrated families make use of their experiences during the study period and of the network with other emigrants and local residents, and they overcome these obstacles.
The emigrated families support the life of the urban students and guardians and the system, and they have valuable roles in continuance studying in mountain village system.
Studying in mountain village system is a system for enriching the educational environment in decline birthrate problem. However, it is difficult to continue the system by only local residents, and important existence of urban residents who support the system as the emigrated families.
Longing for life in a rural village is the cause of studying in mountain village system for the urban students' families and the emigrated families. And a system such as studying in mountain village system which can experience life in a rural village is important for the urban residents who hope for U-J-I-turn. Also, it is considered that the residents who support of urban residents increase by the continuance of systems such as studying in mountain village system.

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This paper focuses on the“collaboration”toward construction of resources recycling regional system in a rural area. The research field was“Aito Yellow Nanohana Eco Project”, which is recycling system based on rape blossoms cultivation, in Aito-Town, Shiga Pref.
Main findings include;
1) This regional system can be classified into nine sections; “rape blossoms cultivation”, “rape blossoms harvest”, “extraction of the rapeseed oil”, “Manufacturing and sales of rapeseed oil”, “use of the rapeseed oil”, “collection of waist oil”, “manufacturing and sales of soap”, “refinement of bio diesel fuel (BDF) ”, and“use of BDF”.
2) Environmental co-op and the town administration that played a main roles in the construction of the regional system. Besides these two subjects, the regional system consisted of the collaboration of 14 subjects such as the enterprise, the residents, elementary and junior high schools, and tourists.
3) The incentives of the main subjects in participating in the regional system is as follows; There is a tendency that the manager of rural-urban human interchange facility and the farmers expect economical merit. Agricultural machine manufacturer, agricultural cooperative association, and the trader of oil extracting worked as a volunteer in their routine work without expectation on their business. The eco-life (a lady's group of living improvement activities) and the residents worked intending water quality improvement of the lake-biwa. The tourists enjoyed as their leisure activities. The elementary and junior high school used the time as environmental education.
4) Environmental co-op and the town administration linked each subject with different incentives, and developed resources recycling regional system.

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In this paper, I report the simulation of future agricultural land use based on an estimation of labor force as being effective to confirm the realization of land use planning. This research was conducted by planning the land use of a case village. The case village was Yasuzuka town in Niigata Prefecture. This village is in an area burdened with many terrace paddy fields and heavy snowfall. I discuss the requisites and methods for the simulation of agricultural land use in this case village. The future of agricultural land use appears to have been decided by successor behavior and farm managers giving up farming. Therefore, the simulation needed to be based on individual behavior and was accomplished by microsimulation.
The microsimulation was composed of an estimation of the agricultural labor force and the cultivated area. The simulation was repeated one thousand times for each household and the mode was selected as to predict the results for the household. Some of the important criteria were as follows. 1) The individual agricultural labor force was set as the farming days and was changed with the occurrence of some event, for example retirement from farming. 2) It was assumed that the probability of some event occurring increased or decreased with age. This probability was determined for each age class from statistical data, for example The Census of Agriculture (and Forestry). 3) The estimated individual agricultural labor force determined the household class of the agricultural labor force. The cultivated area applied was set up according to labor forces for each class from beforehand fact-finding about the case village. 4) All of the household results were summed to obtain the results for the village.
This simulation was applied to the case village according to the above criteria. As a result, it was predicted that agricultural land use would be cut in half after ten years. It was also predicted that supposing an increase in successor farming and improvement in the working efficiency would not ease a decrease in agricultural land use.

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Isawa is a town in the Iwate prefecture, famous for its homestead woodlands which surround dispersed settlements. Despite its renown, it has been decreasing rapidly. A study was conducted on the following. The structures of the homestead woodlands, the residents' awareness of the woodlands and the policy of the local government to conserve the woodlands.
In this district, the woodlands are primarily located in the northern and western sides of the houses to protect them from the wind and snow. The predominant tree species are the evergreen conifers such as Cryptomeria japonica. The structures of the woodlands were divided into four categories.
Type I: The numbers of trees are less and usually planted in a single row where the low branches are pruned frequently.
Type II: The numbers of trees are more than type I, and planted closely in multiple rows.
Type II includes type II-1, where tree's height is higher than the roof, and type II-2, where tree's height is lower.
The species of trees are less and usually limited to conifers as mentioned in Type I and II.
Type III: The trees are planted in eastern side, in addition to the northern and western sides. Here, several broadleaved species of trees have been planted in addition to the conifers.
There are a variety of trees, which include several broadleaved species, in addition to the conifers. The layer of trees between the arbor and shrub layers was missing. To increase the volume of homestead woodlands, the planting pattern determined by our investigations may be utilized as a reference. In addition, it may easily be promoted by seeking financial assistance from an organization. On the other hand, homesteads, which do not require such financial assistance, the maintenance and management options that would not destroy the landscape's function, were suggested within the tolerance level.
Most residents are proud of the homestead woodlands. They are of the view that the woodlands have great value in making up the original landscape and have an addition role in the protection of houses from disasters. However, the younger generation displayed less interest than the elder generation.
The town's government has been providing subsidies for the plantation of homestead woodlands, since 1996. The above categories indicate the values of homestead woodlands. These indexes may be useful in promoting the subsidy system.
The homestead woodlands are decreasing rapidly throughout Japan. It is very important to raise this awareness and also improve the subsidy system. Furthermore, the total strategies to conserve the woodlands by land use and landscape regulations are still not in place. The local government must seriously consider these.

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