This article aims to examine Australia's response to the changes in the regional security environment that was caused by the 1967 British decision to withdraw its forces from Southeast Asia. This article pays particular attention to Australia's effort to undertake and enhance a variety of cooperative defence activities with its regional countries of Southeast Asia on bilateral basis. One of the most fundamental concerns for Australia about its regional security after the British withdrawal was the possibility of reheating the regional conflict between Malaysia/Singapore and Indonesia. Faced by the limit of persuading Britain to maintain its forces and asking the United States to provide further assurance, Australia came to seek a way of enhancing regional security based on its sounder relations with regional countries. In this course, Australia decided to undertake defence cooperation program with both Malaysia/Singapore and Indonesia. From 1968, Australia reorganized its defence aid program towards Malaysia and Singapore to promote their self-reliance after the British withdrawal while making a constant effort of informing Indonesia on its non-provocative nature. Australia also established a new framework to enhance defence cooperation with Indonesia while keeping its scale and nature modest enough not to make Malaysia and Singapore feel uneasy. The fundamental motivation behind the defence cooperation program was to reassure both parties that still harbored suspicions as a result of their involvement in the regional conflict in the early 1960s. Australia tried to find an appropriate balance between maintaining confidence of Malaysia/Singapore and mitigating resentment of Indonesia. In the early 1970s, Australia sensed movement towards modest defence cooperation and political/security consultation within regional countries themselves, which seemed to be closely interconnected with the establishment of ASEAN and the improving relations between Malaysia and Indonesia. Australia attached importance to this informal practice and pursued closer association with it. In this course, Australia's defence cooperation program was gradually expanded and strengthened. Considering these developments of Australia's defence cooperation program and Australian security policy that shaped the program, it could be concluded that Australia sought to adapt itself to the changing regional security environment by consciously building up its sounder relations with regional countries of Southeast Asia.

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The word "family" is one of the most commonly used words. Many people use it naturally and without deeply thinking the meaning. However, who can accurately define this word? The meaning of words expressing family, such as "families", "the family", and "family", depends on the political, historical, social, and cultural background of them and the context in which they are used. The meaning also changes with the passage of the time. Therefore, there is well worth for the research method that pays attention to the "family" discourse, which is used in this paper. This paper analyzes the process of formation of one of the recent national family policy of the Howard Administration, the Stronger Families and Communities Strategy (SFCS) 2000-2004, since the latter half of the 1990s to the early 2000s by the text analysis. It has been some time since the diversity of family has been recognized. From the 1970s through the late 1990s (or the early 2000s), a discourse of family is formulated by the studies of family history that was influenced by feminism and it has been affecting the family policies of the Australian Government. In recent years, the Howard Administration has also been using the word "families", the plural form, to imply diversity of family. At the same time, it is asking for families to be "self-reliant". These two concepts have been linked through the formation of the policy, SFCS 2000-2004, and "families of self-reliance" has been put into effect. On the other hand, it is also said that the Howard Administration is still supporting the modern family as the "ideal" family. Although its discourse of "family" seems to be contradicting, it actually has the consistency as a political strategy of the neo-liberalism which the Howard Administration has been promoting. Here, it is shown that the reasons for this kind of situation are not only the Prime Minister, Mr. Howard's conservative vision of family, but also the "family" discourse that the family history studies formulated and the political correctness that the word "families" obtained as an expression of family. The word "families" is becoming the "mean" of the neo-liberalism and in this context, it is becoming "meaningless".

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This paper examines the novel, No Time to Look Back (1950), written by Leslie Greener, an Australian ex-Prisoner-of-War (POW) in Changi. By analysing his representation of the old enemy, the Japanese, and the POW themselves along with the atrocities of both sides and the meaning of the title, we can find that the novel is future-oriented and filled with humanity. At the same time, however, it faces the reality of POW life in the predicament and the foolishness of human beings. Due to this two-sidedness, No Time to Look Back was manipulated for each country's own sake: being discarded in Australia as deviation from the national memory and on the other hand being utilised in Japan for celebrating Australia-Japan friendship in spite of the war. This novel is worthy of a revaluation in order to rethink the past and future of the Australia- Japan relationship.

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