The author investigated the body measurements, the physical strength and the exercise capacity of 484 boys and girls (9-12 years old) of the Elementary School attached to the Ikeda Branch School, Osaka Educational University (A) and the Toyonaka Municipal Elementary School (B) in June 1952.
Ikeda and Toyonaka, where these two schools are located are satellite cities of Osaka. They have similar characteristics and therefore it may be presumed that environmental factors account for the differences between the children of these two schools. These factors include the characteristics of each school, the economic and the cultural living conditions of the children etc. as determined by a simple questionnaire investigation. These differences seem to be attributable to the fact that one is an attached school to the educational university and another is a common public school.
Using the data obtained, the author drew comparisons between the differences of physical traits according to environmental factors that seem to differ. Fig. 1 is Mollison's variation curve (base line: the 4th year children of B school). The asterisk (*) on the right side of this figure give the results of statistical tests between the means of these two school's children. Table 1 gives the means (χ), the numbers (n) and the unbiased variances (u²) of the children of these two schools by annual groupings. Fig. 2 is the growth curve that connects the means of the divided groups at intervals of six months. Table 2 is the result of statistical tests between the means of these age groups. The double asterisk (**) indicates the significant differences at a 1% level of significance and mark (*) shows them at a 5% level of significance.
The results are as follows:
(1) Comparing the means for measurements obtained in these two schools with the averages of schools throughout the nation (April 1952) for stature, weight and girth of chest, the means for these schools are inferior to the averages only in girth of chest; a tendency quite general among urban children.
(2) The year group differences in physical traits are greater among the girls than among the boys, and it seems that this is due to the earlier preparation of girls for puberty.
(3) The differences in physical traits between the boys of the two schools is greater than among the girls.
(4) The children of A school are generally superior to those of B school in all traits. The A school children are taller and have longer lower limbs (especially the thighs), although they have shorter trunks in comparison with those of B school. And also the A school children are superior in girth measurements and weight to those of B school.
(5) It seems that the growth of the A school children may be somewhat more rapid in comparison with those of the B school. These results (3-5) are similar to the effects by the profitable environments mentioned by APPLETON, SUZUKI, ISHIHARA and IIDAKA, etc.
(6) The B school children are superior in back muscle strength and ball throwing as well as in the length of the trunk and chest, and in the sagittal length of the cheat, but are inferior in grip strength, lung capacity, and the 50m. running broad jump, to those of A school.
(7) But these differences in physical traits seem to decrease with age except for girth measurements which are especially effected by nutritional conditions.
(8) Although these three physical traits must be considered interrelatedly, the differences in physical traits between the children of these two schools seem to be attributable more to differences in economic and cultural environmental conditions than simply to physical training in the respective schools.

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I have studied the morphlogy of the deciduous dentition of Japanese children, and made comparisons with Japanese-American hybrids. The former belong to a public kindergarten in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, and Futaba Nursery, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, and the latter to the Elizabeth Sander's Home, Oiso, Kanagawa Prefecture. They were three to six years of age.

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1. In order to treat the various problems concerning personality, it may be convenient to consider that the personality consists of the three parts listed below. (cf. Fig 1).
(1) Role-action: The exterior sphere of personality, which is altered in accordance with the given status-role, and not to be taken as an expression of the "inner need-dispositions". The significance of this conception has been emphasized by LINTON, PARSONS and others. (This term is here adopted from KLUCKHOHN and MURRAY).
(2) Core-peripheral personality: The second sphere and an aggregate of specific attitudes, which vary in accordance with the given situation and object.
(3) Core-nucleus personality: The central part of personality, constructed by general attitudes as the keynote of personality.
2. Thus the personality of a person, as soon as he has secured a new status, changes according to the following process: at first only his role-action is successfully conformed to the given status-role, but, when repeated, this role-action is gradually internalized and becomes a specific attitude; then, when this new specific attitude is dominant and repeated, it is inwardly generalized and turns further into general attitude, which means that the core-nucl. personality undergoes a change. Thus so much time is taken for the influence of the new status-role to diffuse into the core-nucl. personality, that this central part of the mind, which was formed during childhood, remains almost unchanged through life. This fact is especially important in examining the influence of any sudden culture-change, for generally in such cases the influence is limited only to the outer two. spheres (e. g. a mode of the post-war democratization of the Japanese people).
3. Concerning problems of personality-measurement, it must be noted that only a few methods can really diagnose the core-nucl. personality. It is, for example, often the case that by "observation" it is possible only to understand role-actions and that an "attitude test" can only touch the core-periph. personality, and even the result of the "projective tests", such as the Rorschach Test or TAT, can only reflect these two outer spheres.

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